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Resumen Introduccion y objetivo El tratamiento de la tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP) aguda con riesgo de mortalidad intermedio-alto a los 30 dias, sigue sin estar bien definido, recomendandose por las ultimas guias clinicas de la European Society of Cardiology 2019 el tratamiento anticoagulante exclusivamente, reduciendo la indicacion de trombectomia mecanica a pacientes de riesgo alto o pacientes con riesgo intermedio-alto con mala evolucion hemodinamica. Nuestro objetivo fue comprobar la mejoria ecocardiografica, respiratoria y hemodinamica en las primeras horas de los pacientes sometidos a trombectomia mecanica con tromboembolia pulmonar de riesgo intermedio-alto. Material y metodos Se analizo la evolucion cardiaca por ecocardiografia (diametro de ventriculo derecho, TAPSE, Onda S e hipertension pulmonar), hemodinamica, respiratoria y clinica de los pacientes en las primeras 24 horas tras trombectomia mecanica por aspiracion, asi como las complicaciones hemorragicas y mortalidad del procedimiento. Resultados Se llevaron a cabo 42 trombectomias mecanicas, 16 con inestabilidad hemodinamica (TEP masivo) y 26 estables hemodinamicamente (TEP submasivo). Se obtuvo mejoria (p Conclusiones La trombectomia mecanica por aspiracion es una tecnica segura y efectiva, observando una mejoria de la situacion respiratoria, hemodinamica y ecocardiografica de los pacientes en las primeras 24 horas postprocedimiento con baja tasa de complicaciones frente al tratamiento fibrinolitico.

BACKGROUND Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are frequent and underreported incidental findings on computed tomography (CT) scans and can evolve to pancreatic cancer—the most lethal cancer, with less than 5 months of life expectancy. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and validate an artificial deep neural network (attention gate U-Net, also named “AGNet”) for automated detection of PCLs. This kind of technology can help radiologists to cope with an increasing demand of cross-sectional imaging tests and increase the number of PCLs incidentally detected, thus increasing the early detection of pancreatic cancer. METHODS We adapted and evaluated an algorithm based on an attention gate U-Net architecture for automated detection of PCL on CTs. A total of 335 abdominal CTs with PCLs and control cases were manually segmented in 3D by 2 radiologists with over 10 years of experience in consensus with a board-certified radiologist specialized in abdominal radiology. This information was used to train a neural network for segmentation followed by a postprocessing pipeline that filtered the results of the network and applied some physical constraints, such as the expected position of the pancreas, to minimize the number of false positives. RESULTS Of 335 studies included in this study, 297 had a PCL, including serous cystadenoma, intraductal pseudopapillary mucinous neoplasia, mucinous cystic neoplasm, and pseudocysts . The Shannon Index of the chosen data set was 0.991 with an evenness of 0.902. The mean sensitivity obtained in the detection of these lesions was 93.1% (SD 0.1%), and the specificity was 81.8% (SD 0.1%). CONCLUSIONS This study shows a good performance of an automated artificial deep neural network in the detection of PCL on both noncontrast- and contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans.

Desde que en la década de los años noventa del siglo XX se empezara hablar de interacción, innovación y nuevos formatos aplicados a la comunicación publicitaria hasta el actual contexto plenamente digital, la investigación en torno a las agencias de publicidad ha sufrido toda una evolución. Las agencias de publicidad son hoy en día en las Ciencias de la Comunicación y de la Información un tema de interés de gran riqueza conceptual. Las agencias per se pueden ser consideradas un área de interés en la investigación multidisciplinar dentro del propio ámbito de la Publicidad y de las Relaciones Públicas. A través de un análisis bibliométrico, este artículo intenta a dar conocer las principales características de las investigaciones doctorales más relevantes realizadas en España y que han tenido a las agencias de publicidad como objeto de estudio prioritario. Para ello analiza el propio peso que las agencias han tenido a la hora de protagonizar tesis doctorales en nuestro país. El período analizado va desde 1992 hasta el año 2017, lo que supone 25 años, un cuarto de siglo de tesis doctorales. No se ha ampliado la investigación hasta 2020 porque las tesis pueden tardar hasta un año en ser registradas en las bases de datos en abierto. Para ello se han utilizado las herramientas avanzadas de las bases de datos de Dialnet (Universidad de La Rioja, España) y de Teseo (Ministerio de Educación del Gobierno de España). Se han recuperado un total de 50 tesis doctorales que son el objeto de análisis de la tesis. Se ha elaborado la serie temporal y la productividad diacrónica de las tesis, además de otras variables relacionadas con el contenido y metodológicas. Los hallazgos muestran el potencial crecimiento de los últimos años (década actual). También se concluye que la producción de tesis doctorales se concentra en una pequeña cantidad de instituciones de Madrid, Barcelona y Valencia. Since the beginning of the 90s of the XXth Century, industry and academics began to talk about interaction, innovation and new formats applied to advertising communication. It has been a long way since there to nowadays. Today we live in a full digital context. Therefore, we can affirm that research around the world of advertising agencies has undergone a great evolution. Advertising agencies are today in the Sciences of Communication and Information a topic of great conceptual interest. Agencies per se can be considered an area of interest in the multidisciplinary field of Advertising and Public Relations. Through a production analysis, this article tries to present the main characteristics of the most preeminent doctoral theses carried out in Spain and which have focused on advertising agencies as a main subject of study. In order to do that, this study analyses the role, impact and influence that the ad agencies have had on the doctoral theses in our country. The period analysed goes from 1992 to 2017 due to technical restrictions. The method has been based in the advanced tools of the prestigious Dialnet database (University of La Rioja, Spain) and Teseo (Ministry of Education of the Government of Spain). Among thi research a final total amount of 50 doctoral theses have been recovered. Those 50 thesis are the sample of this study. The time series and the diachronic productivity of the theses have been elaborated and presented in this article. In addition, we also show other variables related to the content and the methodology. The findings show the potential growth occurred during the last years (current decade). It is also concluded that the production of doctoral theses is concentrated in a small number of institutions in Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia.

Background: Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) is a minimally invasive procedure consisting of application of thermal energy into the airways to produce ablation of the hypertrophic smooth muscle. It was approved for use in moderate-severe asthma in Spain in 2010. Objectives: The aims of the present study are to analyze the effectiveness and the safety of BT in clinical practice in our center. Methods: Participants had a confirmed diagnosis of severe asthma and poor control without therapeutic alternative. Effectiveness was measured by comparing exacerbations, admissions rates, asthma control, and medication 1 year prior and 1 year after BT was completed. All complications appearing during the procedure and in the first year were recorded. Results: Patients had a mean age of 51 (SD 8) years and were predominantly female (17/23). The average number of activations per patient was 147 (16). The number of severe exacerbations was reduced by 75% (p < 0.001). A 38% reduction in admissions per year was also observed (p = 0.03). The Asthma Control Test improved by 7.1 (3.7) points (p = 0.018). Before BT, the dose of inhaled corticosteroids was 1,621 (1,015) µg of budesonide-equivalent and the dose of oral corticosteroids was 15 (13) mg of prednisone-equivalent. There was a reduction in 430 (731) µg of budesonide-equivalent (p = 0.02) and 4 (11) mg of prednisone (p = 0.094). No changes in lung function were observed. Complications were related mostly to exacerbation of asthma in the days following the procedure. Conclusions: BT is effective and safe for severe uncontrolled bronchial asthma in real clinical practice.

Resumen: Introducción: Las terapias respiratorias no invasivas (TRNI) fueron ampliamente utilizadas en la primera ola de la pandemia de COVID-19, en escenarios distintos según los medios disponibles. El objetivo fue presentar la supervivencia a 90 días y los factores asociados a esta de los pacientes tratados con TRNI en un centro de tercer nivel sin Unidad de Cuidados Respiratorios Intermedios. Como objetivo secundario comparar los resultados obtenidos de las distintas terapias. Métodos: Estudio observacional de pacientes tratados con TRNI fuera de un ambiente de Cuidados Intensivos o Unidad de Cuidados Respiratorios Intermedios, diagnosticados de COVID-19 y con síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo por criterios radiológicos y de ratio SpO2/FiO2. Se desarrolló un modelo multivariante de regresión logística para determinar las variables independientemente asociadas, y se compararon los resultados de la terapia de alto flujo con cánula nasal y la presión positiva continua en la vía aérea. Resultados: Se trataron 107 pacientes y sobrevivieron 85 (79,4%) a los 90 días. Antes de iniciar la TRNI el ratio medio de SpO2/FiO2 fue de 119,8 ± 59,4. Un mayor score de SOFA se asoció significativamente a la mortalidad (OR 2,09; IC95% 1,34 – 3,27), mientras que la autopronación fue un factor protector (OR 0,23; IC95% 0,06 – 0,91). La terapia de alto flujo con cánula nasal fue utilizada en 63 sujetos (58,9%), y la presión positiva continua en la vía aérea en 41 (38,3%). No se encontraron diferencias entre ellas. Conclusión: Aproximadamente cuatro de cada cinco pacientes tratados con TRNI sobrevivieron a los 90 días, y no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la terapia de alto flujo con cánula nasal y la presión positiva continua en la vía aérea. Abstract: Introduction: Non-invasive respiratory therapies (NRT) were widely used in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in different settings, depending on availability. The objective of our study was to present 90-day survival and associated factors in patients treated with NRT in a tertiary hospital without an Intermediate Respiratory Care Unit. The secondary objective was to compare the outcomes of the different therapies. Methods: Observational study of patients treated with NRT outside of an intensive care or intermediate respiratory care unit setting, diagnosed with COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome by radiological criteria and SpO2/FiO2 ratio. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed to determine independently associated variables, and the outcomes of high flow nasal cannula and continuous positive airway pressure were compared. Results: In total, 107 patients were treated and 85 (79.4%) survived at 90 days. Before starting NRT, the mean SpO2/FiO2 ratio was 119.8 ± 59.4. A higher SOFA score was significantly associated with mortality (OR 2,09; 95% CI 1.34-3.27), while self-pronation was a protective factor (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.06-0.91). High flow nasal cannula was used in 63 subjects (58.9%), and continuous positive airway pressure in 41 (38.3%), with no differences between them. Conclusion: Approximately 4 out of 5 patients treated with NRT survived to 90 days, and no significant differences were found between high flow nasal cannula and continuous positive airway pressure.

In October 2018, the Spanish SDSN Network, REDS, launched the SDG Spanish Cities Index report summarizing the progress of 100 Spanish cities toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This study, developed in collaboration with the Technical University of Madrid, follows the methodology used by the Global SDG Index and Dashboards and the US Cities Index, which SDSN co-produces annually to assess SDG performance at both the national and international levels. This study, previously developed by the same researchers, identifies the most suitable indicators, metrics and urban data to measure the commitment and degree of compliance with SDG 17 for a selection of Spanish cities. It provides, through a set of 85 indicators, a unique vision of their sustainable development and allows monitoring the implementation of the SDGs at the local level in the Spanish context. In this paper, the analysis of their interactions using this dataset has been systematized. This is an innovative first step in defining the path toward urban sustainable development to make policies happen: dependencies among the goals in terms of potential interactions need to be evaluated in the Spanish context. Those results, improvements and applicability are presented and discussed in the following to identify action priorities and raise awareness of local governments and policymakers. It concludes that major efforts are required to increase sustainability and suggests an open framework that can be gradually improved as more data become available.

In 2017, the United Nations adopted a global Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) indicator framework, calling on member countries to collect complementary national and regional indicators. Cities are crucial to channelling efforts towards sustainability through the use of these indicators. They provide an integrated approach to the city situation monitoring sustainability. However, more research is needed to understand how to adapt the goals, targets and indicators to specific municipal contexts. In 2020, the Spanish Sustainable Development Solutions Network launched the 2nd edition of the Spanish Cities Index. A set of 106 indicators allows for monitoring the implementation of the SDGs at the local level for Spanish cities. The objective is to perform a statistical audit to evaluate the consistency of the indicators and the impact of modelling assumptions on the result. The methodology used is an adaptation of the Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicator prepared by the European Commission. The indicator system is well balanced and covers the essential areas of the Sustainable Development Goals. The Spanish ranking is robust enough among the alternatives evaluated. However, some improvements are possible in the selection of indicators, e.g., removing redundant indicators and regional data. Finally, it is recommended to weigh goals based on municipal responsibility to adjust the results to the Spanish municipal context.

Data analytics is a key resource to analyze cities and to find their strengths and weaknesses to define long-term sustainable strategies. On the one hand, urban planning is geared to adapting cities’ strategies towards a qualitative, intelligent, and sustainable growth. On the other hand, institutions are geared towards open governance and collaborative administration models. In this context, sustainability has become a global concern for urban development, and the sustainable development goals (SDGs), defined by United Nations, are the framework to be followed to define the new city goals and to measure the advances of the policies implemented over recent years. The main objective of this research is to explain the methods and results of the application of a city assessment tool for measuring the impact of public policies on the socioeconomic and environmental structure of a city. It addresses the case study of the evaluation of the strategic plan “Diseña 2020” of the municipality of Alcobendas (Madrid, Spain, with 116.037 inhabitants), the document used to communicate the actions needed to achieve the city goals during the planning exercise. A selection of urban indicators has been aligned with the SDGs defined in the Agenda 2030 to develop a tool for the measurement of the impacts of policies in economic, social, and ecological terms. Through this set of indicators, the tool is able to quantify the impact of the policies on the city and the SDGs and to support the decision-making processes of the administration. The set of urban indicators is divided into five areas: economic development and employment, sustainable development, open government, social responsibility, and quality of life. The data evolution, across the recent years 2012–2018, is used to monitor and benchmark the effects of the applied policies. In addition, Alcobendas can be compared with other Spanish and European cities with similar characteristics; it makes possible assessing the achievement of the city’s strategic areas, incorporating the current trends and fostering the SDGs. Thanks to the quantitative comparable results and the objective approach, this research shows a methodology based on indicators that could be applied and scaled to other cities to generate a common framework for measuring the impact of public policies on cities.

Measuring the advances performed in the 2030 Agenda and the contribution of public policies remains a key issue. Budgets are acknowledged as one of the most powerful tools made available to administrations to push forward this contribution, and so several initiatives have risen to align budget items and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) performance at all levels. The aim of this paper is to go beyond simple alignment and statistically analyze the interlinkages between budget and SDG achievement data. We have used the Spanish local administrations budget, together with indicators used to measure the 2030 Agenda goals at the same level, and computed a correlation test in order to find where budget allocation has an impact. We have then looked further into the relevant impacts to split them into direct and indirect. The research found ca. 25% of the budget items with relevant statistical links to the SDGs, with the SDGs 11 and 15 being the least impacted and SDGs 1, 4, 7, 8 and 16 the most connected ones. This research aims to set the bases of an evidence-based decision-support tool for a more efficient and sustainable policy design.

The treatment of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) with an intermediate-high risk of mortality at 30 days is still not well defined, recommending the latest clinical guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology 2019 exclusively anticoagulant treatment, reducing the indication for mechanical thrombectomy to high-risk patients or intermediate-high risk patients with poor hemodynamic evolution. Our purpose is to determine the safety and efficacy of aspiration thrombectomy in intermediate-high risk patients with PE and to analyze possible differences in these results between hemodynamically unstable patients (massive PE) and hemodynamically stable patients (submassive PE).We analyzed all patients who underwent aspiration thrombectomy for PE at our tertiary university hospital during a 34-month period. We compared echocardiographic parameters (right ventricular diameter, tricuspid plane annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), S' wave, and pulmonary hypertension), respiratory parameters (PaOIn the 42 patients included (16 with massive PE and 26 with submassive PE), aspiration thrombectomy resulted in significant improvements in right ventricular diameter, TAPSE, S' wave, andPaOAspiration thrombectomy for PE is safe and effective, significantly improving respiratory and hemodynamic parameters in the first 24h after the procedure with a low rate of complications compared to fibrinolysis.

Background:The disposable bronchoscope is an excellent alternative to face the problem of SARS-CoV-2 and other cross infections, but the bronchoscopist's perception of its quality has not been evaluated. Methods: To evaluate the quality of the Ambu-aScope4 disposable bronchoscope, we carried out a cross-sectional study in 21 Spanish pulmonology services. We use a standardized questionnaire completed by the bronchoscopists at the end of each bronchoscopy. The variables were described with absolute and relative frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion depending on their nature. The existence of learning curves was evaluated by CUSUM analysis.Results:The most frequent indications in 300 included bronchoscopies was bronchial aspiration in 69.3% and the median duration of these was 9.1 minutes. The route of entry was nasal in 47.2% and oral in 34.1%. The average score for ease of use, image, and aspiration quality was 80/100. All the planned techniques were performed in 94.9% and the bronchoscopist was satisfied in 96.6% of the bronchoscopies. They highlighted the portability and immediacy of the aScope4TM to start the procedure in 99.3%, the possibility of taking and storing images in 99.3%. The CUSUM analysis showed average scores> 70/100 from the first procedure and from the 9th procedure more than 80% of the scores exceeded the 80/100 score.Conclusions:The aScope4 ™ scored well for ease of use, imaging, and aspiration. We found a learning curve with excellent scores from the 9th procedure. Bronchoscopists highlighted its portability, immediacy of use and the possibility of taking and storing images.

Additional file 1: CUSUM analysis.

Análisis sobre cómo la publicidad crea sistemas de diferenciación social por medio de discursos ideológicos. Los anuncios son tramas narrativas que generan pautas de pensamiento y de comportamiento. La publicidad determina modos de vida que todos debemos venerar si no queremos convertirnos en sujetos disidentes. Pero esas vivencias que sugiere la publicidad provocan una separación en nuestra experiencia, una distancia entre lo que se tiene y lo que se debe tener, entre nosotros y los personajes de la publicidad, entre nuestras circunstancias reales y los ambientes ficticios de los relatos publicitarios. Así que una gran parte de los individuos que integran las sociedades actuales son humanos dispublicitados. Cualquier adepto o practicante del sistema contemporáneo de producción y consumo caerá en las redes de la publicidad. Unas redes sustentadas en el simulacro, un tejido ilusorio que consigue reclutar a los receptores-consumidores que han sucumbido a la tentación de los sueños imposibles de las vidas extraordinarias, de la distinción. Además, la publicidad amenaza a los detractores con dejarlos fuera de los juegos sociales, del círculo sistemático, del engranaje de venta de anhelos y compra de desengaños. La obra que se presenta ofrece preguntas y respuestas sobre las potencionalidades ideológicas de la publicidad. Se pretende ofrecer al lector menos habituado al ámbito teórico de la publicidad una herramienta que le posibilite adentrarse en una nueva perspectiva de interpretación de los relatos publicitarios. Pero también se persigue forjar un marco de estudio original y metódico que ofrezca al lector experimentado una guía renovada para descomponer los elementos del discurso persuasivo. De esta forma se sientan las bases para un nuevo procedimiento de análisis del mensaje publicitario y para un nuevo modo de crear publicidad.

Introduction: Flexible bronchoscopy is a technique that is usually performed with a certain degree of sedation, wich is induced either by a pneumologist with specific training in sedation or by an anesthetist. Material and Methods: Observational study carried out in patients who underwent a flexible bronchoscopy in a terciary university hospital. Patients were divided according to the physician who performed the sedation, in pneumologist group (PG) or anesthetist group (AG). The characteristics of the patients and anesthetic risk, procedure performed, dose of propofol, level of sedation and complications of the procedure were recognized. Results: Fifty patients were included in each group. There were no differences in age, respiratory or hemorrhagic risk. The ASA preanesthetic risk being higher in patients sedated by anesthesiology (AG 2.58 ± 0.61 vs PG 2.14 ± 0, 78, p = 0.003). The dose of propofol used in AG was higher, although when it was related to the duration of the procedure, no significant difference was found. In the level of sedation measured by the MAAS sedation scale, statistically significant differences were found (PG 3.04 ± 0.40 vs AG 3.42 ± 0.92, p = 0.009), although both are among the levels 3 and 4. One severe desaturation and one hypotensive episode were found in PG and two moderate desaturations in AG. The procedure was not suspended in any case. Conclusions: Sedation performed in our center by a pneumologist with a specific training in sedation is at least as safe as the performed by anesthetists.

Digital society has caused changes in the conventional forms of advertising. The values and interactive processes associated lead commercial brands to adapt to new situations. This paper reflects on crossmedia and transmedia storytelling concepts and their use in the Latin American context. There has been a transformation built on a hypermodern society, influenced by sociotechnological devices. The main objectives of this work are to define and categorize the new advertising formats arising from this context, as well as to identify the new conceptual manifestations. Through a conceptual revision, the text shows that the traditional forms of strategic advertising planning are changing, determined by conceptual and media hyperrelation. Now there is a sense of growing consumer power, who is also an active consumer of social media and advertising. In the current Latin American context, the consumer becomes a necessary collaborator in the process of producing meaning.

Background Data on the incidence, etiology, and prognosis of non–ventilator-associated pneumonia in hospitalized patients with solid tumors are scarce. We aimed to study the characteristics of non–ventilator-associated pneumonia in hospitalized patients with solid tumors. Materials and Methods This was a prospective noninterventional cohort study of pneumonia in patients hospitalized in an oncology ward in a tertiary teaching hospital. Pneumonia was defined according to the American Thoracic Society criteria. Patients were followed for 1 month after diagnosis or until discharge. Survivors were compared with nonsurvivors. Results A total of 132 episodes of pneumonia were diagnosed over 1 year (9.8% of admissions to the oncology ward). They were health care–related (67.4%) or hospital-acquired pneumonia (31.8%). Lung cancer was the most common malignancy. An etiology was established in 48/132 episodes (36.4%). Knowing the etiology led to changes in antimicrobial therapy in 58.3%. Subsequent intensive care unit admission was required in 10.6% and was linked to inappropriate empirical therapy. Ten-day mortality was 24.2% and was significantly associated with hypoxia (odds ratio [OR], 2.1). Thirty-day mortality was 46.2%. The independent risk factors for 30-day mortality were hypoxia (OR, 3.3), hospital acquisition (OR, 3.1), and a performance status >1 (OR, 2.6). Only 40% of patients who died within 30 days were terminally ill. Conclusion Pneumonia is a highly prevalent condition in hospitalized patients with solid tumors, even with nonterminal disease. Etiology is diverse, and poor outcome is linked to inappropriate empirical therapy. Efforts to get the empirical therapy right and reach an etiological diagnosis to subsequently de-escalate are warranted. Implications for Practice The present study shows that pneumonia is a prevalent infectious complication in patients admitted to oncology wards, with a very high mortality, even in non–terminally ill patients. Etiology is diverse, and etiological diagnosis is reached in fewer than 40% of cases in nonintubated patients. Intensive care unit admission, a marker of poor outcome, is associated with inappropriate empirical therapy. These results suggest that, to improve prognosis, a more precise and appropriate antimicrobial empirical therapy for pneumonia in patients with solid tumors is necessary, together with an effort to reach an etiological diagnosis to facilitate subsequent de-escalation.

Debido al cambio climático se espera un fuerte calentamiento en el Sur de Europa, con grandes incrementos en la temperatura media de verano (aumentando 6ºC en relación con las temperaturas de final de siglo) y disminuciones substanciales en las precipitaciones de primavera y verano. Las olas de calor, los períodos de sequía, lluvias torrenciales, tormentas eléctricas (eventos extremos) ocurrirán con mayor frecuencia (IPCC 2014). Es por ello, que cada vez más, los agricultores suelen adelantar las siembras unos 45 días (Enero en lugar de marzo), para incrementar el rendimiento y rentabilidad&nbsp

Citizens’ attention to Open Data initiatives and Open Government policies is growing rapidly, but fragmentation in their implementation makes for a confusing approach. This research aims to bring structure to their assessment by analyzing 63 selected Spanish cities and 110 selected Italian cities and mapping their content. The analysis shows that (i) Open Data portals are not developed consistently; (ii) the various levels of public administration are not coordinated in their Open Data strategies; (iii) however, there are some good practices to be followed and underlined. Research into Open Data initiatives could benefit from previous examples regarding the success and failure factors of an Open Government. This paper highlights the main trends for an Open Data portal strategy in Spanish and Italian cities from the citizens’ point of view. The basic content, structure of the websites, quality, accessibility, crosscutting nature and data visualization of the datasets have been assessed from the user’s perspective. Currently, Spain has 115 open-data portals embedded in datos.gov.es (Government of Spain 2016), and Italy has 40 open-data portals at the city level. Open Data initiatives are the basis to achieve transparency, participation and collaboration, and also to establish the pillars for the integration of intelligent policies.