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Objectives: Simulation is used across surgical specialties for skill enhancement. The choice and assessment method of a simulator varies across literature. In the age of endovascular approach, trainees have limited exposure to open lower limb bypass procedures which needs attention. This review aims to assess the utility of simulation training in lower limb bypass surgery using Kirkpatrick's model. Methods: Using PRISMA statement, we included all the studies done on simulators in lower limb bypass surgical procedures for this systematic review. The primary outcome was to assess the effectiveness of different types of simulation used for lower limb bypass surgery using the Kirkpatrick's model for training evaluation. Results: An initial search identified 295 articles out of which 7 articles were found to be eligible for this systematic review. A variety of simulators were used including cadavers and synthetic models. Most studies (n =5) found the use of simulation as an effective tool in achieving technical competence. All the five studies we found at level 2 on Kirpatrick's model evaluation. Conclusion: Most of the existing studies are at level 2 of Kirkpatrick's model which reflects learning changes in trainees after simulation. Feedback mechanism needs to be evolved where the improvement after simulation training can be gauged by its replication in clinical practice and improved patient care practices corresponding to the highest level of Kirkpatrick's model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequately created well functional haemodialysis access is an important part for the physical and mental wellbeing of renal failure patients. Every effort should be made to enhance the patency of these accesses. Recently, stem cell treatment modalities have opened new avenues in the better patency of arteriovenous fistula. Use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) to prevent venous neointimal hyperplasia have been studied with good success rates. Adopting such costly treatment modalities in low middle income class country like Pakistan is associated with significant challenges. This short report discusses the current role of stem cells in arteriovenous access and how this exciting modality can be utilized in our country.