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La pandemia de COVID-19 cambió las rutinas profesionales en el sector de la comunicación. Ante una situación de confinamiento y prolongación de la crisis sanitaria en el tiempo, organizaciones y periodistas tuvieron que adaptarse a una nueva situación en la que la rueda de prensa online se convirtió en un recurso habitual. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el uso de este recurso por parte de los gabinetes de comunicación y la percepción de los periodistas en Andalucía. Para ello, se ha planteado un estudio descriptivo basado en una metodología cuantitativa cuya principal técnica ha sido la encuesta, contestada por 188 periodistas de todas las provincias andaluzas. Los resultados muestran que la rueda de prensa online es un recurso de gran utilidad tanto para las organizaciones como para los periodistas, aunque plantea ciertas preocupaciones para estos profesionales, especialmente en el acceso a las fuentes y la posibilidad de repreguntar.

Este artículo aborda la aplicación de la técnica del andamiaje en un proceso de evaluación a nivel de máster universitario. En el ámbito de la comunicación digital, se propuso al alumnado la realización de una campaña para un cliente real, una asociación protectora de animales. A través de la técnica de la observación participante y de una encuesta al alumnado, se llevó a cabo este proyecto cuyos resultados muestran que el andamiaje es efectivo en el nivel de máster y que su combinación con la tecnología y la motivación del profesorado contribuye a obtener mejores resultados.

La situación económica de España en la primera mitad del año 2022 se caracterizó por una subida de precios que tuvo especial repercusión en el precio de los combustibles. En el marco de la gestión de comunicación de crisis, este artículo analiza, a través de la técnica del análisis de contenido, las estrategias que siguieron las principales compañías del sector en Twitter. Los resultados muestran que el silencio fue la principal posición adoptada por estas entidades, lo que refleja la ausencia de una gestión proactiva de la crisis.

Social media are already part of the communicative routines of most organizations, including communication agencies. Nevertheless, given their duty to serve other companies, these agencies should have an advanced understanding of these platforms, not only in their most profound sense but also in a time-advanced one. In other words, agencies should test emerging social media with the aim of knowing them in-depth and determining whether they serve their communicative purpose. It should be noticed that investment in digital advertising and actions with influencers are greater and greater. Besides, they are platforms that not necessarily remain unalterable, but some of them achieve their life cycle, even disappearing. On this matter, it is necessary to check if agencies really are working on the most recent social networks or only on those which are already consolidated. For such a research, the quantitative method, based on the content analysis, was adopted within a descriptive study. It was used on a sample of the ten communication agencies with the highest billing which operate in Spain. As secondary research objectives, it was considered to analyze the use that agencies do of social media which they are present in, to determine the existence of online content strategies, as well as to value the interaction level of these companies on online channels. The results show that most of analyzed agencies offer web 2.0-related services, such as digital strategy, online content management, monitoring and influencers relations. Social media talking, except for a few cases, communication agencies prefer to maintain a presence on the most consolidated social networks (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and YouTube). Furthermore, those are the ones that usually have links on their websites. This does not mean that agencies do not use the more recent applications, but that, mostly, they do not do this for their benefit as a brand. Otherwise they keep them in the background. In fact, some agencies use current platforms, such as Twitch or TikTok, publishing suitable content to their characteristics, which means that agencies know their possibilities, although their use is not still usual among them. Among the commonly used social networks, the activity of these agencies remains along the lines of what has already been concluded in previous academic papers: the purpose of information dissemination prevails with a self-promoting role. Communication agencies keep their social profiles updated and, during the month of research, they constantly published content, especially, information about themselves or about the communication sector, followed by news of common interest, clients news and projects carried out. Finally, although they published content frequently, the interaction with other users is low and, when it happens, it usually has, as mentioned, a self-promoting intention. In conclusion, communication agencies, as other kinds of organizations, are used to introduce social media work in their routines. However, it cannot be said that they are early adopters, at least to self-use. Probably, public relations professionals are researching and going deep in these new platforms, but in a private way, so agencies cannot, or prefer not to show their know-how by doing it.

Introducción: El melanoma ocasiona el 75% de las muertes por cáncer de piel. Según GLOBOCAN, en 2018 se presentaron 287.723 casos nuevos de melanoma, con una mortalidad de 60.712 casos, que equivale al 20% de los casos incidentes. Las alternativas para el tratamiento del melanoma, se fundamentan en la estatificación de la enfermedad, y en las características moleculares de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Estructurar un consenso por común acuerdo de expertos, sugerencias para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del melanoma precoz, en el contexto colombiano. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un consenso de expertos multidisciplinario, constituido por 19 oncólogos clínicos, 2 cirujanos de mama y tejidos blandos, 2 dermatólogos, 2 patólogos y 2 radioterapeutas, miembros activos de la Asociación Colombiana de Hemato Oncología (ACHO). Este consenso se realizó en 4 etapas: 1. Estructuración de 30 preguntas, que se calificaron de 1 a 9, 2. Reenvío de las preguntas no consensuadas, 3. Análisis y discusión de las respuestas y 4. las respuestas no consensuadas se llevaron a un consenso nominal. Resultados: Se discutieron 29 preguntas de diagnóstico y tratamiento de melanoma temprano, se construyeron sugerencias basadas en evidencia utilizada por expertos y guías de manejo de oncología reconocidas internacionalmente adaptadas al contexto y realidad colombiana. Conclusiones: Se presentan sugerencias multidisciplinarias para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de melanoma temprano, las cuales debe considerarse para orientar la toma decisiones y homogeizar la práctica clínica según el contexto colombiano y a las características del sistema de salud colombiano. Este es un documento académico y no regulatorio.

The infodemic and false news created confusion and uncertainty about the COVID-19 pandemic. This phenomenon has particularly affected the Venezuelan population due to the lack of distribution of periodic official information about the national epidemiological surveillance since 2016. As a result, a group of students from the Central University of Venezuela planned the “Razetti Situational Room” program, which aims to summarize and facilitate the understanding of truthful and reliable information linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. The program began in March 2020, when the pandemic was notified nationally. From that moment on, health communication actions were carried on until November 16, 2020, closing the project with more than 250 messages with depurated data, made and diffused on a daily regime, through social networks to reach 1 039 657 visualizations. In conclusion, the importance and urgency of having a regular and reliable communication channel when it comes to public health notifications became clear. Having a system that conveys easily understood news to the general public and reliable sources, helps in reducing the infodemic and spreading fake news. The experience strengthened the teamwork, discipline, and management of epidemiological data and health communications of undergraduate medical students. © 2021 Academia Nacional de Medicina. All rights reserved.

Objective: To prospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy profile of abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis–associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). Methods: We performed a prospective observational multicenter study of a cohort of patients with RA-ILD treated with abatacept between 2015 and 2021. Patients were evaluated using high-resolution computed tomography and pulmonary function tests at initiation, 12 months, and the end of follow-up. The effectiveness of abatacept was evaluated based on whether ILD improved, stabilized, progressed, or was fatal. We also evaluated factors such as infection, hospitalization, and inflammatory activity using the 28-joint Disease Activity Score with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR). Cox regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with progression of lung disease. Results: The study population comprised 57 patients with RA-ILD treated with abatacept for a median (IQR) of 27.3 (12.2–42.8) months. Lung disease had progressed before starting abatacept in 45.6% of patients. At the end of follow-up, lung disease had improved or stabilized in 41 patients (71.9%) and worsened in 13 (22.8%); 3 patients (5.3%) died. No significant decreases were observed in forced vital capacity (FVC) or in the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO).The factors associated with progression of RA-ILD were baseline DAS28-ESR (OR [95% CI], 2.52 [1.03–3.12]; p = 0.041), FVC (OR [95% CI], 0.82 [0.70–0.96]; p = 0.019), and DLCO (OR [95% CI], 0.83 [0.72–0.96]; p = 0.018). Only 10.5% of patients experienced severe adverse effects. Conclusion: Pulmonary function and joint inflammation stabilized in 71% of patients with RA-ILD treated with abatacept. Abatacept had a favorable safety profile.

To analyze the diagnostic utility of lung ultrasound (US) to detect interstitial lung disease (ILD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients comparing with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional, observational study in patients with RA-ILD (cases) controlled with a group of RA patients without ILD (controls) paired by sex, age, and time of disease evolution. Patients were assessed using HRCT, PFT, and US. The main variables were B-line number, evaluation of the lung-US score already described, pleural irregularities, and A pattern US lost. ROC curve analysis was performed to establish the cut-off point of the US B-lines number for detecting the presence of significant RA-ILD in relation to HRCT, and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the intercostal spaces.Seventy-one patients were included, 35 (49.2%) with ILD-RA and 36 (50.8%) RA controls. Regarding US score, we found that the detection of 5.5 lines in a reduced score of 8 intercostal spaces had a sensitivity = 62.2%, specificity = 91.3%, PPV = 88.4%, and NPV = 69.5%. In multivariate analysis, the intercostal spaces which showed independent association with ILD were 3rd right anterior axillary space (OR [IC 95%] 19.0 [1.3-27.5]), 8th right posterior axillary space (OR [IC 95%] 0.04 [0.0-0.6]), 8th right subscapular space (OR [IC 95%] 16.5 [1.8-45.5]), 9th right paravertebral space (OR [IC 95%] 7.11 [1.0-37.1]), and 2nd left clavicular middle space (OR [IC 95%] 21.9 [1.26-37.8]).Lung ultrasound could be a useful tool for ILD diagnosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. A 8-space reduced score showed a similar total predictive capacity than 72-space score. Key Points • Lung ultrasound could be a useful tool for ILD diagnosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. • The 72-space evaluation is highly sensitive, whereas a simplified score enables a more specific and faster diagnosis. • The number of B lines is correlated with DLCO, ACPA, inflammatory activity, and physical function.

To analyze the effect of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) on the outcome of interstitial lung disease secondary to rheumatoid arthritis (RA-ILD).We performed a multicenter, prospective, observational study of patients with RA-ILD receiving DMARDs between 2015 and 2017. The patients were assessed using high-resolution computed tomography and pulmonary function tests at baseline and at 24 months. The radiological assessment was centralized. The main outcome measure at 24 months was changed in lung function (improvement, stabilization, worsening, or death). We recorded the 28-joint Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) and adverse events. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with worsening of ILD.After 24 months, lung disease was stabilized in 40 patients (57.1%), improved in 8 (11.4%), and worse in 21 (30.0%). One patient (1.4%) died. The factors associated with worsening of ILD in the multivariate analysis were treatment with abatacept, tocilizumab, or rituximab (OR, 0.102 [95%CI, 0.015-0.686]), DAS28 (OR, 1.969 [95%CI, 1.005-3.857]), and smoking (OR, 6.937 [95%CI, 1.378-4.900]). During follow-up, 30 patients (42.9%) experienced an adverse event, which was severe in 12 cases (17.1%).Lung function is stable and inflammatory activity well controlled in most patients with RA-ILD receiving treatment with DMARDs. Non-anti-TNF DMARDs reduce the risk of worsening of lung disease in 90% of patients. The inflammatory activity of RA and smoking, on the other hand, are associated with worsening. Key Points • We have performed prospectively evaluated lung and joint function in patients with RA-ILD receiving treatment with various DMARDs. • In our study, the lung function is stable and inflammatory activity well controlled in most patients with RA-ILD receiving treatment with DMARDs. • Neither csDMARDs nor anti-TNF agents were associated with a significant risk of worsening of lung disease, whereas non-anti-TNF bDMARDs could reduce the risk of worsening of lung disease. • Smoking and poor control of joint involvement were the main factors associated with worsening of lung disease.

Objectives: To describe the frequency of COVID-19 and the effect of vaccination in patients with interstitial lung disease and systemic autoimmune disease (ILD-SAD) and to identify factors associated with infection and severity of COVID-19. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional multicenter study of patients with ILD-SAD followed between June and October 2021. The main variable was COVID-19 infection confirmed by a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result for SARS-CoV-2. The secondary variables included severity of COVID-19, if the patient had to be admitted to hospital or died of the disease, and vaccination status. Other variables included clinical and treatment characteristics, pulmonary function and high-resolution computed tomography. Two logistic regression was performed to explore factors associated with “COVID-19” and “severe COVID-19”. Results: We included 176 patients with ILD-SAD: 105 (59.7%) had rheumatoid arthritis, 49 (27.8%) systemic sclerosis, and 22 (12.54%) inflammatory myopathies. We recorded 22/179 (12.5%) SARS-CoV-2 infections, 7/22 (31.8%) of them were severe and 3/22 (13.22%) died. As to the vaccination, 163/176 (92.6%) patients received the complete doses. The factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were FVC (OR (95% CI), 0.971 (0.946–0.989); p = 0.040), vaccination (OR (95% CI), 0.169 (0.030–0.570); p = 0.004), and rituximab (OR (95% CI), 3.490 (1.129–6.100); p = 0.029). The factors associated with severe COVID-19 were the protective effect of the vaccine (OR (95% CI), 0.024 (0.004–0.170); p < 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (OR (95% CI), 4.923 (1.508–19.097); p = 0.018). Conclusions: Around 13% of patients with ILD-SAD had SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was severe in approximately one-third. Most patients with severe infection were not fully vaccinated.

This study aimed to identify inflammatory factors and soluble cytokines that act as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). We performed a nested prospective observational case–control study of patients with RA-ILD matched by sex, age, and time since the diagnosis of RA. All participants underwent pulmonary function testing and high-resolution computed tomography. ILD was defined according to the criteria of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society; the progression of lung disease was defined as the worsening of FVC > 10% or DLCO > 15%. Inflammation-related variables included the inflammatory activity measured using the DAS28-ESR and a multiplex cytokine assay. Two Cox regression models were run to identify factors associated with ILD and the progression of ILD. The study population comprised 70 patients: 35 patients with RA-ILD (cases) and 35 RA patients without ILD (controls). A greater percentage of cases had higher DAS28-ESR (p = 0.032) and HAQ values (p = 0.003). The variables associated with RA-ILD in the Cox regression analysis were disease activity (DAS28) (HR [95% CI], 2.47 [1.17–5.22]; p = 0.017) and high levels of ACPA (HR [95% CI], 2.90 [1.24–6.78]; p = 0.014), IL-18 in pg/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.06 [1.00–1.12]; p = 0.044), MCP-1/CCL2 in pg/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.03 [1.00–1.06]; p = 0.049), and SDF-1 in pg/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.00 [1.00–1.00]; p = 0.010). The only variable associated with the progression of ILD was IL-18 in pg/mL (HR [95% CI], 1.25 [1.07–1.46]; p = 0.004). Our data support that the inflammatory activity was higher in patients with RA-ILD than RA patients without ILD. Some cytokines were associated with both diagnosis and poorer prognosis in patients with RA-ILD.

El alumnado de Educación Secundaria para Personas Adultas se encuentra generalmente, por sus características y situaciones personales, más cercano a la incorporación al mercado laboral. Por ello, es necesario que los planes formativos incluyan aquellas competencias que le permitan alcanzar un mayor nivel de empleabilidad. No cabe duda de que, en la actualidad, la competencia en comunicación oral es uno de los requisitos más demandados por las empresas. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es identificar cuáles son los principales problemas a los que se enfrenta el alumnado de Educación Secundaria para Personas Adultas en la preparación de una intervención oral formal. Se ha seguido una metodología cualitativa basada en el estudio de casos, cuyas técnicas utilizadas han sido la observación directa, la observación participante y la entrevista semiestructurada, en la que se han tenido en cuenta procesos de producción, factores psicológicos y la influencia de la tecnología. Los resultados reflejan que la forma de tratar y organizar la información y la escasez de actividades orales durante el curso son los principales problemas para el desarrollo de la competencia oral formal.

To describe comorbid conditions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) and to analyze factors associated with multimorbidity.Nested case-cohort study of 2 prospective cohorts: one with RA-ILD (cases) and another with RA but not ILD (controls). The cohorts were matched for age, sex, and time since diagnosis. Multimorbidity was defined as the co-occurrence of 2 or more chronic diseases, in addition to RA and ILD. We evaluated the comorbid conditions included in the Charlson Comorbidity Index, cardiovascular risk factors, neuropsychiatric conditions, and other frequent conditions in RA. We also recorded clinical-laboratory variables, inflammatory activity according to the 28-joint Disease Activity Score, C-reactive protein (CRP), physical function, and pulmonary function. We performed 2 multivariate analyses to identify factors associated with multimorbidity in RA and RA-ILD.The final study population comprised 110 cases and 104 controls. Multimorbidity was more frequent among cases than controls (80 [72.7] vs 60 [57.7]; p = 0.021). In both groups, multimorbidity was associated with ILD (OR [95% CI] 1.92 [1.03-3.59]; p = 0.039), age (OR [95% CI] 1.05 [1.01-1.08]; p = 0.004), CRP (OR [95% CI] 1.16 [1.05-1.29]; p = 0.003), and erosions (OR [95% CI] 1.05 [1.01-1.08]; p = 0.004); in the cases, it was associated with CRP (OR [95% CI] 1.17 [1.01-1.35]; p = 0.027), anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (OR [95% CI] 1.23 [1.14-13.02]; p = 0.049), and forced vital capacity (OR [95% CI] 0.79 [0.96-0.99]; p = 0.036).In patients with RA, multimorbidity was associated with ILD, systemic inflammation, and advanced age.

Introducción: el cáncer de pulmón representa una de las patologías oncológicas más frecuentes, con una incidencia del 11,6% y una mortalidad del 18,4%1,2. Durante los últimos años han surgido nuevas tecnologías en el tratamiento de este tipo de cáncer que han impactado positivamente la supervivencia de los pacientes3 . Como alternativa a una guía de práctica clínica, los consensos de expertos son una herramienta para generar documentos a fin de orientar y unificar la práctica médica. Métodos: se llevó a cabo el segundo consenso formal de expertos constituido por 17 oncólogos de la Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología de las principales ciudades e instituciones del país. Se realizó en cuatro momentos: donde se calificaron preguntas estructuradas por el grupo desarrollador que al final fueron consensuadas en una reunión presencial (nominal). Resultados: se construyeron y calificaron 35 preguntas sobre el tratamiento del cáncer de pulmón metastásico (estadio IV), con sus respectivas sugerencias basadas en la experticia y evidencia disponible reconocidas nacional e internacionalmente, teniendo en cuenta el contexto y regulación del sistema de salud colombiano.

Objective: To identify factors associated with the higher proportion of fatty tissue and overweight/obesity observed in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Patients and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 80 JIA patients aged 4–15 years with 80 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The 27-joint Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity score (JADAS27) was calculated. Two multivariate models were constructed to identify factors associated with overweight/obesity and fat mass index (FMI). Results: No differences were found between cases and controls in body mass index (BMI) or body composition. However, compared with controls, patients with a high inflammatory activity (JADAS27 &gt, 4.2 for oligoarticular JIA or &gt, 8.5 for polyarticular disease) had higher values for BMI (p = 0.006), total fat mass (p = 0.003), FMI (p = 0.001), and fat in the legs (p = 0.001), trunk (p = 0.001), and arms (p = 0.002). The factors associated with overweight/obesity in patients were the duration of therapy with biological drugs, measured in months (OR [95% CI] = 1.12 [1.02–1.04], p = 0.037), and physical activity (OR [95% CI] = 0.214 [0.07–0.68], p = 0.010), while the factors associated with FMI were age (β [95% CI] = 0.30 [0.17–1.41], p = 0.014), JADAS27 (β [95% CI] = 0.45 [0.16–1.08], p = 0.009), and physical activity (β [95% CI] = −0.22 [−5.76 to 0.29], p = 0.031). Conclusion: Our study revealed no differences between JIA patients with well-controlled disease and low disability and the healthy population in BMI or body composition. Furthermore, the association observed between inflammatory activity and adiposity could be responsible for poorer clinical course.

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir si las enfermedades inflamatorias reumaticas (EIR) se asocian con mayor riesgo de hospitalizacion y/o mortalidad por COVID-19 e identificar los factores asociados a la hospitalizacion y mortalidad en EIR y COVID-19 en diferentes Hospitales de Andalucia METODOS: Diseno: Estudio multicentrico observacional de casos y controles Pacientes: Casos: EIR y COVID-19 de diferentes centros de Andalucia Controles: pacientes sin EIR pareados por sexo, edad y PCR-COVID Protocolo: se solicito al servicio de microbiologia un listado de pacientes con PCR para COVID-19 desde 14 de marzo al 14 de abril de 2020 Se identificaron los pacientes que tuvieran EIR y luego consecutivamente un control pareado para cada caso Variables: La variable de desenlace principal fue ingreso hospitalario y mortalidad por COVID-19 Analisis estadistico: bivariante seguida de modelos de regresion logistica binaria (Vd : mortalidad/ingreso hospitalario) RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 156 pacientes con COVID-19, 78 con EIR y 78 sin EIR Los pacientes con EIR no presentaron caracteristicas de la enfermedad COVID-19 diferentes a la poblacion general, tampoco mayor ingreso hospitalario ni mortalidad El factor asociado con mortalidad en los pacientes con EIR fue edad (OR [IC 95%], 1,1 [1,0-1,2];p=0,025), mientras que los factores asociados a ingreso hospitalario fueron edad (OR [IC 95%], 1,1 [1,1-1,2];p=0,007) e hipertension arterial (OR [IC 95%], 3,9 [1,5-6,7];p=0,003) CONCLUSION: La mortalidad y el ingreso hospitalario por COVID-19 no parecen aumentados en las EIR La edad se asocio con mortalidad en EIR y, ademas, la hipertension arterial se asocio con ingreso hospitalario ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To describe whether rheumatic inflammatory diseases (RID) are associated with a higher risk of hospitalization and / or mortality from COVID-19 and identify the factors associated with hospitalization and mortality in RID and COVID-19 in different Hospitals in Andalusia METHODS: Design: Multicentre observational case-control study Patients: RID and COVID-19 from different centres in Andalusia Controls: patients without RIS matched by sex, age and CRP-COVID Protocol: a list of patients with PCR for COVID-19 was requested from the microbiology service from March 14 to April 14, 2020 The patients who had RID were identified and then consecutively a paired control for each case Variables: The main outcome variable was hospital admission and mortality from COVID-19 Statistical analysis: bivariate followed by binary logistic regression models (DV: mortality / hospital admission) RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-six patients were included, 78 with RID and COVID-19 and 78 without RID with COVID-19 The patients did not present characteristics of COVID-19 disease different from the general population, nor did they present higher hospital admission or mortality The factor associated with mortality in patients with RID was advanced age (OR [95% CI], 1 1 [1 0-1 2];p = 025), while the factors associated with hospitalization were advanced age (OR [95% CI], 1 1 [1 0-1 1];p = 007) and hypertension (OR [95% CI], 3 9 [1 5-6 7] ;p = 003) CONCLUSION: Mortality and hospital admission due to COVID-19 do not seem to increase in RID Advanced age was associated with mortality in RID and, in addition, HTN was associated with hospital admission

La infección por Bacillus cereus frecuentemente se presenta como una intoxicación alimentaria, no obstante, es una causa rara de bacteriemia, especialmente en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente adolescente diagnosticado con leucemia linfoide aguda de precursores B, quien durante el curso de una neutropenia febril posterior a la primera fase de quimioterapia, tuvo una bacteriemia por Bacillus cereus, con desarrollo de lesiones cerebrales isquémicas y un desenlace fatal, a pesar del tratamiento antibiótico y del soporte en la unidad de cuidado intensivo. En conclusión, la infección por B. cereus es una causa de infección, especialmente en los pacientes con neutropenia febril, con significativas complicaciones y potencial desenlace fatal. Debe analizarse cuidadosamente su reporte en los hemocultivos, encontrándose frecuentemente en infecciones asociadas a cateteres centrales con perfiles de resistencia al tratamiento con clindamicina y quinolonas, por lo cual el tratamiento empírico con vancomicina es una opción apropiada.

Objective To describe the incidence and fatality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and identify risk factors to fatality in patients with inflammatory articular diseases (IAD). Methods This is a cross-sectional observational study of IAD patients and COVID-19 with controls matched for age, sex, and RT-PCR. A control group was used to compare the cumulative incidence (CI) and case fatality rate (CFR). The main outcomes of the study were CI and CFR. Other variables included comorbidities, treatments, and characteristics of the COVID-19. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate risk factors for fatality in patients with IAD. Results Of the 1537 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 23/1537 (1.49%) had IAD 13 (0.8%) had rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 5 psoriatic arthritis (PsA) (0.3%) and 5 axial spondyloarthritis (0.3%). There were no significant differences in CI of COVID-19 and CFR in patients with IAD compared with COVID-19 patients without IAD. In RT-PCR positive patients, the CI of COVID-19 in PsA and AS was higher. Of the 23 IAD patients, 2 RA patients (8.6%) died. The patients did no show characteristics of the COVID-19 disease different from the population. In multivariate analysis, the factor associated with fatality in patients with IAD was older age (OR [95% CI], 1.1 [1.0-1.2]). Conclusion COVID-19 CI, fatality rate and other features do not seem to be increased in IAD patients. Older age was associated with fatality in patients with IAD.

Objectives To analyze the effect of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) on the outcome of interstitial lung disease secondary to rheumatoid arthritis (RA-ILD). Patients and methods We performed a multicenter, prospective, observational study of patients with RA-ILD receiving DMARDs between 2015 and 2017. The patients were assessed using high-resolution computed tomography and pulmonary function tests at baseline and at 24 months. The radiological assessment was centralized. The main outcome measure at 24 months was change in lung function (improvement, stabilization, worsening, or death). We recorded the 28-joint Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) and adverse events. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with worsening of ILD. Results After 24 months, lung disease was stabilized in 40 patients (57.1%), improved in 8 (11.4%), and worse in 21 (30.0%). One patient (1.4%) died. The factors associated with worsening of ILD in the multivariate analysis were treatment with abatacept, tocilizumab, or rituximab (OR, 0.102 [95%CI, 0.015-0.686]), DAS28 (OR, 1.969 [95%CI, 1.005-3.857]), and smoking (OR, 6.937 [95%CI, 1.378-4.900]). During follow-up, 30 patients (42.9%) experienced an adverse event, which was severe in 12 cases (17.1%). Conclusions Lung function is stable and inflammatory activity well controlled in most patients with RA-ILD receiving treatment with DMARDs. Non–anti-TNF DMARDs reduce the risk of worsening of lung disease in 90% of patients. The inflammatory activity of RA and smoking, on the other hand, are associated with worsening.

∙ We documented the first observations of rhinocryptid birds in the canopy of a temperate rainforest in southern Chile. In the Bosque Pehuén Park, located in the southern Chilean Andes (39°42'S, 71°75'W), we installed camera traps in six old Nothofagus dombeyi trees, one per tree between 12 and 21 m above the forest floor. Traps were active from January to April 2017. The camera traps recorded three species of rhinocryptids in the canopy, between 12 and 14 m, Black-throated Huet-Huet (Pteroptochos tarnii), Chucao Tapaculo (Scelorchilus rubecula), and Magellanic Tapaculo (Scytalopus magellanicus). These records of rhinocryptids are unexpected since these species are currently believed to inhabit only on the forest floor and in the understory. This new information indicates that the canopy could occasionally provide food, shelter and nesting places for these birds.Resumen ∙ Primeros registros de rinocríptidos en el dosel de los bosques templados del sur de Chile En este trabajo documentamos las primeras observaciones de rinocríptidos en el dosel en los bosques templados del sur de Chile. En el parque Bosque Pehuén, en los Andes del sur (39°42'S, 71°75'W), se instalaron trampas cámara en seis árboles antiguos de Nothofagus dombeyi, una trampa por árbol, entre los 12 y los 21 m de altura. Las trampas estuvieron activas entre Enero y Abril de 2017. Las trampas cámara registraron tres especies de rinocríptidos entre los 12 y los 14 m de altura: Huet Huet (Pteroptochos tarnii), Chucao (Scelorchilus rubecula) y Churrín del sur (Scytalopus magellanicus). Estos registros de rinocríptidos son inesperados ya que estas especies se consideraban sólo como habitantes del suelo y del sotobosque. Esta nueva información indica que el dosel podría ocasionalmente proporcionar alimentos, refugio y lugares de anidación para estas aves.

Introducción: el cáncer de pulmón (CP) es la causa más frecuente de muertes por patologías oncológicas en el mundo1, reportando tasas de incidencia para ambos sexos de 23,1 casos por cada 100 mil habitantes y una mortalidad del 19,4%, según Globocan 20122. Objetivo: consensuar por común acuerdo de expertos recomendaciones para el manejo del cáncer de pulmón metastásico (estadio IV) de célula no pequeña en el contexto colombiano. Métodos: se estructuró un consenso de expertos constituido por 17 oncólogos clínicos, miembros activos de la Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología (ACHO), que laboran en las principales instituciones del país. Se llevó a cabo en cuatro fases: en la primera fase, se definieron 22 preguntas, las cuales fueron calificadas de 1 a 9; en la segunda, se reenviaron de nuevo las preguntas no consensuadas; en la tercera, se analizaron y discutieron las respuestas; y las no consensuadas fueron a una cuarta fase, donde se hizo un consenso nominal. Resultados: se evaluaron y discutieron 25 preguntas relacionadas con el tratamiento de cáncer de pulmón metastásico (estadio IV) de célula no pequeña y se concluyeron recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia científica y en guías de manejo de oncología reconocidas internacionalmente adaptadas al contexto y realidad colombiana. Conclusiones: se deben considerar los tratamientos para el cáncer de pulmón avanzado según la mejor evidencia científica y la disponibilidad en Colombia, con el fin de ofrecer el mejor tratamiento al paciente. Este consenso es una herramienta para orientar la toma de decisiones clínicas y es útil como documento soporte para consultas de entes públicos y privados. Es importante mencionar que este es un texto académico-científico y no regulatorio.

In Chile, most protected areas are located in the southern Andes, in mountainous landscapes at mid or high altitudes. Despite the increasing proportion of protected areas, few have detailed inventories of their biodiversity. This information is essential to define threats and develop long-term integrated conservation programs to face the effects of global change. Consequently, the objectives of this study were to (1) describe the richness, conservation status, and species composition of the vascular flora found in Bosque Pehuen Park; and (2) analyze the relationships among altitude, species richness, and growth forms. Bosque Pehuen is one of the largest privately protected areas located within the Araucarias Biosphere Reserve, in southern Chile (39°S). The park is dominated by secondary forests that grew after intensive exploitation in the 1970s, with some remnant old-growth forests. Fifteen regularly distributed plots, 150 m in radius, were sampled. At each plot, all vascular plant species were recorded; 101 species were found, of which 79% are endemic, 10% are introduced, and 13% are currently listed in IUCN conservation categories. The highest richness was concentrated within the plots associated with riparian zones. The total richness tended to decrease with altitude. Epiphytes and climbers were only recorded at lower altitudes, making them the growth forms most influenced by altitude. The background information reported here is essential for effective park management and conservation of the vascular flora species found within this Andean montane forest.

Resumen Introduccion La sepsis es una de las principales causas de muerte en ninos, y para pacientes con cancer el riesgo es mayor. Un estudio reciente del grupo de oncologia del instituto nacional de cancerologia muestra que la principal causa de ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Pediatrico (UCIP) del Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (INC) es el choque septico. Es importante describir a esta poblacion para buscar potenciales intervenciones tempranas y efectivas. Objetivo Describir el curso clinico en los pacientes pediatricos con cancer que ingresaron con diagnostico de choque septico entre octubre de 2011 a diciembre del 2013 a la UCIP del INC. Materiales y metodos Estudio descriptivo de todos los pacientes oncologicos menores de 18 anos que ingresaron a la UCIP con diagnostico de choque septico. Se midieron datos demograficos, diagnosticos de ingreso, microorganismos aislados y tanto resultados clinicos como resultados del tratamiento. La mortalidad observada se comparo con la mortalidad esperada utilizando el puntaje PIM3 (Pediatric Index of Mortality 3). Resultados Se incluyo un total de 109 pacientes, con una edad mediana de 7 anos. La mediana de estancia en la unidad fue de 7 dias (RIC = 10,1). La neutropenia febril con shock (27%) fue el diagnostico infeccioso mas frecuente. El 79% de los pacientes presentaban neoplasias hematologicas. Las bacterias Gram-negativas fueron el microorganismo mas comun recuperado. La mortalidad observada fue del 24,7% mientras que la mortalidad esperada fue del 14,3%. Conclusion Los pacientes en este grupo presentan caracteristicas similares a las informadas en otras series. Sin embargo, la mortalidad observada fue mayor que la mortalidad esperada. Este hallazgo debe ser explorado por estudios adicionales para establecer si se trata de una baja calibracion del puntaje PIM3 o de diferencias particulares en el diagnostico y manejo de estos pacientes.

Epiphytic bryophytes are an important component of many forest ecosystems. Several studies have reported vertical distribution patterns for this species, finding many taxa growing along the entire ...

People’s perception on birds of prey is heavily influenced by its intrinsic value, utility, myths and superstitions. In particular, negative perceptions may encourage poaching and persecution of these birds, affecting their conservation status. One nocturnal raptor species widely distributed across the world is the Barn Owl (Tyto alba, Tytonidae). In Chile, this species has been recorded and studied exclusively in rural and sub-urban areas. However, in the city of Valdivia Barn owls exist within the city boundaries. In this study we documented the feeding habits of Barn owls nesting in urban settings of Valdivia, and we analyze the opinions of local neighbors toward the owls. To characterize the diet of owls, we collected all pellets found around their nesting tree on a monthly basis between August 2010 and August 2011. We interviewed the neighbors using a questionnaire that included questions about the utility, ethical or aesthetic value of the owl and the tree where they nested. Our results indicate that the main prey of the Barn Owl was the Long-tailed Colilargo (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus). The neighbors’ perception was favorable to the Barn Owl primarily for aesthetic and ethical reasons, and not utilitarian reasons. Our results suggest that people perception in urban areas is different than in rural areas, where previous studies showed the prevalence of utilitarian values. This positive perception represents a great potential to promote conservation and environmental education in the city, creating a link between people and the natural elements they have in their environment.

Background:Objectives:. To describe the percentage of spondyloarthritis patients on biological therapy (BT) optimization in clinical practice whowould maintain remission or low disease activity (LDA) after 2 years of follow-up and to identify possible factors associated with relapse. To estimate the cost reduction between 2009-19Methods:Design:A retrospective, observational longitudinal study under conditions of clinical practice.Patients:Spondyloarthritis in BT dose reduction. Inclusion criteria: Psoriatic arthritis (CASPAR criteria), and Axial Spondyloarthritis (ASAS criteria) which have been iniciated BT dose reduction between 2009-2019. Patients with BT are followed prospectively by two rheumatologists in a monographic clinic of subcutaneous biological therapy every 6 months, and with their usual rheumatologist every 6 months, as well. In such, the patients are controlled and attended in clinics with a pre-established questionnaire every 3 months.Variables:Maintained Reduction:patients who maintained BT dose reduction since de beginning of the optimization until the index date(data collection).Relapse at 3,6,12,24 months: patient who had to returnt to usual BT dose. Other variables: demographic, time to diagnosis and evolution disease, clinical-analytical: Tender Joint Count(TJC), Swollen Joint Count (SJC), C-reactive Protein (CRP), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), activity index: DAPSA; BASDAI, ASDAS and physical function: HAQ and BASFI. Previous treatment with bDMARD. Dose reduction adjustment according to REDOSER. Cost reduction in euros(absolute and per patient-year) of BT in patients who are in dose reduction compared to the standard care. Analysis: Descriptive, Bivariate analysis, Multivariate logistic regression (DV:relapse). The absolute cost reduction and per patient-year was calculated.Results:65 patients with spondyloarthritis in dose reduction were included. Table 1 main characteristics in study population. The average time since the beginning of the BT was 47.61 months (±37.06). After 24 months of follow-up, 73.8% of patients (48) achieved a sustained reduction. All these patients accomplish remission or low disease according to differente index activities [DAPSA and BASDAI median(p25-p75)= 2.3 (2.1- 2.9) and 1.5 (0.7- 2.6), respectively and ASDAS mean (SD) =1.4 (0.54)] and a shorter time of disease evolution. The dose reduction of BT carried out from 2009 to 2019 meant a total cost savings of 584080.37€, with a patient/year cost savings of 6192.28€. We evaluated the optimization according to REDOSER and it was observed that in 53 patients (81.5%) the reduction would have been adequate and the rest was doubtful. In bivariant analysis between patients who had relapsed and those who had not, only differences were observed in the BT line used [2nd line:(5(29.4%) Vs 2(4.2%),(p=0.025)] and and a higher percentage of patients with a doubt result of REDOSER [9(52.9%)Vs 3(6.3%), pFigure 1:Conclusion:Biological therapy dose reduction in spondyloarthritis is possible in the majority of patients, maintaining remission/LDA at 24 months. This leads to a greater cost reduction and efficiency. The relapse was associated with a doubtful result in REDOSER before optimization and this tool can be very useful in the assessment of BT reduction.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

El cierre de Noticias Cuatro se une a una larga lista de medios o programas informativos que han desaparecido en la última década, como consecuencia de la crisis económica y/o de decisiones empresariales. Aunque pueda parecer lo contrario, la ausencia de un periodismo de calidad no beneficia a las relaciones públicas tal como las entendemos en la actualidad, basadas en la ética y en una relación de confianza con los públicos.

Objectives:To describe the impact that depression has on the personal support network of patients with rheumatic diseases.Methods:Design. Cross-sectional observational study of a series of patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) selected by consecutive sampling of the Rheumatology consultations. Selection criteria: age ≥18 years with AD (ASAS criteria), RA (EULAR / ACR 2010 criteria) and SLE (ACR-EULAR criteria) capable of understanding and willing to take the questionnaires. Protocol: The reference rheumatologist offered to participate in the study to all the patients who attended the consultation between October and December 2019 and met the selection criteria. After their approval and signing the informed consent, they went to the nursing consultation to carry out a battery of questionnaires from the PROMIS platform and collect clinical data. The infirmary was in charge of explaining the questionnaires to the patients. Variables: the main endpoint variable was depression evaluated by PROMIS and the secondary endpoint variables were questionnaires that evaluate the support network in various settings: company, emotional support, instrumental support, support through information. Likewise, data on their disease, comorbidities were collected using Charlson and socio-occupational profile. Statistical analysis: Descriptive analysis, R-Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression analysis (VD: PROMIS depression).Results:151 patients participated: 50 with RA (90% women, mean age 55.12 ± 13.64 years), 51 with AD (51% women, 52.59 ± 12.15 years) and 50 patients with SLE (96 % women, mean age 47.14 ± 11.3 years). The baseline characteristics and comorbidities of the included. The mean (SD) of PROMIS depression in all patients was 16.4 (8.3) and a total of 65 patients (43%) had depression according to the Charlson index. Patients with Charlson depression had a higher mean (SD) of PROMIS depression than those without Charlson depression (24.5 [6.2] vs 10.3 [2.5], p Conclusion:Depression in rheumatic diseases negatively influences the support network and the perception of company of these patients. Treating depression is important for social functioning and social relationships in these patients and for any group of chronic patients.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Objectives:To analyze the effect of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and identify risk factors associated with disease progression and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis associated with interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD).Methods:We performed a multicenter, prospective, observational study of patients with RA-ILD receiving DMARDs between 2015 and 2020. The patients were assessed using high-resolution computed tomography and pulmonary function tests at baseline and at 60 months. The main outcome measure at 60 months was worsening of FVC >10% or DLCO >15% and radiological progression or death. We recorded demographic and clinical characteristics, lung function, and the incidence of adverse events. A Cox regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with worsening of ILD.Results:After 60 months, lung disease had stabilized in 66 patients (56.9%), improved in 9 (7.8%), and worsened in 23 (19.8%). Eighteen patients (15.5%) died, with a mean survival of 71.8 (1.9) months. Baseline characteristics of 116 with RA-ILD treated with DMARDs is in table 1.The Cox multivariate analysis revealed the independent predictors of worsening of RA-ILD to be usual interstitial pneumonia (HR, 2.6 [95%CI, 1.0-6.7]), forced vital capacity (%) (HR, 3.8 [95%CI, 1.5-6.7]), anticitrullinated protein antibody titers (HR, 2.8 [95%CI, 1.1-6.8]), smoking (HR, 2.5 [95%CI, 1.1-6.2]), and treatment with abatacept, tocilizumab, or rituximab (HR, 0.4 [95%CI, 0.2-0.8]). During follow-up, 79 patients (68%) experienced an adverse event, mostly infection (61%).Conclusion:Lung function is stable in most patients with RA-ILD receiving treatment with DMARDs, although one third of patients die. Identifying factors of worsening in RA-ILD is important for clinical management.Table 1.Baseline characteristics of 116 with RA-ILD treated with DMARDsVariableTotal=116Epidemiological characteristicsFemale sex, n (%)63 (54.3)Age, years, mean (SD)68.3 (9.9)Clinical and analytical characteristicsCurrent smokerNonsmoker, n (%)57 (49.1)Smoker, n (%)23 (19.8)Exsmoker, n (%)36 (31.0)Time since diagnosis of RA, months, median (p25-p75)148.5 (71.5-217.8)Diagnostic delay, months, median (p25-p75)8.5 (4.9-16.8)Time since diagnosis of ILD, months, median (p25-p75)27.5 (9.8-60.0)Positive rheumatoid factor (>10), n (%)111 (95.7)Positive ACPA titer (>20), n (%)100 (86.2)Erosive disease, n (%)76 (65.5)Treatment Synthetic DMARD100 (86.2) Methotrexate, n (%)51 (44.0) Leflunomide, n (%)30 (25.9) Sulfasalazine, n (%)9 (7.8) Hydroxychloroquine, n (%)21 (18.1)Biologic DMARD50 (43.1) Infliximab, n (%)1 (0.9) Etanercept, n (%)6 (5.2) Adalimumab, n (%)3 (2.6) Golimumab, n (%)3 (2.6) Certolizumab, n (%)3 (2.6) Tocilizumab, n (%)6 (5.2) Abatacept, n (%)15 (12.9) Rituximab, n (%)13 (11.2) Immunosuppressants11 (9.5) Mycophenolate, n (%)7 (6.0) Azathioprine, n (%)4 (3.4) Antifibrotic agents, nintedanib, n (%)1 (0.9) Baseline corticosteroids, n (%)69 (60.0) Dose of baseline corticosteroids, median (p25-p75)5.0 (0.0-7.5)Abbreviations. RA: rheumatoid arthritis; ILD: interstitial lung disease; ACPA: anticyclic citrullinated protein antibody; DMARD: disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; SD: standard deviation.Acknowledgements:Grant for Medical Researchers of the “Fundación Española de Reumatología” 2019. declare.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Objectives:To evaluate the worldwide incidence and prevalence of ANCA vasculitis through a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.Methods:A systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE search engines was carried out for studies that analyzed the incidence and prevalence of ANCA vasculitis in different geographical areas. Inclusion criteria: patients diagnosed with ANCA vasculitis according to ACR criteria/ Chapel Hill Consensus and adult patients (> 16 years). All ANCA vasculitis (microscopic polyangiitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis) were considered. Exclusion criteria: editorials, conference abstracts, case or cases series reports and narrative reviews; insufficient description of the methods; lack of data to compute incidence or prevalence; and duplicate studies.Variables: Main variable: the pooled prevalence measured by the number of prevalent cases per million / person-year (95% CI) and the pooled incidence measured as the number of incident cases per million / person-year (95% CI). Secondary variables: the prevalence and incidence of each vasculitis ANCA and according geographic area. A meta-analysis was undertaken to estimate the pooled incidence and the pooled prevalence per million / person-years. The 95% CI and I2 for heterogeneity were calculated.Results:Twenty four studies were included. The pooled incidence (95% CI) was 12.2 per million / person-year (8.4-16.5) and the pooled prevalence (95% CI) was 130 per million / person-year (67.5-213). The individual incidence for each vasculitis was: GPA (6.7), MPA (5.9) and EGPA (1.6). The individual prevalence for each vasculitis was: GPA (69.3), MPA (21.9) and EGPA (13.5).In the analysis by continents, the pooled incidence for GPA vasculitis was higher in Europe (7.5), while the pooled incidence for MPA vasculitis was higher in America (6.9) and for EGPA vasculitis it was higher in Asia (1.8). The pooled prevalence for GPA and MPA vasculitis was higher in Europe (83.9,24.4 respectively) than in America (14.2, 12.8 respectively).Conclusion:The pooled incidence and the pooled prevalence are higher in the case of GPA vasculitis compared to the rest of ANCA vasculitis. In general there is a predominance of incidence and prevalence of all ANCA vasculitis in the northern hemisphere compared to the south.Figure 1.The pooled incidence ANCA vasculitis.Figure 2.The pooled prevalence ANCA vasculitisDisclosure of Interests:None declared

Objectives: To describe a prospective cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis associated with interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) and identify risk factors associated with disease progression and mortality in this cohort. Patients and methods: We performed a multicenter, prospective, observational study of patients with RA-ILD receiving disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) between 2015 and 2020. The patients were assessed using high-resolution computed tomography and pulmonary function tests at baseline and at 60 months. The main endpoint was “Progression to ILD at the end of follow-up” in terms of the following outcomes: (1) improvement (i.e., improvement in forced vital capacity (FVC) ≥ 10% or diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) ≥ 15% and absence of radiological progression), (2) nonprogression (stabilization or improvement in FVC ≤ 10% or diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) &lt, 15% and absence of radiological progression), (3) progression (worsening of FVC &gt, 10% or DLCO &gt, 15% and radiological progression), or (4) death. We recorded demographic and clinical characteristics, lung function, and the incidence of adverse events. A Cox regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the worsening of ILD. Results: After 60 months, lung disease had stabilized in 66 patients (56.9%), improved in 9 (7.8%), and worsened in 23 (19.8%). Eighteen patients (15.5%) died, with a mean survival of 71.8 (1.9) months after diagnosis of ILD. The Cox multivariate analysis revealed the independent predictors of worsening of RA-ILD to be usual interstitial pneumonia (hazard ratio (HR), 2.6 (95%CI, 1.0–6.7)), FVC &lt, 80% (HR, 3.8 (95%CI, 1.5–6.7)), anticitrullinated protein antibody titers (HR, 2.8 (95%CI, 1.1–6.8)), smoking (HR, 2.5 (95%CI, 1.1–6.2)), and treatment with abatacept, tocilizumab, or rituximab (HR, 0.4 (95%CI, 0.2–0.8)). During follow-up, 79 patients (68%) experienced an adverse event, mostly infection (61%). Infection was fatal in 10/18 patients (55.5%) during follow-up. Conclusions: Lung function is stable in most patients with RA-ILD receiving treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), although one-third worsened or died. Identifying factors associated with worsening in RA-ILD is important for clinical management.