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Objective: To introduce VFO and SK VFO Test: new, more representative terminology for symptoms of vitreous floaters/opacities (VFO) and new standardized kinetic (SK) anatomical-functional assessment. Materials and Methods: Eight eyes underwent before-after limited vitrectomy (LV): best-corrected visual acuity, low-luminance visual acuity, Minnesota Low Vision Reading Chart near visual acuity in logMAR, contrast sensitivity function (CV1000E), and straylight measurements (SM) (HDA/LDA/C-Quant). SK infrared confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SK IRcSLO) and swept-source widefield optical coherence tomography (SS-WF-OCT) identified VFO and posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). SK IRcSLO was performed with gaze directed towards the extreme superior, inferior, and lateral directions. Results: Anatomical-functional results after LV improved in 7 eyes (87.5%): objective scatter index (27.34%), disturbance index (47.97%) and C-Quant Log units (2.26%). Pre-LV SK IRcSLO and SS-WFOCT imaging identified dynamic well-defined VFO and PVD status (100%). A residual asymptomatic anterior cortical vitreous-induced shadowing ripple effect was detected post-LV. Conclusions: This is the first objective-standardized test accounting for VFO kinesis and intermittent effect. There is potential for personalizing treatment and establishing best candidates for laser or surgery. [ Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2023;54:306–315.]

El presente artículo tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación que existe entre el aprendizaje autónomo y los recursos educativos digitales en estudiantes del I ciclo de una universidad privada de Lima, 2021. Por tanto, se trató de un estudio básico, centrándose en un diseño no experimental con nivel descriptivo y correlacional, siendo la muestra censal compuesta por 90 estudiantes. Para la medición de los constructos en análisis se emplearon dos cuestionarios para cada uno de ellos, por tanto, la validez se ejecutó por juicio de 3 expertos, luego de ello, se aplicó el alfa de Cronbach para la confiabilidad. Después de obtenida la prueba de normalidad, se empleó el coeficiente de Rho de Spearman, lográndose obtener un nivel de significancia menor al 5%, rechazándose la H0, en tanto, se aceptó la H1. Concluyéndose que, existe evidencia estadística sobre correlación moderada a un valor de 54.5% entre las variables en referencia, es decir los recursos educativos digitales con el aprendizaje autónomo, conforme a la muestra aplicada.

A consecuencia de la pandemia el estado afectivo de los estudiantes se vio perjudicado, comprometiendo el manejo de la inteligencia emocional y la educación presencial pasando a ser virtual, partiendo de ello la investigación tuvo como objetivo establecer la relación entre la inteligencia emocional y la educación virtual en los estudiantes de la institución educativa 3022 José Sabogal del distrito de San Martin de Porres. El estudio fue básico de tipo no experimental y de enfoque cuantitativo correlacional. La muestra estuvo conformada por 110 estudiantes de cuarto y quinto de secundaria, para el recojo de información se emplearon dos cuestionarios con la escala Likert, evidenciando que la inteligencia emocional influye positivamente en la educación virtual. Concluyendo con la existencia de una relación directa positiva y moderada entre inteligencia emocional y educación virtual en los estudiantes.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar una revisión sistemática sobre de la información científica existente referente a la satisfacción laboral percibida por el trabajador o profesional de entidades deportivas. La presente revisión sistemática siguió las consideraciones establecidas por Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). En la presente revisión sistemática se incluyeron los estudios publicados cuya temática estuviera relacionada con la satisfacción laboral del trabajador o profesional en el ámbito deportivo y especialmente en los servicios deportivos municipales. Tras un primer análisis de trabajos donde se identificaron 168 artículos, se excluyeron aquellos que no cumplieran los criterios de inclusión (n = 147) y así, se obtuvo la selección definitiva de 18 artículos. Los resultados de este estudio parecen indicar que la satisfacción laboral de los trabajadores o profesionales de entidades deportivas en su mayoría es moderada, y que además pueden existir diferencias en función del sexo, del tipo de trabajo y del sector (público o privado) al que pertenezcan. Por otro lado, de los resultados analizados en la presente revisión sistemática se desprende que no existe uniformidad en los sistemas de evaluación para medir la satisfacción laboral de los trabajadores.

La cultura investigativa en una institución de educación superior es imprescindible para la producción científica, debido a ello la presente investigación tuvo el objetivo de establecer la relación entre cultura investigativa y producción científica en los docentes de Artes3 escénicas de una universidad privada de Lima. El tipo de investigación fue básico, de enfoque cuantitativo, aplicando en cuestionario que mide cultura investigativa y el cuestionario que mide producción científica, método hipotético deductivo, nivel correlacional transaccional y diseño no experimental. La población fue de 23 docentes de la carrera de artes escénicas de la universidad en estudio. Como resultados se obtuvo mayor porcentaje en el nivel deficiente tanto en cultura investigativa como también en producción científica; concluyendo que existe correlación positiva significativa entre la cultura investigativa y producción científica en los docentes de artes escénicas de una universidad privada de Lima, 2021.

Purpose Assess short-term real-world outcomes in neovascular aged-related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated with novel faricimab. Methods Retrospective case series of nine patients with nAMD (11 eyes) treated with faricimab between May and November 2022. Treatment-naïve patients and non-naïve patients underwent best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) DRI OCT-1 Triton (Topcon Corp, Tokyo, Japan), ultra-widefield (UWF) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) (California Optomap, Optos plc, Dunfermline, Scotland, UK). Previous treatment intervals, number of intravitreal injections, sub/intra retinal fluid (SRF/IRF), central retinal thickness (CRT) and presence/changes in pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) were recorded. Results Mean baseline BCVA and CRT values of patients who switched from other agents were 0.612 and 256.16 µm respectively, with a mean 36-day previous treatment interval. The median number of other previous anti-VEGF intravitreal injections was 8. The mean baseline BVCA and CRT values of the 3 naïve patients were 0.33 and 874.67 µm, respectively. At one month follow-up, mean BCVA improvement was 0.32 and mean CRT reduction was 338.44 µm. A complete resolution of SRF and IRF was observed in 75% and 33.33%, respectively. Drusenoid PED morphology changes were observed in all patients. No drug-related adverse events were observed. Conclusion Real-world outcomes showed improvement in BCVA and anatomic parameters at an early timepoint, demonstrating the efficacy and durability of faricimab in nAMD patients. Larger numbers of patients and longer follow-up are needed to determine whether the loading dose is required in all; what percentage of patients experience an improvement, and whether improvement it is maintained.

El incremento de la implementación de tecnología en los distintos contextos cotidianos de la vida de los jóvenes debe vigilarse de cerca para evitar afectaciones en su desarrollo psicológico, por lo que este estudio se propuso como objetivo determinar la relación entre el bienestar psicológico y el uso de rede sociales en estudiantes del Instituto ICT ubicado en Huancayo, Perú, realizando un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, de nivel correlacional en una muestra censal de 93 estudiantes a quienes se les aplicó el instrumento del cuestionario, que llevo a evidenciar un bajo bienestar psicológico y un alto uso de redes sociales en la mayoría. El análisis estadístico permitió concluir con la existencia de una relación inversa y moderada entre el bienestar psicológico y el uso de las redes sociales en los estudiantes.

Insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is still essential and its usage has increased during recent years. Despite this, the level of control continues to be very poor. Insulin treatment is initiated with control levels above the recommendations set by the Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) and patients are exposed to very high blood glucose levels during long periods of time. This paper reviews the role of insulin in the different CPG, the criteria for therapy initiation and intensification, the beginning of the intensification and the different types of insulin which are commercialized in our country. Moreover, we discuss insulinization in special situations such as corticosteroid treatment, fragile elderly patients, palliative care situations, chronic kidney disease or during Ramadan. Finally, the problem of therapeutic inertia in insulinization is also addressed.

Desde la gestión directiva en las instituciones educativas se deben implementar acciones adecuada para el buen desempeño de los docentes, además, es importante diagnosticar las debilidades las cuales retrasan el cumplimiento de las metas, que lamentablemente repercutirán finalmente en los estudiantes, en talsentido una alternativa es la implementación de planes estratégico, desarrollados de manera colegiada fortaleciendo el trabajo cooperativo, por esta razón el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la relación entre el planeamiento estratégico y el trabajo en equipo docente de una institución educativa parroquial, se realizó un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo de tipo correlacional, empleando una población de 50 trabajadores, el procesamiento estadístico permitió concluir desde la percepción de los docentes que existe relación entre el planeamiento estratégico y el trabajo en equipo.

The study’s objective was to know the private school of medicine interns resilience level according to the following dimensions: equanimity, personal satisfaction, feeling good alone, self-confidence and perseverance. Their professional assessment was also measured through their levels of in-depth interviews, technical procedures, and observable attitudes. The approach used was the quantitative, basic type, with a descriptive scope. The non-probability sampling technique was used. The sample consisted of 524 medicine students, 321 women (61.3%) and 203 men (38.7%), who are currently studying in thirteen and fourteen cycle of the seventh year of university studies. For the resilience variable, the instrument used was the survey; and for the professional assessment variable, in-depth interviews were conducted, as well as observation of technical procedures and attitudes of the medicine interns at a private university. The instrument used was the questionnaire called the resilience scale. The study shows that medicine interns resilience is on an inadequate level (75,2%), and that the professional assessment presented a low level (48,9%).

espanolLa pandemia de COVID-19 tuvo en su primera oleada entre marzo y mayo de 2020 un impacto enorme sobre el sistema sanitario espanol. La saturacion del mismo y la escasez de recursos materiales y personales obligaron a tomar decisiones que implicaban la priorizacion de la atencion de unos pacientes sobre otros. La toma de estas decisiones se hizo en la mayoria de los casos sin tomar en consideracion las caracteristicas, las necesidades y los derechos de las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo cuando no basadas en sesgos negativos sobre el colectivo. Se analiza la situacion creada durante el primer pico pandemico y se extraen conclusiones relevantes para la preservacion del derecho a la salud. EnglishThe COVID-19 pandemic had in its first wave between March and May 2020, and had a huge impact on the Spanish health system. Its saturation and the scarcity ofmaterial and personal resources forced decisions which implied prioritizing the careof some patients over others. These decisions were made in most cases without taking into account the characteristics, needs and rights of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, when not based on negative biases on the group. The situation created during the first pandemic peak is analyzed and relevant conclusions are drawn for the preservation of the right to healthcare access.

This article describes a 63-year-old woman with a yellow-white mass in the inferior juxtapapillary region discovered on routine ocular examination. She was diagnosed as solitary idiopathic choroiditis (SIC) after an extensive ocular examination. SIC is a rare condition of unknown aetiology that can sometimes be mistaken as inflammatory processes or intraocular tumors. Solitary idiopathic choroiditis is suspected clinically and the diagnosis is established with multimodal imaging, so CIS has been renamed focal scleral nodule because of the scleral location.

Reflex testing is necessary to achieve the objectives of hepatitis C elimination. However, in 2017 only 31% of Spanish hospitals performed reflex test. As a consequence of that finding, reflex testing was recommended by scientific societies involved in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C.To evaluate the degree of implementation of reflex testing in 2019 and to know the implementation of rapid diagnostic and/or dried blood spot testing (RDT and / or DBS) in Spanish hospitals.Cross-sectional study through a survey conducted in October 2019 to Spanish general hospitals with at least 200 beds, public or private with teaching accreditation.129 (80%) hospitals responded. Reflex testing is performed by 89% of the centers vs. 31% in 2017 (P.001). From 2017 to 2019, centers using alerts to improve continuity of care increased from 69% to 86% (P=.002). In 2019, 11% of centers can determine anti-HCV in dried spot, 15% viremia in dried spot, 0.85% anti-HCV in saliva, and 37% of antibodies and/or viremia with point of care test. 43% of hospitals have at least one diagnostic method with RDT and/or DBS.The implementation of reflex testing has increased significantly, reaching 89% of hospitals in 2019. The recommendations of scientific societies could have contributed to the implementation of reflex testing. On the other hand, access to RDT and/or DBS is insufficient and initiatives are needed to improve their implementation.

Objetivo: El estudio se propuso determinar la relación entre la ira y la ansiedad en atletas de 18 a 39 años de Lima Metropolitana y Callao en tiempos de pandemia por la COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: El tipo de investigación fue básico y el diseño no experimental de corte trasversal bajo un enfoque cuantitativo y de nivel descriptivo – correlacional. Los instrumentos empleados fueron la escala de ira (STAXI-2) y el cuestionario de ansiedad estado-rasgo (STAI). La muestra se conformó por 200 atletas de 18 a 39 años de Lima Metropolitana y Callao. Resultados: Los resultados evidencian que la correlación entre las variables ira y ansiedad fue significativa, de tipo indirecto y magnitud débil (rho=-.274**), nivel muy alto de ira y nivel promedio de ansiedad en los atletas. Conclusión: Se concluye que existe influencia de los niveles de ira sobre los niveles de ansiedad de forma negativa con igual resultado para la ansiedad estado.

El carcinoma epidermoide se encuentra entre las neoplasias más frecuentes, de manera que ocupa el lugar 12. Etiológicamente, se encuentra asociado con factores como el tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol, virus de inmunodeficiencia humana y sífilis. Además, el aporte de herramientas como la tomografía o resonancia magnética en el diagnóstico de enfermedades permite la detección de tumores malignos en etapas oportunas. En este trabajo, se presenta el diagnóstico y le evolución de un carcinoma epidermoide en un paciente de 47 años, con hábito de consumo de alcohol y tabaco. La resonancia magnética y la tomografía computarizada permitieron al médico emitir un diagnóstico de cáncer de lengua, cuya lesión ocupante, de dimensiones 86x71x48 mm, se extendió alrededor de un 20%. Palabras clave: carcinoma epidermoide, diagnóstico, tomografía, resonancia magnética.

Purpose: Conjunctival melanoma is a rare and aggressive tumor with a propensity for regional and distant metastases. This study aimed to analyze BRAF/NRAS markers in conjunctival melanoma and their relationship with tumor recurrences and patient prognosis. Methods: This retrospective, observational, single-center study included consecutive patients with an anatomopathological diagnosis of conjunctival melanoma, registered between January 1992 and December 2019. BRAF/NRAS mutations were analyzed using cobas®4800 kit (Roche®) in samples obtained by excisional or map biopsy. Additionally, the presence of other associated precancerous or tumor lesions was assessed. Results: A total of 12 patients with positive histological samples for conjunctival melanoma were included (7 women, 5 men), with a mean age at diagnosis of 60 years and a mean evolution time of 6.38 ± 3.4 years. BRAF V600E mutation was observed in three biopsies (25%), similar to NRAS Q61X (25%). Recurrences occurred in all patients with positive BRAF or NRAS mutation, and five of these patients developed systemic dissemination (83.33%). Moreover, four of six patients with mutated BRAF or NRAS (66.66%) had histopathological findings of tumor or precancerous lesions. Conclusions: BRAF and NRAS mutations may be risk factors for recurrence and shorter survival in conjunctival melanoma, which would make these patients candidates for targeted therapies and comprehensive and individualized follow-up. All these data warrant standardized prospective studies.

Gut microbiota with a stable, rich, and diverse composition is associated with adequate postnatal brain development. Colonization of the infant’s gut begins at birth when parturition exposes the newborn to a set of maternal bacteria, increasing richness and diversity until one to two first years of age when a microbiota composition is stable until old age. Conversely, alterations in gut microbiota by diet, stress, infection, and antibiotic exposure have been associated with several pathologies, including metabolic and neuropsychiatric diseases such as obesity, anxiety, depression, and drug addiction, among others. However, the consequences of early-life exposure to antibiotics (ELEA) on the dopamine (DA) mesocorticolimbic circuit are poorly studied. In this context, we administered oral non-absorbable broad-spectrum antibiotics to pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams during the perinatal period (from embryonic day 18 until postnatal day 7) and investigated their adult offspring (postnatal day 60) to assess methylphenidate-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and locomotor activity, DA release, DA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content in ventral tegmental area (VTA), and expression of key proteins within the mesocorticolimbic system. Our results show that ELEA affect the rats conduct by increasing drug-seeking behavior and locomotor activity induced by methylphenidate of males and females, respectively, while reducing dopamine striatal release and VTA content of DOPAC in females. In addition, antibiotics increased protein levels of DA type 1 receptor in prefrontal cortex and VTA of female rats, and tyrosine hydroxylase in VTA of adult male and female rats. Altogether, these results suggest that ELEA alters the development of the microbiota-gut-brain axis affecting the reward system and the response to abuse drugs in adulthood.

El óxido nítrico (NO) es una molécula señalizadora ampliamente conocida en el mundo vegetal, relacionada con cada etapa en el desarrollo de la planta. De entre todas sus funciones descritas, se sabe que actúa sinérgicamente con el ácido indol-3-acético (IAA), promoviendo el desarrollo de raíces secundarias. Hasta ahora tan solo se han confirmado algunas vías de síntesis del NO, todas ellas reductivas, mientras que aún no se ha revelado vía oxidativa alguna. Varios informes de nuestro grupo de investigación han medido síntesis de novo de NO3- y NO2- en Pisum sativum y M. truncatula crecidas con NH4+ como única fuente de nitrógeno (datos sin publicar). Este hecho sugiere la existencia de una vía oxidativa para el NH4+ en fabáceas. Se propone también que este mismo mecanismo puede ser parte de la señalización por toxicidad de NH4+ y de los procesos para su mitigación. Dada su configuración molecular, las oximas son buenos candidatos para ser precursores del NO, y, por tanto, el primer paso de esta vía de oxidación de nitrógeno. Entre todas las oximas, la Indol-3-acetaldoxima (IAOx) es especialmente relevante ya que se sitúa en la encrucijada entre el IAA y los indol glucosinolatos. El papel del IAOx en el desarrollo y señalización está muy poco estudiado en crucíferas, y es prácticamente desconocido en otras familias. En esta tesis doctoral intentamos demostrar que el IAOx está presente en M. truncatula y que posee, además, importantes funciones de señalización durante el desarrollo radicular. Por último, hipotetizamos que la señalización de IAOx está mediada por NO. Para esta labor, hemos sintetizado IAOx y una colección de otras oximas indólicas y no indólicas puras y hemos utilizado un enfoque farmacológico utilizando la planta leguminosa modelo M. truncatula. Hemos medido el fenotipo radicular, cuantificado los compuestos indólicos en tejido (parte aérea y raíz) y medido la expresión de los genes de Indol-3-acetaldehido oxidasa e IAOx deshidratasa. Nuestros datos muestran que todas las oximas promueven el fenotipo ‘superoot’, concordando con nuestra hipótesis de que el IAOx produce su efecto a través de la liberación de NO. Este nuevo conocimiento es un gran paso hacia el descubrimiento de la vía oxidativa de síntesis de NO en plantas y arroja luz a la interacción entre IAOx, IAA y la nutrición nitrogenada, que será imprescindible para futuras investigaciones en campos de cultivo Nitric oxide (NO) is a widely recognized signalling molecule in plants. It affects almost every developmental step during the whole plant’s lifespan. Among all of its already described functions, NO is recognised to act synergistically with Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), promoting the development of the secondary roots. Until now, only a few reductive NO synthesis pathways have been confirmed, whereas no oxidative pathway has been yet described. Experiments of our research group measured de novo synthesis of NO3- and NO2- in Pisum sativum and M. truncatula grown with NH4+ as the sole N source (unpublished data). This fact suggests the existence of an oxidative pathway for NH4+ in the Fabaceae family, which is proposed to be part of the signalling of the NH4+ toxicity and to participate in the alleviation mechanism. Due to their molecular configuration, oximes are very strong candidates for being the precursors of NO, and thus the first step into this nitrogen oxidation pathway. Among these oximes, Indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) is particularly relevant since it is placed in the crossroad between IAA and indole glucosinolates. The role of IAOx in growth-signalling and root phenotype is poorly studied in cruciferous plants and mostly unknown in non-cruciferous plants. In this PhD thesis, we aim to demonstrate that IAOx is present in M. truncatula playing an important role of signalling during plant root development and also that this signalling is mediated by NO. For that purpose, we synthesized a set of pure IAOx and other indolic and non-indolic oximes and performed pharmacological approaches with the model legume M. truncatula. We analysed the root phenotype, quantified the indolic compounds in tissue (shoots and roots) and measured the Indole-3- acetaldehyde oxidase and IAOx dehydratase genes expression. Our data showed that all the oximes promoted the ‘superoot’ phenotype. All this matches with the hypothesis that IAOx exerts its signalling by liberating NO. This new knowledge is a step forward towards the discovery of an oxidative NO synthesis pathway in plants and throws light into the interplay between IAOx, IAA and nitrogen nutrition, which will be paramount for further field research in crop production. Esta tesis se ha realizado en el marco de los proyectos AGL2014-52396-P del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de españa y UPV/EHU-GV IT-1018-16 del Gobierno Vasco. Ayuda predoctoral de formacion de nuevo personal investigador de la UPNA y una ayuda predoctoral de movilidad internacional. Programa de Doctorado en Agrobiología Ambiental (RD 99/2011) Ingurumen Agrobiologiako Doktoretza Programa (ED 99/2011)

Editorial on the Research Topic. Obesogenic Environmental Conditions Affect Neurodevelopment and Neurodegeneration

The indigenous peoples are distributed in all regions of the world, representing more than 6% of the world’s population. According to UN data, the pandemic has disproportionately affected indigenous groups, aggravating the structural inequalities and processes of widespread historical discrimination and exclusion present in the Global South, for example, high rates of extreme poverty, social exclusion, high prevalence of the disease, and limited and in some cases non-existent access to health care. Also, indigenous peoples have a great wealth of knowledge, traditional practices, cultural forms, and access to natural resources, as well as forms of collective social organization and community life that result in resilience factors in response to adversity and uncertainty. In this way, the chapter focuses from a descriptive-analytical approach on the situation of indigenous peoples and the pandemic, analyzing the forms of responses, their resilient action in the face of uncertainties and structural exclusions in the Global South.

Producción Científica, Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is one of the leading causes of vision loss associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). New insights in managing this condition have changed the paradigm in its treatment, with intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) having become the standard therapy for DMO worldwide. However, there is no single standard therapy for all patients DMO refractory to anti-VEGF treatment; thus, further investigation is still needed. The key obstacles in developing suitable therapeutics for refractory DMO lie in its complex pathophysiology; therefore, there is an opportunity for further improvements in the progress and applications of new drugs. Previous studies have indicated that Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase/ROCK) is an essential molecule in the pathogenesis of DMO. This is why the Rho/ROCK signalling pathway has been proposed as a possible target for new treatments. The present review focuses on the recent progress on the possible role of ROCK and its therapeutic potential in DMO. A systematic literature search was performed, covering the years 1991 to 2021, using the following keywords: “rho-Associated Kinas-es”, “Diabetic Retinopathy”, “Macular Edema”, “Ripasudil”, “Fasudil” and “Netarsudil”. Better insight into the pathological role of Rho-kinase/ROCK may lead to the development of new strategies for refractory DMO treatment and prevention.

The present study aims to develop an integrated methodology using multi-criteria decision-making methods and geographical information systems for a renewable energy spatial planning model. This methodology has been applied to the province of Malaga (Southern Spain), which is characterised by high energy demand for both residential and touristic use. Criteria and restrictions are defined, weighed and combined in order to identify high potential areas for the construction of single- or combined wind power, solar power and biomass generation facilities. Finally, a cluster analysis is carried out in order to classify municipalities within the province according to the availability of medium and high potential land for the construction of these facilities. Results suggest that for the three types of energy analysed (wind, solar and biomass), single- or combined solar and wind power facilities are the best options in the province of Malaga. The breakdown of these results at the municipality level is of great interest from the point of view of spatial planning. For instance, in some municipalities less than 1 km2 is regarded as having a medium-to-high potential in terms of renewables. Some of these municipalities, situated on the Costa del Sol, must meet high current- and future energy demands, owing both to population density and the volume of touristic demand, which is the highest in the region of Andalusia. The methodology used can be applied to other regions and will be of interest for planners, managers and investors, all of whom can use this information for spatial- and energy planning, and the definition of targets and strategies, and, therefore, as and to aid decision-making.

Increasing evidence shows changes in gut microbiota composition in association with psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. Moreover, it has been reported that perturbations in gut microbe diversity and richness influence serotonergic, GABAergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission. Among these, dopamine is regarded as a main regulator of cognitive functions such as decision making, attention, memory, motivation, and reward. In this work, we will highlight findings that link alterations in intestinal microbiota and dopaminergic neurotransmission, with a particular emphasis on the mesocorticolimbic circuit, which is involved in reward to natural reinforcers, as well as abuse substances. For this, we reviewed evidence from studies carried out on germ-free animals, or in rodents subjected to intestinal dysbiosis using antibiotics, and also through the use of probiotics. All this evidence strongly supports that the microbiota-gut-brain axis is key to the physiopathology of several neuropsychiatric disorders involving those where dopaminergic neurotransmission is compromised. In addition, the gut microbiota appears as a key player when it comes to proposing novel strategies to the treatment of these psychiatric conditions.

Background Reflex testing of antibodies and viral load in the same sample for diagnosing hepatitis C virus infection speeds up access to treatment. However, how hepatitis C is diagnosed in Spanish hospitals is unknown. Objective To describe the available resources and procedures for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in Spain. Methods Survey sent to public and private Spanish hospitals with teaching accreditation with at least 200 beds. Results Of the 160 hospitals that met the inclusion criteria, 90 centres (response rate 56.3%) completed the survey. Two hospitals (2.2%) have no diagnostic resources, 15 (16.7%) can only test for anti-hepatitis C virus(Ab), 9 (10.0%) for Ab and viral load, 47 (52.2%) for Ab, viral load and genotype, 2 (2.2%) for Ab, viral load and core antigen, and 15 (16.7%) can perform Ab, core antigen, viral load and genotype tests. When an Ab test is positive, 28 (31.1%) hospitals perform reflex testing. When an active infection is diagnosed, some communication strategy is used in 62 (68.9%) hospitals. Approximately 44.2% of the respondents believe that all determinations needed to reach a definitive diagnosis should be done on a single blood sample. Conclusion Although 81% of Spanish hospitals have the resources to perform reflex hepatitis C virus infection testing, it is only done in 31%, and less than a half of respondents believe that the definitive diagnosis should be performed on a single sample.

RESUMENEl objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la influencia de densidad de siembra y el número de ejes productivos, que beneficien la productividad en el cultivo de pepino (Cucumis sativus) en dos semanas de cosecha. Se estudiaron tres distanciamientos de siembra 1.0m 0.2m, 1.0m 0.4m y 1.0m 0.6 y la poda de ejes productivos dejando 1, 2 y 3 ejes por planta. La poda se realizó a los 30 días después del trasplante. Se evaluaron las características del fruto: diámetro (cm), longitud (cm), peso (g); número de frutos por planta y hectárea, considerando solo las dos primeras semanas de cosecha. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron en un diseño de bloques al azar y los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza. Solo en el rendimiento/ha se encontró diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas debido, principalmente, a la densidad poblacional entre las variantes en estudio, resultando en primer categoría aquellos tratamientos que tuvieron 50 000 plantas/ha con un rendimiento promedio de 386 250, 381 250 y 373 175 unidades/ha, al dejar 1,2,3, ejes/pulgadas respectivamente.

Highly palatable foods (HPF) have rewarding effects, and their consumption induces gut dysbiosis. Because intestinal microbes communicate bidirectionally with the brain, we reviewed the literature in order to link the effects of HPF on the brain reward system and on gut microbiota. Additionally, we propose these alterations contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity. Non-homeostatic consumption of HPF programs the brain to seek these foods from early-life. Fatty food induces gut dysbiosis, which might alter communications to the brain. Additionally, prebiotic fibre and short-chain fatty acids affect the neurochemistry of the rodent mesocorticolimbic circuit. Consumption of HPF might start a vicious cycle by (1) activating the mesocorticolimbic circuit, leading to (2) non-homeostatic feeding, affecting the host’s metabolism and (3) altering gut microbes. The latter might impact the brain’s reward system, which becomes reinforced by signals from gut symbionts, thus contributing to the pathophysiology of obesity.

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with dry eye disease or Sjogren's syndrome. Due to the anti-inflammatory role of vitamin D in eye diseases, it has been proposed to study the role of this vitamin in chronic dacryocystitis, which is an infectious and inflammatory process affecting the nasolacrimal system. Objective: Determine the association between vitamin D levels with the presence of chronic dacryocystititis.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study analyzed a sample of 40 individuals, of whom had been diagnosed with chronic dacryocystitis. Biochemical tests for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D) were subjected to the entire sample. The difference in the means was calculated using the T-test for associated data. The reference significance value was 0.05.Results: Chronic dacryocystitis commonly occurs in the age group of 51 to 67 years. Women were more vulnerable to infection than men. No association was found between the presence of chronic dacriocystitis and vitamin D levels (p-0.755). It is recommended to use larger cohorts as well as multicenter studies evaluating this association, such as supplemental use of vitamin D on a large scale.Conclusions: Low vitamin D levels are not associated with the presence of chronic dacriocystitis.

El siguiente documento realiza un análisis documental sobre los discursos mediáticos de identidad que durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX pusieron a México en la escena mundial, principalmente por el hecho de ser elegidos como sede de los Juegos Olímpicos de 1968 y la Copa Mundial de Fútbol en 1970. En esta época, caracterizada por múltiples acontecimientos sociales que agitaron las entrañas de la nación, hubo una transición histórica y un replanteamiento de lo significaba lo mexicano ante el mundo. El documento pretende poner sobre la mesa las condiciones históricas y sociales por las que pasaba el país latino en el momento de ser elegido como sede de estos dos macro-eventos y las transformaciones que hubo en sus discursos identitarios una vez se llevaron a cabo estos. The following document performs a documentary analysis on the media discourses of identity that during the second The middle of the 20th century put Mexico on the world stage, mainly by the fact of being chosen as headquarters from the 1968 Olympics and the Soccer World Cup in 1970. At this time, characterized by multiple events social movements that shook the bowels of the nation, there were a historical transition and a rethinking of what it meant the Mexican before the world. The document aims to put on the table the historical and social conditions by which the Latin country was passing at the time of being chosen as the headquarters of these two macro-events and the transformations that took place in their identity discourses these were once carried out.