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International audience; Halving of the chromosome number during meiosis I depends on the segregation of maternal and paternal centromeres. This process relies on the attachment of sister centromeres to microtubules emanating from the same spindle pole. We describe here the identification of a protein complex, Csm1/Lrs4, that is essential for monoorientation of sister kinetochores in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both proteins are present in vegetative cells, where they reside in the nucleolus. Only shortly before meiosis I do they leave the nucleolus and form a "monopolin" complex with the meiosis-specific Mam1 protein, which binds to kinetochores. Surprisingly, Csm1's homolog in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Pcs1, is essential for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis II. Csm1 and Pcs1 might clamp together microtubule binding sites on the same (Pcs1) or sister (Csm1) kinetochores.

Identifying synthetic lethal interactions has emerged as a promising new therapeutic approach that aims to directly target the cancer cells. Here, we used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a simple eukaryotic model to screen for mutations resulting in a synthetic lethality with 5-Amino-4-ImidazoleCArboxamide Ribonucleoside (AICAR) treatment. Indeed, AICAR has been reported to specifically inhibit the proliferation of multiple cancer cell lines. Here, we found that loss of two several histone modifying enzymes, including Bre1 (histone H2B ubiquitination) and Set1 (histone H3 lysine 4methylation), greatly enhanced AICAR inhibitory effects on growth. Our results point to AICAR causing a significant accumulation of G1 cells due to its impact on Cln3 subcellular localization, whilebre1 or set1 deletion impacts on the two other G1 cyclins, by affecting CLN1 and CLN2 expression .As a consequence, AICAR and bre1/set1 deletions jointly affect all three G1 cyclins, leading to a condition that is known to result in synthetic lethality. Most importantly, these chemo-genetic synthetic interactions were conserved in human HCT116 cells. Knock-down of RNF40, ASH2L orKMT2D induced a highly significant increased sensitivity to AICAR. As KMT2D is mutated at high frequency in a variety of cancers, this synthetic lethal interaction has an interesting therapeutic potential., L’identification d’interactions synthétiques létales (SL) apparait aujourd’hui comme une approche prometteuse, qui permet de cibler directement les cellules cancéreuses. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae en tant qu’organisme modèle simple pour cribler des mutations SL avec une drogue, l’AICAR (5-Amino-4-Imidazole CArboxamide Ribonucleoside). L’AICAR est une molécule connue pour inhiber spécifiquement la prolifération de multiples lignées cancéreuses. Ici, nous montrons que la perte d’ubiquitination de l’histone H2B ou de méthylation de l’histone H3K4 est SL avec l’AICAR. Nos résultats pointent sur l’AICAR causant une accumulation de cellules en G1 due à ses effets sur la localisation subcellulaire de la cycline Cln3, tandis que la perte d’ubiquitination d’H2B ou de méthylation de H3K4 affectent l’expression des deux autres cyclines deG1, CLN1 et CLN2. Ainsi, l’AICAR et la perte d’ubiquitination de l’histone H2B ou de méthylation del’histone H3K4 affectent les trois cyclines simultanément, conduisant à une condition connue pourêtre SL. De plus, cette interaction chemo-genetique s’est révélée être conservée chez les cellules humaines HCT116. En effet, le knock down de RNF40, ASH2L ou MLL2 conduit à une sensibilité àl’AICAR exacerbée. Or, on sait que MLL2 est muté dans de nombreux cancers, ce qui rend cette interaction SL très intéressante dans le cadre d’une approche thérapeutique.

International audience; Transcriptional silencing is known to occur at centromeres, telomeres and the mating type region in the nucleus of fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mating-type silencing factors have previously been shown also to affect transcriptional repression within centromeres and to some extent at telomeres. Mutations in the clr4+, rik1+ and swi6+ genes dramatically reduce silencing at certain centromeric regions and cause elevated chromosome loss rates. Recently, Swi6p was found to co-localise with the three silent chromosomal regions. Here the involvement of clr4+, rik1+ and swi6+ in centromere function is investigated in further detail. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was used to show that, as in swi6 mutant cells, centromeres lag on late anaphase spindles in clr4 and rik1 mutant cells. This phenotype is consistent with a role for these three gene products in fission yeast centromere function. The Swi6 protein was found to be delocalised from all three silent chromosomal regions, and dispersed within the nucleus, in both clr4 and rik1 mutant cells. The phenotypic similarity observed in all three mutants is consistent with the products of both the clr4+ and rik1+ genes being required to recruit Swi6p to the centromere and other silent regions. Mutations in clr4, rik1 and swi6 also result in elevated sensitivity to reagents which destabilise microtubules and show a synergistic interaction with a mutation in the beta-tubulin gene (nda3). These observations suggest that clr4+ and rik1+ must play a role in the assembly of Swi6p into a transcriptionally silent, inaccessible chromatin structure at fission yeast centromeres which is required to facilitate interactions with spindle microtubules and to ensure normal chromosome segregation.

Sister-chromatid cohesion is ensured by a ring shape protein complex which is in charge of their topological embrace. This complex consists of proteins which are conserved from yeast to human and grouped under the term “cohesin”: Smc1, Smc3 and the phosphoprotein Scc1 which closes the ring (respectively Psm1, Psm3 and Rad21 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe). The regulatory proteins Rad61-Wapl, Pds5 and Scc3 (Wpl1,Pds5 and Psc3 respectively in S. pombe) interact with the ring via Scc1. It has been suggested that DNA capture by the cohesin complex involves the transient opening of the Smc1/Smc3 interface. The dissociation reaction involves the sub-complex Wapl/Pds5/Scc3 which likely causes the opening of the Scc1/Smc3 interface. The mechanisms by which cohesion is created and by which Wapl promotes the cohesin dissociation from chromosomes are still unknown. Among the cohesion mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the thermosensitive eco1-1 mutation affects the ECO1 gene encoding an acetyl-transferase essential for cell viability and conserved from yeast to human (Eco1 « Establishment of Cohesion » in S.cerevisiae, Eso1 in S. pombe and ESCO1-2 in human) and whose substrate is Smc3. It has been shown that the acetyl-transferase counteracts the dissociation action of Wapl. A genetic screen carried out by several teams in order to find suppressors of the eco1-1 mutation has led to the identification of the genes encoding the Wapl, Pds5, Scc3 and Smc3 proteins as components of the opening mechanism of the cohesin ring. A similar screen was carried out in S. pombe in our lab to find suppressors of the thermosensitive mutation eso1-H17. This screen identified the orthologous genes to those found in the budding yeast: wpl1,pds5, psc3 and psm3 and also the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the type 4 serine/threonine phosphatase complex (PP4) named pp4c. We have therefore carried out experiments to characterize PP4c and its regulatory subunit Psy2 which has also been found to be involved in sister-chromatid cohesion. We have likewise identified the Rad21 subunit as a PP4 substrate and identified phosphosites as potential targets of PP4. We have then screened and analyzed Rad21 phosphomutants which were able to mimic the suppressor effect of the deletion of pp4c., La cohésion des chromatides sœurs est assurée par un complexe protéique en forme d’anneau assurant leur capture topologique. Ce complexe est constitué par des protéines conservées de la levure à l’Homme regroupées sous le terme « cohésine » : Smc1, Smc3 et la phosphoprotéine Scc1 fermant l’anneau (respectivement Psm1, Psm3 et Rad21 chez Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Les protéines régulatrices Rad61-Wapl, Pds5 et Scc3 (Wpl1,Pds5 et Psc3 respectivement chez S. pombe) interagissent avec l’anneau via Scc1. Il a été proposé que la capture de l’ADN par les cohésines nécessite l’ouverture transitoire de l’interface Smc1/Smc3. La réaction de dissociation fait quant à elle intervenir le sous-complexe Wapl/Pds5/Scc3 entraînant vraisemblablement l’ouverture de l’interface Scc1/Smc3. Le mécanisme par lequel la cohésion est créée et celui par lequel Wapl promeut la dissociation des cohésines des chromosomes, sont encore inconnus. Parmi les mutants de cohésion chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae, la mutation thermosensible eco1-1 affecte le gène ECO1 codant une acétyl-transférase, essentielle à la viabilité cellulaire, conservée de la levure à l’Homme (Eco1 « Establishment of Cohesion » chez S. cerevisiae, Eso1 chez S.pombe, ESCO1-2 chez l’Homme) et ayant Smc3 pour substrat. Il a été montré que l’acétyl-transférase s’oppose à l’action de dissociation de Wapl. C’est un crible génétique réalisé par plusieurs équipes, visant à trouver des mutants suppresseurs d’eco1-1, qui a permis d’identifier les gènes codant les protéines Wapl, Pds5, Scc3 et Smc3 comme composants du mécanisme d’ouverture de l’anneau de cohésine. Un crible similaire a été réalisé chez S.pombe dans notre laboratoire, dans le but de trouver des suppresseurs de la mutation thermosensible eso1-H17. Ce crible a identifié les gènes orthologues à ceux trouvés chez la levure : wpl1, pds5, psc3 et psm3 mais aussi le gène codant la sous-unité catalytique du complexe sérine/thréonine phosphatase de type IV (PP4), noté pp4c. Nous avons alors mis en œuvre des expériences pour caractériser PP4c ainsi que sa sous-unité régulatrice Psy2 qui s’est révélée être également impliquée dans la cohésion des chromatides soeurs. Nous avons également identifié la protéine Rad21 comme substrat du complexe PP4, puis identifié les phosphosites potentiellement cibles de PP4, pour ensuite cribler et analyser des phosphomutants de Rad21 récapitulant l’effet suppresseur de la délétion de PP4.