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Objective: To determine how combination oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) affect women of reproductive age's lipid profiles, blood pressure, and body mass index. Methodology: This cross-sectional study looked at the family planning programmes at the tertiary referral hospitals in Peshawar. We looked at married, childbearing women (aged 14 to 49). Group 1 (those who had used COCPs for at least six months) and Group 2 (controls of a comparable age who had not used COCPs) were created. Fasting blood TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C levels were assessed using a chemical analyser. Hb and platelet levels were assessed by a haematology analyst. Everyone had their BMI and blood pressure measured. The parameters of the oral and control groups were compared using SPSS. Results: The average BMI of Group 1 (Oral COCP) was 28.12 kg/m2 (+/- 0.50 SEM), while the average BMI of Group 2 (Control) was 26.25 kg/m2 (+/- 0.43 SEM). The mean BMIs of the two groups were very different (p-value: 0.0003). Women in Group 1 who took combined oral contraceptives had a much higher BMI than women in Group 2 who did not. BMI is used to measure health. It is based on height and weight.

Introduction: Diabetics lack potassium and magnesium. (Mg). Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia cause vasoconstriction and glucose breakdown, so all hypomagnesemia diabetics should take K and Mg daily to prevent diabetic arterial disease. Methodology: 80 types 1 diabetes (T1-DM) patients were analyzed for parameters like K, Mg, Serum, Lipids, and HBA1c. After giving 1.7mg/dL blood Mg patients, 300mg Mg oxide daily for 3 months, the parameters were re-examined. 40 insulin-dependent diabetic men and women averaged 16.79 ± 4.00 years, Mg 2.94.38/dL. 30.3% had hypomagnesemia. Blood magnesium levels are inversely associated with age, diabetes length (P value 0.002) and other parameters and are favourably correlated with mean corpuscular volume, HDL, and platelet counts. Mg supplementation substantially lowered HBA1c. HBA1c started at 09.22%1.98%. Oral K and Mg tablets for three months lower it to 6.77%1.53%. (P0.003). it also lowered LDL, blood lipids, and total cholesterol in hypomagnesemia diabetics. Conclusion: Oral Mg intake in T1-DM patients improves glucose control, atherogenic lipid proportion, and therapeutic lipid component.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the major essential macronutrients for plants, applied to soil in the form of phosphatic fertilizers and organic manures. The application of PSB to soils can replace or partially reduce use of inorganic P fertilizers and could be one of the cost effective, highly efficient, and sustainable approaches to conserve P resources. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of PSB in phosphorus (P) availability from organic, mineral and natural sources. For this purpose, a laboratory incubation experiment was conducted at the University of Agriculture Peshawar. The experiment was consisting of four sources of P [poultry manure (PM), farm yard manure (FYM), rock phosphate (RP) and single supper phosphate (SSP)] for obtaining 45 mg P2O5 kg-1 and two types of inoculation (control and PSB) arranged in two factorial complete randomized design with three replications. Resultantly, PSB inoculation significantly improved. P availability at all incubation interval except day zero. A 3.4%, 5.4%, 12% and 16 % increased were observed in P as compared to control, at day 7, 14, 28 and 56 respectively. Similarly, significant differences were observed in P release for P sources at all incubation intervals. Initially higher P release was observed for SSP but at day 14 onward PM and FYM proved to be the best P releasable sources as compared to mineral P sources. RP released the lowest P at all incubation intervals however it performed statistically at par to SSP at 56 days. The significant interactive effect of P sources and PSB at day 28 and 56 demonstrated that soil receiving P from organic sources inoculated with PSB released higher P than other treatments combination. Thus, it is suggested that P must be applied from organic P sources (PM and FYM) along with PSB inoculation for better P nutrition and crop yield.

This study had been conducted in north eastern area of Pakistan, Baltistan region constituting the larger portion of Kashmir region. Which is one of the moist zone of the western Himalayas. While growing fruit point of view the land is suitable for fruit like apples, plum, cherry and apricot production. Climatically Baltistan region soils have recognized as best for quality cherry production. However, limited information is available about the existing soil fertility status and fruit quality of cherry orchards. Soil fertility evaluation is a key factor towards sustainable fruit production of cherry orchard soils. Improvement of soil productivity and fruit quality depends on the knowledge of the soil fertility. Therefore, study was designed to investigate the soil fertility status of cherry orchards of District Skardu, Kharmang, Shigar, and Ganache. Soil samples were evaluated for pH, EC, Organic matter, Texture, N, P, K, and micronutrients. While leaf and fruits samples were analyzed for N, P, K and pH, TSS, TA, Ascorbic acid, and Sugar contents respectively. Results revealed that the soil samples were slightly alkaline and non-saline sandy loam and sandy clay loam texture with adequate organic matter ranging from 1.19-2.15%, Low to marginal (NO3-N), low extractable P, and marginal to adequate K with high micronutrients concentrations (Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn). While leaf samples showed marginal to high N, low P, and K and sufficient to high micronutrients. The parameters of fruit samples were in the optimum range with a yield of 5-50 Kgplant-1.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of CALR and JAK2 mutation co-occurrence in MF patients in KPK. Methods: This cross-sectional study included MF patients (n = 50) enrolled in the Hematology/Oncology department of Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC), IRNUM (Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine), Peshawar and Blood Diseases Clinic, Peshawar. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used. All Patients with JAK2 V617F positive and negative primary or secondary myelofibrosis were included. After taking blood samples, DNA was extracted manually and analysed for JAK2 mutations using conventional PCR. Sanger sequencing technique was implied to analyse the samples for CALR mutations. Data were recorded & analysed statistically. Results: Among the 50 patients of myelofibrosis under study, 48(96%) were harboring JAK2 mutations while it was not present in 2 (4%) patients. The typical CALR mutations was not identified in the current study. However, 02 specific genetic variants were identified in 30 patients i.e., a single nucleotide polymorphism (c.1381 G > T) in the 3? UTR and a novel insertion-deletion variant (c. 1099 CTT > AC). Seven patients had the Indel frameshift variant (p.Leu 367 Thr Fx 63), whereas 23 had SNPs. In JAK-2 positive patients (n=28), 06 had the Indel variant, and 22 had the SNPs. Two patients were JAK2 negative, one with SNP and the other with a frameshift mutation. Conclusion: Majority of the MF patients had a novel frameshift variant (p. Leu367Thr Fx63) (n = 07) and an SNP in the 3? UTR region (G > T) (n = 23) in CALR gene.

Background: Efficacy of Dapagliflozin in combination with Metformin versus Sitagliptin in type 2 diabetic patients in hayat abad medical complex hospital Peshawar to check the efficacy of these anti Diabetic drug on patients and check the results of these two double combination drug using long tram and short tram treatment check effectiveness, safety side effects. Purpose: Randomized Measured study in Department of diabetes and Endocrinology HMC Hospital, Peshawar after the hospital ethical committee approval for one year i.e. 12-11-2017 to 12-12-2018 check the efficy of dapagliflozin in combination with metformin versus sitagliptin local setting. Methodology: three hundred subjects were selected via Hospital and opd, Patients were randomly divided into two groups. In Group-A, patients were given 100mg q.d sitagliptin plus 850 mg metformin twice a day. In Group-B, patients were given 10mg qd dapagliflozin plus 850mg metformin twice a day. Patients were followed up in OPD for 7/24 weeks. After 7/24 weeks, blood sample was obtained for assessment of HbA1c. Reports were measured and if HbA1c is < 6.0 then efficacy achieved. All this information was recorded on Performa. Results: the efficacy dapagliflozin and metformin versus sitagliptin and metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients shows that 105(35.5% in Group A and 81(25.5%) in Group-B had efficacy and p value was 0.10. Conclusion: the study showed that Role of Efficacy of Metformin and Dapagliflozin is not significantly different when compared with Metformin and Sitagliptin in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patients.

Background: The goal of this research was to assess the effectiveness and safety of intra-articular tranexamic acid (TA) with intravenous (IV) TA in reducing perioperative blood loss, the severity of early postoperative problems, and venous thromboembolism in patients who have had a primary unilateral cemented total knee replacement. Patients and methods: This comparative study was undertaken using a non-probability purposive sampling technique at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, King Edward Medical University / Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from July 1st, 2018 to October 30th, 2019. A total of number 71 patients, aged 35 to 75 years, who underwent unilateral cemented total knee replacement for advanced knee osteoarthritis were included in the study. Patients who had known allergic reactions to tranexamic acid, risk factors of thromboembolism, severe kidney and heart diseases, and blood clotting disorders were excluded. The patients were divided into two groups, A and B. Pre-operatively, patients in Group A were given intraarticular tranexamic acid (3000mg). In Group B, intravenous tranexamic acid (10mg/kg) was given pre-operatively. Outcome parameters studied were drained blood (DB), level of hemoglobin (Hb), blood transfusion (BT), and hematocrit (Hct) after 48 hours of surgery and compared with the preoperative value. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Independent sample T-test was applied to compare the hematocrit and hemoglobin difference in the two groups, and the P-value was taken less than 0.05 as significant. Results: Out of the total 36 patients in Group A, there were 20 (55.5%) males and 16 (44.4%) females, while amongst 35 patients in Group B, there were 21 (60%) males and 14 (40%) females. The mean preoperative Haemoglobin (Hb) in Group A was 13.9+1.2 and 13.8+0.9 in Group B (p = 0.44). The mean postoperative Hb in Group A was 12.11±2.47 and 11.24 ± 3.52 in Group B (p = 0.002). The mean variation of Hct in Group A was 4.49 and 6.82 in Group B (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Intra-articular tranexamic acid during total knee joint replacement is a viable alternative to the established intravenous tranexamic acid with statistically significant high postoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.

Introduction: Prolactin is produced in man in several other tissues like brain, mammary gland, lymphocytes, spleen and thymus. The prolactin receptors are found mainly in the ovary and the mammary glands. Prolactin effects Erectile dysfunction in patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus type 2. Objective To find out prolactin in erectile dysfunction patients with/without Diabetes Mellitus and compare the difference in prolactin levels of Erectile dysfunction patients across the two groups of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Methodology A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 diabetics and 100 non-diabetic patients to assess the effects of diabetes on erectile dysfunction. A convenience sampling technique was used to select patients from two hospitals. Calibrator measurements were also performed for prolactin. Independent sample t-test was performed for comparison between the two groups. Results Majority of patients were 40-49 years old (44.5%). Erectile dysfunction (ED) was significantly more common in older age groups. Duration of ED was higher in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetics. Prolactin level was higher in diabetics. Most diabetic and non-diabetic patients (48%) had mild severity of ED, however diabetic patients had slightly more severe form of ED compared to non-diabetics. Conclusions Erectile dysfunction is generally common in our setting. It may be associated with age and higher levels of prolactin. Moreover, Diabetic patients with erectile dysfunction have more significant deviation of these hormones as compared to their non-diabetic counterparts.

The present work embodies findings of a survey done during the period 2018- 2020 to find out biodiversity of tylenchid nematodes parasitic on some mostly grown vegetables of Kashmir valley. Four species of nematodes belonging to the order Tylenchida Thorne, 1949 were found to be enormously prevalent and are described herein with alterations from the original probably because of habitat change. Spinacia oleracea (Spinach) and Allium cepa (Onion) were taken for the study. Merlinius microdorus (Geraert, 1966) Siddiqui, 1970; Boleodorus cylindricus Dhanachand, Renubala and Anandi, 1993; Pratylenchus sativus Kaul, 1985 and Helicotylenchus graminophilus Fotedar and Mahajan, 1974 were met with the varied intensity on these hosts. The morphological variations are significantly noted under remarks with the individual species under observations.