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4. Class, power, and patronage : the landed elite and politics in Pakistani Punjab

Author

Javid, Hassan

Subjects
305.5095491, HN Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Abstract

Following their conquest of Punjab, the British erected an administrative apparatus that relied heavily upon the support of the province’s powerful landed elite. The relationship between the two was one of mutual benefit, with the British using their landed allies to ensure the maintenance of order and effective economic accumulation in exchange for state patronage. Over a century and a half later, the politics of Pakistani Punjab continues to be dominated by landowning politicians, despite significant societal changes that could have potentially eroded their power. In order to answer the question of why this is so, this thesis uses a historical institutionalist approach to argue that the administrative framework emerging out of the initial bargain between the colonial state and the landed classes gave rise to a path-dependent process of institutional development in Punjab that allowed the latter to increasingly entrench themselves within the political order during the colonial and post-colonial periods. In doing so, the landed elite were also able to reinforce their bargain with the colonial state and, after independence, the Pakistani military establishment, perpetuating a relationship that facilitated the pursuit of the interests of the actors involved. In order to account for this path-dependent process of institutional development, this thesis treats the initial period of colonial rule in Punjab as a ‘critical juncture’, tracing the factors that led the British to rely on the landed elite for support, and enter into the bargain between the two actors that drove subsequent institutional developments. The thesis then explores the mechanisms used to perpetuate this arrangement over time, focusing in particular on the use, by the state and the landed elite, of legislative interventions, bureaucratic power, and electoral politics, to reinforce and reproduce the institutional framework of politics in Punjab. Finally, the thesis also looks at points in time during which this dominant institutional path has been challenged, albeit unsuccessfully, with a view towards understanding both the circumstances under which such challenges can emerge, and the lessons that can be learnt from these episodes with regards to the prospects for the creation of a democratic and participatory politics in the province.

Published
2012

8. Electoral manipulation or astute electoral strategy? Explaining the results of Pakistan's 2018 Election.

Author

Javid, Hassan and Mufti, Mariam

Subjects
*MAJORITIES, *PUBLIC opinion, *POLITICAL parties, *POLITICAL succession, *ELECTIONS, *INCUMBENCY (Public officers), *CAMPAIGN promises
Abstract

The focus of this article is to explain the outcome of Pakistan's 2018 Election, which is only the second successful transfer of power from one civilian government to another after completing a full five-year term. The PTI (Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf) emerged victorious with a greater majority than was predicted, soundly defeating the incumbent ruling party PML-N (Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz). We question why an incumbent governing party that had been delivering on its campaign promises and was generally perceived to be performing well lost the election to PTI, a newer and more inexperienced party. We make a nested argument in this paper: had an uneven playing field not been created in the pre-poll phase due to reported interference by the military and the media in the formation of public opinion, so-called electables would not have defected to the PTI in large numbers. It is in the context of this broader political environment that PTI's electoral strategy to accept these defecting politicians and select them as candidates paid-off, earning the party an electoral majority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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13. Winning 'friends' and 'influencing' people: democratic consolidation and authoritarianism in Punjab.

Author

Javid, Hassan

Subjects
*DEMOCRATIZATION, *AUTHORITARIANISM
Abstract

This paper examines how, since the country's transition to democracy in 2008, Pakistan's ruling parties have used the apparatuses of the state to try and build autocratic systems of single-party rule. Focusing on the 2008-2018 PML-N government in Punjab, the paper examines how the party used its control of the bureaucracy and police to influence electoral outcomes in 2013. The paper also analyzes the findings of the official Judicial Commission investigating rigging in 2013 to argue that bureaucratic inefficiency and the opacity of formal electoral procedures introduced uncertainty into the electoral process that potentially created the space for systematic fraud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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14. Clonidine as a sole epidural adjuvant in combined spinal-epidural: Clinical study

Author

M Sathesha, R S Raghavendra Rao, Said Javid Hassan, and K Sudheesh

Subjects
Bradycardia, Hyperbaric bupivacaine, business.industry, Sedation, medicine.medical_treatment, combined spinal-epidural anesthesia, Hemodynamics, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, Clonidine, hyperbaric bupivacaine, 03 medical and health sciences, Subarachnoid block, 0302 clinical medicine, 030202 anesthesiology, Anesthesia, Materials Chemistry, medicine, Original Article, subarachnoid block, medicine.symptom, business, Adjuvant, Saline, medicine.drug
Abstract

Background and Aims: Clonidine has been used as an epidural adjuvant along with local anesthetics; however, its use as a sole epidural adjuvant in combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anesthesia has not been explored; thus, this study aimed to assess the effects of clonidine as a sole epidural adjuvant in CSE on sensory and motor characteristics of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine given by subarachnoid route. Methodology: A total of 60 patients belonging to the American Society of Anesthesiologists Classes I and II aged 18–60 years were randomized in two groups; group G300 and group GNS. G300 group received 300 mg clonidine and GNS received normal saline through epidural route followed by 15 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine as subarachnoid block. Onset of sensory block (time to T10) and motor block (time to Bromage 3), level of sedation (using Modified Ramsay Sedation Score), and hemodynamic changes were recorded. Two-segment regression, duration of analgesia (time for 1st rescue analgesia), and motor block (time to Bromage 0) were recorded. Student's t-test (two-tailed, independent) and Chi-square/Fisher's exact probability test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The demographic data were comparable between the groups. The onset of sensory and motor block was significantly faster in G300 (sensory-71.63 ± 4.51 s, motor-55.63 ± 2.54 s) as compared to GNS (sensory-90.13 ± 4.88 s, motor-118.43 ± 9.50 s) (P < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). The two-segment regression was 199.33 ± 19.11 min and 79 ± 9.77 min in G300 and GNS, respectively, (P < 0.001). Duration of analgesia was 317.90 ± 15.32 min and 207 ± 20.66 min for G300 and GNS, respectively (P < 0.001), and duration of motor block was 409.9 ± 34.87 min and 204 ± 22.79 min for G300 and GNS, respectively (P < 0.001). The side effects such as hypotension and bradycardia were statistically and clinically not significant. Conclusion: Clonidine used as a sole epidural adjuvant in dose of 300 mg, for infraumbilical surgeries, has significantly faster onset of sensory and motor block with prolonged duration of analgesia and motor blockade and no significant side effects on a conventional subarachnoid block performed with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine.

Published
2018
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16. Factional federalism, state capacity, and fiscal constraints: Pakistan's COVID-19 challenges

Author

Javid, Hassan, Ali, Sameen M., Javed, Umair, Javid, Hassan, Ali, Sameen M., and Javed, Umair

Abstract

As Covid-19 spreads across Pakistan, Hassan Javid, Sameen M. Ali, and Umair Javed (Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan) explain how the country's ability to effectively deal with the virus will be impeded by tensions between the central and provincial governments, a lack of state capacity, and fiscal constraints.

20. PAKISTAN: a precarious balance.

Author

Javid, Hassan

Abstract

The article discusses the attempts of Pakistan's military establishment to reinforce its bargaining position given the likelihood of a U.S. withdrawal from or reduction of forces in Afghanistan.

Published
2012

21. Double-game in Pakistan.

Author

JAVID, HASSAN

Abstract

The article discusses the sufferings experienced by the people of Pakistan in the war between the Pakistani government and the militant groups as well as the Islamist militants against the U.S. In order to explain how these events developed through time, the author examines the history of the military sector of Pakistan and how it affects its political identity. He adds that the war showed that the attempts of the sector failed to maintain peace and balance in the different parts of the country.

Published
2011

22. PAKISTAN: floods exacerbate suffering.

Author

JAVID, HASSAN

Abstract

The article looks at the floods that occurred all over Pakistan, wherein the country has sought relief from international and non-government organizations.

Published
2010

23. 'Democracy' brings no benefit for the poor.

Author

Javid, Hassan

Abstract

The article contends that the promised benefits of the shift to democracy has yet to be experienced by the people of Pakistan in their everyday life.

Published
2010

24. Pakistan: military fight against Taliban counterproductive.

Author

Javid, Hassan

Abstract

The article reports on the military operation of Pakistani government against Taliban in the northern parts of Pakistan. It cites that Pakistani government and military forces have started and maintained a military campaign against Taliban in Swat Valley and South Waziristan in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). U.S. utilized its influence and power to pressure Pakistan to use force against Taliban as part of its imperialist project in Afghanistan.

Published
2009

25. Pakistan at a critical juncture.

Author

Javid, Hassan

Abstract

The article presents the author's insights on the problems faced by President Asif Ali Zardari's government in Pakistan. He mentions that the problems are attributed to external factors like the global financial crisis. He also states that President Zardari's handling of some issues gives rise to increased disillusion with the democratic rule. He notes that the Pakistanis would pay the price for the inefficient government and its lack of ability to handle threats of the Taliban.

Published
2008

26. Democracy and Discrimination: Comparing Caste-Based Politics in Indian and Pakistani Punjab

Author

Nicolas Martin, Hassan Javid, University of Zurich, and Javid, Hassan

Subjects
Cultural Studies, History, Sociology and Political Science, 3303 Development, media_common.quotation_subject, Caste, 180 Ancient, medieval & eastern philosophy, Identity (social science), Islam, Development, 290 Other religions, 3316 Cultural Studies, Democracy, Politics, State (polity), 3312 Sociology and Political Science, Political science, Political economy, Cultural studies, 10106 Institute of Asian and Oriental Studies, Empowerment, 1202 History, media_common
Abstract

Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Indian and Pakistani Punjab, this paper focuses on how, despite membership in or conversion to majority religious communities, former untouchables in both countries continue to experience caste-based discrimination. In India, a rights-based idiom for caste politics is limited by fragmentation within the Dalit community and the compromises required by electoral politics, while the imposition of a totalising Islamic identity by the state has resulted in the erasure of caste from the political discourse in Pakistan. This paper suggests that class-based mobilisation may be a better route to Dalit empowerment on both sides of the border.

Published
2020
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