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Agroforestry (AF) is a sustainable land use practice and system that increases the ecosystem services delivery from agricultural lands compared with treeless systems. Agroforestry can be considered a practice when linked to plot scale (silvoarable, silvopasture, homegarden, woody linear landscape strips, and forest farming), and a system when associated with the global farm scale. The enhancement of the ecosystem services is associated with the use and promotion of the biodiversity caused by the presence of trees that optimizes the use of the resources if adequate species are mixed. Agroforestry can be implemented at temporal and spatial scales. At the temporal scale, the use of woody perennials to increase soil fertility is a traditional technique that improves soil health and reduces the need of using herbicides (e.g., the legume Ulex sown for 10 years in between crop cultivation). Five agroforestry practices can be implemented at the plot level: silvopasture, silvoarable/alley cropping, homegardens/kitchengardens, woody linear landscape strips, and forest farming. A farm including these practices is considered an agroforestry system working at the landscape level when several farms are mixed. In spite of the acknowledgment that AF has at the European level for being included as part of Pillars I and II, the spread of AF is limited across Europe. Four challenges, linked with technical, economic, educational, and policy development, have been identified by the AFINET thematic network that, if addressed, may foster policy adoption across the EU. This article proposes 15 different policy recommendations to overcome them and the need of developing an AF strategy for the EU.

Objective: This study aimed to describe the refractive and topographic parameters of the Belin/Ambrósio module in patients with refractive defects at the Latino clinic in Cuenca, Ecuador, between 2017 to 2021. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out. A database included anonymous cases of patients with refractive defects treated at the ophthalmological consultation of a Latino clinic from January, 2017 to June, 2021 was searched. Data was collected using a form containing study variables. Microsoft Excel and SPSS were used for data collection and analysis using frequencies, percentages, and measures of central tendency. Results: The sample consisted of 120 patients; 61.7% were women, and 38.3% were men. Moreover, 70.8% of patients were young adults. The pachymetry mean of the center of the pupil, apex, and position of lowest pachymetry was 521 µm, 520 µm, and 513 µm, respectively. The means of the flattest keratometry, curviest keratometry, and maximum keratometry were 43.30 D, 46.32 D, and 48.01 D, respectively. Conclusion: Cases distribution according to anterior and posterior elevation showed pathological values ​​in more than 50% of the studied corneas. According to the average progression index, pathological elevation was found in 18.8% of the cases, and according to the average deviations, 25.4% presented corneal ectasia in different stages.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el desarrollo del Referencial dominante alrededor de la atención en salud mental a población víctima y su incidencia en la formulación e implementación de Políticas Públicas de Salud Mental que contemplen el abordaje del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) en víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia entre 2011-2018. Para poder cumplir este objetivo se realizó una revisión documental a nivel internacional y nacional tomando como marco de análisis el enfoque de los Referenciales de Pierre Muller dando cuenta de las relaciones entre actores y su incidencia en la conformación de comunidades de política que ponen en marcha leyes, planes y programas de implementación teniendo como base una representación particular del problema. Como método de validación y construcción de las redes de actores, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuras a actores clave para cada referencial. Los hallazgos principales dan cuenta de la trayectoria y los actores implicados en el desarrollo y la adopción de un referencial dominante alrededor de la atención en salud mental (entre ellos el TEPT) desde el enfoque psicosocial en víctimas del conflicto armado, que ha incidido en la agenda pública, desde las fases de diseño y puesta en marcha de leyes, planes y programas que garanticen procesos de atención integral a la población víctima. Como referencial sectorial que paralelamente ha venido desarrollándose, se identificó el enfoque médico-psiquiátrico, desde el cual sin ser enfocado exclusivamente a población víctima, está buscando reducir las brechas en salud mental desde la atención primaria en territorios como los PDET. Entre las conclusiones se señala la necesidad de trabajar articuladamente a nivel interinstitucional para lograr llevar al territorio las mejores herramientas de cada uno de los enfoques, buscando siempre, mediante operadores de transacción, la mediación entre la relación global-sectorial que garantice el efectivo goce del derecho a la salud mental de la población víctima del conflicto armado. The objective of this research is to analyze the development of the dominant referencing framework around mental health care for the victim population and its incidence in the formulation and implementation of Public Mental Health Policies that contemplate the approach of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in victims of the armed conflict in Colombia between 2011-2018. To fulfill this objective, a document review will be carried out at an international and national level, taking as an analysis framework the approach of Pierre Muller's referencing frames with the purpose of accounting for the relationships between actors of the conflict and their incidence in the formation of political communities that put in place laws, plans and implementation programs based on a particular representation of the problem. As a method of validation and construction of the networks of the actors, semi-structured interviews were carried out with key actors for each referencing frame. The main findings account for the trajectory and the actors of the conflict involved in the development and adoption of a dominant referencing frame around mental health care (including PTSD) from the psychosocial approach in victims of the armed conflict, which has affected the public agenda, from the phases of design and implementation of laws, plans and programs that guarantee comprehensive care processes for the victim population. As a sector referencing frame that has been developing in parallel, the medical-psychiatric approach was identified, which, without being exclusively focused on the victim population, it is seeking to reduce the gaps in mental health from primary care in territories such as the PDET. Among the conclusions, the need to work jointly at the inter-institutional level is pointed out in order to bring to the territory the best tools of each of the approaches, always seeking, through transaction operators, the mediation between the global-sectoral relationship that guarantees the effective enjoyment of the right to mental health of the population victim of the armed conflict. Maestría Magíster en Políticas Públicas La metodología de la investigación es de corte cualitativo teniendo como marco principal de análisis el enfoque de los Referenciales de Pierre Muller. Desde esta propuesta analítica se hará un rastreo de las trayectorias de las políticas públicas, leyes, programas y rutas que aborden la salud mental de las víctimas del conflicto armado -y un trastorno como el TEP-. Esto con el fin de identificar las cuatro dimensiones analíticas de Muller (valores, normas, algoritmos e imágenes cognitivas) los enfoques sobre los que se fundamentan, los referentes asociados y sus relaciones, así como los mediadores relevantes en estos procesos. Políticas Públicas de Paz

Multidimensional kinetic analysis of immobilized enzymes is essential to understand the enzyme functionality at the interface with solid materials. However, spatiotemporal kinetic characterization of heterogeneous biocatalysts on a microscopic level and under operando conditions has been rarely approached. As a case study, we selected self-sufficient heterogeneous biocatalysts where His-tagged cofactor-dependent enzymes (dehydrogenases, transaminases, and oxidases) are co-immobilized with their corresponding phosphorylated cofactors [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H), pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)] on porous agarose microbeads coated with cationic polymers. These self-sufficient systems do not require the addition of exogenous cofactors to function, thus avoiding the extensive use of expensive cofactors. To comprehend the microscopic kinetics and thermodynamics of self-sufficient systems, we performed fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements, time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, and image analytics at both single-particle and intraparticle levels. These studies reveal a thermodynamic equilibrium that rules out the reversible interactions between the adsorbed phosphorylated cofactors and the polycations within the pores of the carriers, enabling the confined cofactors to access the active sites of the immobilized enzymes. Furthermore, this work unveils the relationship between the apparent Michaelis–Menten kinetic parameters and the enzyme density in the confined space, eliciting a negative effect of molecular crowding on the performance of some enzymes. Finally, we demonstrate that the intraparticle apparent enzyme kinetics are significantly affected by the enzyme spatial organization. Hence, multiscale characterization of immobilized enzymes serves as an instrumental tool to better understand the in operando functionality of enzymes within confined spaces.

Agroforestry is recognised as climate-smart agriculture, being a powerful tool for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Considering knowledge transfer a capital challenge to overcome the needed transition towards this for the European Commission, the AFINET (AgroForestry Innovation NETworks) project intended to boost agroforestry through a multi-actor approach by defining challenges and providing solutions for end-users. Knowledge transfer is key to maximize dissemination, being innovation networks an instrument that allows the source of knowledge to reach end-users straightforwardly. As part of AFINET, a list of agroforestry innovations was elaborated according to the challenges and bottlenecks raised by end-users enrolled in the project. To obtain the list, regional groups of local stakeholders (RAINS) were created in the nine covered countries involving over 1400 participants. Regional Innovation Network (RAIN) meetings were organized with innovations as focus, providing finally 96 innovations grouped in topics; i) technical challenge, ii) economical challenge, iii) communication/education challenge and iv) policy and governance challenge. Education for consumers, CAP as a major agricultural and forest land use driver, but mainly technical innovations linked to design and farming systems and economic challenges were highlighted by actors on the importance of woody perennials use in agricultural lands or performance from forestlands in Europe.

Climate change affects temperate areas by increasing the risk of suffering extreme climatic events and sharping major problematics. Moreover, climate change and its related effects jeopardize water and food supply. Rural areas are key for sustainable development and provide socio-economics advantages, but it also exists a downside on key aspects such as less job, education and infraestructures accessibility for its inhabitants. The European Commission is strongly committed to improving life quality and business opportunities in rural areas. Thus, the GO-GRASS is an H2020 project that aims to create innovative business opportunities in rural areas based on grassland and green fodder. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) development is a very useful instrument for organizations management. that allows testing the efficiency of a system considering elements and standards related to a specific topic or work field. Within the GO-GRASS, KPIs development is key to evaluate the sustainability of grass-based value chains and assessing the replication potential of demos business models. Based on SAFA indicators and GRI standards, the evaluation of value chains was geared to economic, social and environmental issues to obtain finally, a set of eight, six and 10 KPIs selected by the project´s experts that allows grass-based value chains evaluation.

The high amount of biomass fuel accumulated in Mediterranean areas due to land abandonment, combined with the effects of climate change, results in high severity fires that strongly affect local environment and social communities. Traditional fire practices and livestock grazing can be efficient tools to manage fuel loads and reduce wildfire impacts. This work is within the Open2preserve project, aimed at the evaluation of prescribed fire use combined with guided herbivory for the control of shrub growth and flammable biomass accumulation in an Iberian heathland dominated by Erica spp. The low intensity prescribed fire led to a strong reduction in the phytovolume of the whole studied area. An increase in the understory biomass in the non-grazed area was found in the first and second year of the experiment compared to the grazed area. A significant effect of grazing was observed in the phytovolume of Chamaespartium tridentatum in both years of the experiment. Moreover, although not significant, an increase in the phytovolume of Daboecia spp was observed with time in the non-grazed areas. Similarly, Agrosti curtisii appeared only in the non-grazed treatment and showed a tendency to increase with time.

Rural depopulation as well as the intensification of farming systems in southern Europe have led to important changes in landscape and the ecosystem services they provide. Indoors livestock production is translated into a reduction or absence of grazing which ends up with a rapid expansion of bushes and extensive processes of natural forestation. This causes loss of biodiversity and accumulation of biomass fuel increasing the risk of big fires and therefore negatively affecting these lands. Within the Open2Preserve project, different regional pilot experiences (France, Spain, and Portugal) were established. These pilots aimed at combining an initial prescribed burning to enhance forage quality followed by a grazing to both reduce fire risk and increasing the economic return of farmers, while reducing mechanical costly clearances to be developed there. We aim at evaluating the effect of horse grazed and un-grazed areas on greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in a mountain area of the Galicia region (NW Spain) after prescribed burning implementation A monitoring of GHG (CH4, N2O and CO2) soil emissions during 16 weeks along the year 2020 was carried out.

Since the interfacial binding strength and structural integrity have a strong influence on the active sites of nanocomposites, this study focused on exploring the structural and electronic properties at the interface between the implanted metal ion and host support. For this, nanocomposites of gold embedded in CeO

Novel mesoporous ferrite nanoparticles of ruthenium (RuFeO3) and cerium (CeFeO3) with large surface area were successfully fabricated by hydrothermal method and applied for the removal of fluoxetine from aqueous solution. The morphology and physicochemical properties of meso-porous metal ferrites were characterized by different analytical techniques. The obtained results showed that the particle size of 20–30 nm for meso-CeFeO3, and 80–100 nm for meso-RuFeO3 respectively. Study of the adsorption of fluoxetine over metal ferrite nanoparticles was explored using UV–vis spectroscopy at different experimental conditions such as temperature, pH, initial fluoxetine concentration and time. The adsorption data were fitted and analyzed with kinetic and different adsorption isotherm models, and the results showed that both the metal ferrites effectively adsorbed fluoxetine (>99%). The maximum adsorption capacity of 729.6 mg g−1 for CeFeO3, and 683.5 mg g−1 for RuFeO3 at neutral pH and at 25 °C were observed. The amount adsorbed over the surface of metal ferrite nanoparticles increased with increasing initial fluoxetine concentration, reaction time, and temperature, and the adsorption performance improved under neutral conditions (pH 7 and 8). The pseudo-second order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models satisfactorily fitted the adsorption data, showing that the adsorption of fluoxetine involved physical adsorption through intermolecular electrostatic force between the metal ferrites and fluoxetine which is further confirmed by intra-particle diffusion model. The observed wide band/gap, 3.815eV for CeFeO3, and 3.360eV for RuFeO3 respectively showed their stability towards visible light suggesting their real sample applicability, recovery and reuse capability involving physisorption with fluoxetine molecules. In addition, the feasible adsorption process of fluoxetine is analyzed with its geometry that is determined by theoretical energy calculations using DFT.

The heme protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays pivotal roles in cellular life and death processes. In the respiratory chain of mitochondria, it serves as an electron transfer protein, contributing to the proliferation of healthy cells. In the cell cytoplasm, it activates intrinsic apoptosis to terminate damaged cells. Insight into these mechanisms and the associated physicochemical properties and biomolecular interactions of Cyt c informs on the anticancer therapeutic potential of the protein, especially in its ability to subvert the current limitations of small molecule-based chemotherapy. In this review, we explore the development of Cyt c as an anticancer drug by identifying cancer types that would be receptive to the cytotoxicity of the protein and factors that can be finetuned to enhance its apoptotic potency. To this end, some information is obtained by characterizing known drugs that operate, in part, by triggering Cyt c induced apoptosis. The application of different smart drug delivery systems is surveyed to highlight important features for maintaining Cyt c stability and activity and improving its specificity for cancer cells and high drug payload release while recognizing the continuing limitations. This work serves to elucidate on the optimization of the strategies to translate Cyt c to the clinical market.

Neurogenic sphincter dysfunction in females will be discussed with reference to both foundational and contemporary research with an emphasis on tools for urologic management. The article will focus on both conservative and surgical options for patients broadly characterized with underactive or overactive sphincter dysfunction. There is limited recently published prospective data to guide management; however, there exist several insightful retrospective studies to guide practice. The bulk of literature for the management of sphincter dysfunction for this complex patient population remains retrospective, and choice of intervention continues to rely upon individual patient characteristics and goals of care to maintain safety and quality of life.

This paper presents an analysis of resonant faults and their transient responses on half-wavelength lines. This type of transmission line has been studied for many years in countries that need alternatives for bulk power transmission over very long distances. An important issue for this technology is the occurrence of critical faults, which produce peculiar behavior in the main electrical entities and can jeopardize line insulation and compromise system stability. Here, the main factors influencing the severity of faults are analyzed: the type of fault and fault location. This paper shows that faults involving positive and negative sequences are the most critical when applied at specific regions and produce high voltage and power with a high rate of rise. The necessity for a mitigation method that removes this severe resonant fault condition until the operation of a protection system is discussed, and such a method is established. A method using two spark gaps with a new and improved location criterion is proposed, tested and evaluated, providing promising results for controlling voltage and power at terminal substations. Digital simulations are performed with PSCAD/EMTDC.