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Objective: To assess the effects of fetal gender on obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Material and Methods: Medical records of obstetric patients admitted at The Aga Khan Hospital for Women Garden, Karachi from January 2020 to December 2021 were reviewed. All patients with singleton pregnancies with either male or female fetuses delivered between 33 to 41 weeks of gestation were included in this study. Patients with congenital anomalies, multiple pregnancies, and previous cesarean delivery were excluded. The patient's age, parity, gestational age, gestational diseases, mode of delivery, neonatal weight, gender and Apgar score were collected on a structured questionnaire. The maternal and neonatal outcomes and their association with fetal gender were measured. The comparisons were made using chi-square or student t-test. The maternal outcomes wererisk of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), gestational diabetes (GDM), breech presentation, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, previa and mode of delivery. The neonatal outcomes were birth weight, Apgar'sscore, nursery/NICU admission and neonatal death. Results: A significant association was found between fetal gender and obstetrical risk factors. Pregnancy-induced hypertension was found higher among pregnant women with male fetus 2.7% than female 1.9%, gestational diabetes 8% in male babies and 6.5% in female. Cesarean deliveries were higher in women with male babies 55.4% than 44.5% of female. 5.1% of male neonates were admitted in NICU than females 4.7%. Conclusion: In our study population the pregnancies with male fetus was found to be associated with higher adverse effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Total adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are gaining prominence as a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB). The emerging literature examining this relationship reports inconsistent findings. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the available evidence exploring whether total ACEs predict PTB. Methods: A total of 386 studies were returned from searches on PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). Nine studies were selected for final analysis and synthesis based on reporting of total ACEs and preterm birth gestational weeks or standard definition of birth before 37 weeks' gestational age. A systematic review rather than meta-analysis was selected to present the findings given the clinical and methodological (e.g., sample studied, measurement tools) heterogeneity of the retrieved studies and pregnancy outcomes measured. Results: The nine studies report on birth outcomes for 6,087 women from a range of sociodemographic and ethnic backgrounds. Despite a wide range of study designs, measurement tools, and timings of ACEs exposure across studies, seven of the nine included studies showed significant relationships between ACEs and PTB. Conclusion: Systematic review of the literature suggests that total ACEs are associated with PTB and provides an overview on the known associations. However, to date only nine studies have assessed this link, and more studies are needed, to explore the associations between ACEs and PTB using appropriate and valid instruments and doing so among more diverse populations. Future research should also explore possible biological mechanisms (allostatic load), and moderating and mediating variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy is the most life threating emergency leading to maternal death in which the gestational sac is outside the uterus. Several risk factors for ectopic pregnancy has been identified including genital infection, previous ectopic pregnancy, history of tubal surgery and use of IUCD. Such abnormalities of the tubes prevent normal transport of the fertilized egg to the uterus. Ectopic pregnancy occur at a rate of about 1 to 2% of pregnancies can occur in any sexually active woman of reproductive age. The incidence has been increasing for years and currently two to three times higher than it was 20 or 30 years ago. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy may be missed due to non-specific or atypical clinical features particularly where there was no history of missed period. Objective: To determine the frequency of factors leading to ectopic pregnancy in woman attending to a tertiary care center. Design: Cross Sectional Study. Sett ing & Duration: Th is study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Unit 1 Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan from Nov 2011 to May 2012. Methodology: The study was carried out on 117 women who presented to emergency room with amenorrhea, lower abdominal pain & vaginal bleeding, diagnose as ectopic pregnancy. Detailed history and general physical, abdominal and vaginal examination was done. Predisposing factors with ectopic pregnancy were investigated. Result: The result were analyzed by using SPSS soft ware version 16.0. The commonest risk factor for ectopic pregnancy was the use of contraception (30.0%) followed by history of genital tract infection (22.2%), previous ectopic pregnancy (12%) & previous tubal surgery (5.1%) were also found to be important risk factors. Conclusion: The study shows that the ectopic pregnancy is highly associated with multiparty & previous ectopic pregnancy & in patient's who previously had genital tract infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]