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Milk consumption from early childhood on has been found to be inversely correlated with allergic sensitization and the onset of bronchial asthma. We tested whether cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9, t11-CLA), naturally occurring in milk fat, may prevent allergic sensitization and inhibit airway inflammation in a murine asthma model. BALB/c mice were fed a diet enriched in 1 wt% of c9, t11-CLA or a control diet 7 d prior to and for 32 d during sensitization [d 1 and 14, 100 mg/L ovalbumin (OVA) in adjuvant vs. PBS] and airway challenges (d 28-30, 1% OVA in PBS vs. PBS). Subgroups of mice were coadministered 20 [micro]mol/L of the selective PPART antagonist GW9662 during each OVA challenge. C9,t11-CLA feeding resulted in significantly reduced IgE production and allergen-induced in vivo airway hyperresponsiveness. Further, less mucous plugging of segmental bronchi and significantly reduced interleukin-5 and eosinophils were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of c9,t11-CLA-fed mice. C9,t11-CLA feeding prevented the downregulation of PPAR[gamma] mRNA in the lung tissues observed after allergen sensitization and airway challenges in control mice. The inhibitory effects of c9,t11-CLA on airway inflammation were partially prevented by coadministration of GW9962. Further, c9,t11-CLA feeding resulted in a significantly lower concentration of the eicosanoid precursor, arachidonic acid, in tissue lipids. These findings demonstrate that dietary c9,t11-CLA can reduce allergic airway inflammation, most likely via a PPART-related mechanism and by reducing eicosanoid precursors. They give new insights into the fatty acid-mediated mechanism of immunomodulation and may represent a step toward an attractive novel strategy in the dietary prevention and treatment of allergic asthma.

Abstract Background Maternal nutrition in pregnancy has a crucial impact on the development of the fetus. Dietary trans fatty acids (tFA) are known to have adverse health effects, especially during pregnancy. However, the distribution of tFA produced via partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils (mainly elaidic acid; t9) differs compared to ruminant-derived tFA (mainly vaccenic acid; t11). Recent findings indicate that they may have different impact on human health. Therefore, in this study, plasma and erythrocytes of mother-child pairs (n = 55) were sampled to investigate the distribution of tFA, including individual trans C18:1 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in fetal related to maternal lipids; with additional consideration of maternal dairy fat intake. Results Portion of t9 and t11, but also of c9,t11 CLA was higher in maternal than in fetal blood lipids. The portion of t9 in maternal and fetal lipids differed only slightly. In contrast, the portion of fetal t11 was only half of that in maternal blood. This led to a fetal t9/t11-index in plasma and erythrocytes being twice as high compared to the maternal values. A high dairy fat intake resulted in elevated portions of t11 and its Δ9-desaturation product c9,t11 CLA in maternal blood. In contrast, in the respective fetal blood lipids only c9,t11 CLA, but not t11 was increased. Nevertheless, a positive association between maternal and fetal plasma exists for both t11 and c9,t11 CLA. Furthermore, in contrast to t9, t11 was not negatively associated with n-3 LC-PUFA in fetal blood lipids. Conclusions Fetal blood fatty acid composition essentially depends on and is altered by the maternal fatty acid supply. However, in addition to dietary factors, other aspects also contribute to the individual fatty acid distribution (oxidation, conversion, incorporation). The lower portion of fetal t11 compared to maternal t11, possibly results from Δ9-desaturation to c9,t11 CLA and/or oxidation. Based on the fatty acid distribution, it can be concluded that t11 differs from t9 regarding its metabolism and their impact on fetal LC-PUFA.

The pro- or anti-inflammatory bioactivity of dietary essential linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is mainly attributed to rate-limiting delta-6 desaturase (D6D) activity. The aim of this study was to analyze mechanisms of D6D-substrates ALA, LA and D6D-product gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) under D6D-deficient conditions. Fatty acid profiles (GC-MS), D6D gene expression (real-time RT-PCR) and NFκB activity (luciferase assay) were assessed in HEK293 cells. FADS2 gene expression was approved being marginal. Incubation with ALA or LA did not increase D6D products but their elongase products C20:3n-3 and C20:2n-6. Bypassing the D6D, GLA elevated C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-6. LA significantly increased (+18% at 60 μM;p < .001), ALA reduced (−32% at 100 μM;p < .001) and GLA did not specifically change NFκB activity. Our data indicate that D6D might not be essential for the distinct effects of LA and ALA on NFκB activity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Various plant seeds have received little attention in fatty acid research. Seeds from 30 species mainly of Boraginaceae and Primulaceae were analysed in order to identify potential new sources of the n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA) and stearidonic acid (SDA) and of the n-6 PUFA γ-linolenic acid (GLA). The fatty acid distribution differed enormously between genera of the same family. Echium species (Boraginaceae) contained the highest amount of total n-3 PUFA (47.1%), predominantly ALA (36.6%) and SDA (10.5%) combined with high GLA (10.2%). Further species of Boraginaceae rich in both SDA and GLA were Omphalodes linifolia (8.4, 17.2%, resp.), Cerinthe minor (7.5, 9.9%, resp.) and Buglossoides purpureocaerulea (6.1, 16.6%, resp.). Alkanna species belonging to Boraginaceae had comparable amounts of ALA (37.3%) and GLA (11.4%) like Echium but lower SDA contents (3.7%). Different genera of Primulaceae ( Dodecatheon and Primula) had varying ALA (14.8, 28.8%, resp.) and GLA portions (4.1, 1.5%, resp.), but similar amounts of SDA (4.9, 4.5%, resp.). Cannabis sativa cultivars (Cannabaceae) were rich in linoleic acid (57.1%), but poor in SDA and GLA (0.8, 2.7%, resp.). In conclusion, several of the presented plant seeds contain considerable amounts of n-3 PUFA and GLA, which could be relevant for nutritional purposes due to their biological function as precursors for eicosanoid synthesis. Practical applications: N-3 PUFA are important for human health and nutrition. Unfortunately, due to the increasing world population, overfishing of the seas and generally low amounts of n-3 PUFA in major oil crops, there is a demand for new sources of n-3 PUFA. One approach involves searching for potential vegetable sources of n-3 PUFA; especially those rich in ALA and SDA. The conversion of ALA to SDA in humans is dependent on the rate-limiting Δ6-desaturation. Plant-derived SDA is therefore a promising precursor regarding the endogenous synthesis of n-3 long-chain PUFA in humans. The present study shows that, in addition to seed oil of Echium, other species of Boraginaceae ( Cerinthe, Omphalodes, Lithospermum, Buglossoides) and Primulaceae ( Dodecatheon, Primula), generally high in n-3 PUFA (30-50%), contain considerable amounts of SDA (5-10%). Therefore, these seed oils could be important for nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk consumption from early childhood on has been found to be inversely correlated with allergic sensitization and the onset of bronchial asthma. We tested whether cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11-CLA), naturally occurring in milk fat, may prevent allergic sensitization and inhibit airway inflammation in a murine asthma model. BALB/c mice were fed a diet enriched in 1 wt% of c9, t11 -CLA or a control diet 7 d prior to and for 32 d during sensitization [d 1 and 14, 100 mg/L ovalbumin (OVA) in adjuvant vs. PBS] and airway challenges (d 28-30, 1 % OVA in PBS vs. PBS). Subgroups of mice were coadministered 20 μmol/L of the selective PPAFtγ antagonist GW9662 during each OVA challenge. C9,t11-CLA feeding resulted in significantly reduced IgE production and allergen-induced in vivo airway hyperresponsiveness. Further, less mucous plugging of segmental bronchi and significantly reduced interleukin-5 and eosinophils were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of c9,t11-CLA-fed mice. C9,t11-CLA feeding prevented the downregulation of PPARy mRNA in the lung tissues observed after allergen sensitization and airway challenges in control mice. The inhibitory effects of c9,t11-CLA on airway inflammation were partially prevented by coadministration of GW9962. Further, c9,t11-CLA feeding resulted in a significantly lower concentration of the eicosanoid precursor, arachidonic acid, in tissue lipids. These findings demonstrate that dietary c9,t11-CLA can reduce allergic airway inflammation, most likely via a PPARγ-related mechanism and by reducing eicosanoid precursors. They give new insights into the fatty acid-mediated mechanism of immunomodulation and may represent a step toward an attractive novel strategy in the dietary prevention and treatment of allergic asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are often reported by CF patients. Despite a proven relation to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (PI), it remains unclear whether GI symptoms are related to the timing of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). Whereas most international recommendations suggest administration of PERT at the beginning of meals, it has not been studied whether such a proceeding is associated with lower burden of symptoms., Methods: Thirty CF patients aged 0-17 years of age with PI were randomised to four weeks of PERT prior to meals followed by four weeks of PERT after meals or vice versa. Using the CF-specific validated CFAbd-Score, abdominal pain, dysfunctional bowel habits and Quality of Life (QoL) related to GI symptoms were assessed in relation to the timing of PERT. Data were analysed using a linear mixed model., Results: There was no significant difference regarding abdominal pain, bowel habits or QoL related to GI symptoms when timing of PERT was changed from prior to after meals., Conclusion: No significant difference was found when administration mode of PERT changed from prior to after meals or vice versa. However, after an individual assessment, some patients may profit from changing administration mode of PERT from prior to after meals., (© 2021 Foundation Acta Paediatrica. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)