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In order to note the incidence of oesophagostomosis in goats of Malwa region, 200 goats slaughtered at Cantonment Board slaughter house, Mhow were screened for pimply gut condition in the gastrointestinal tract of infected goats. The incidence of gastrointestinal lesions by Oesophagustomum spp. was found to be 65% (130/200) based on observations of gross lesions of infected intestine and ceaca. Mixed infection by internal parasites was identified on the basis of morphology of parasitic eggs using routine methods of faecal examination. The mixed parasitic infection was recorded as 29.5% (59/200). Out of 200 faecal samples, 11 (5.5%) samples were found negative for any parasitic infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was undertaken to assess the incidence of subclinical and clinical paratuberculosis in slaughtered buffaloes of Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. They were unproductive buffaloes (1- 10 years old) slaughtered in Mhow and Indore examined for subclinical and clinical Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Study of gross lesions of intestine and respective mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) showed overall 87.33% (131/150) incidence of paratuberculosis. Out of these 131 cases of paratuberculosis, 18.21% (24/131) buffaloes suffered from subclinical and 81.68% (107/131) from clinical paratuberculosis, whereas impression smear examination revealed clinical and subclinical paratuberculosis up to 25.77 and 74.33% in intestine and 13.51 and 86.49% in MLNs, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes in animals are a common and one of the major problems in India causing recurring economic losses to livestock production system. In order to record the prevalence of GI nematodes in goats of Indore district, 376 goat faecal samples were randomly collected from Indore district. The collected samples were examined by floatation and sedimentation techniques and positive samples for strongyle worms were processed for copro-culture examination. The microscopic examination revealed 58.77% prevalence of GI nematodes in goats of Indore district. Season-wise, highest prevalence was noted in monsoon (77.71%) followed by winter (42.60%) and summer (36.58%) seasons. Age-wise, higher prevalence was observed in young ones (59.65%) than adults (49.00%). Sex-wise, higher prevalence was observed in females (63.59%) than males (52.94%). Coproculture examination of pooled faecal samples of goats of Indore district revealed larvae of Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum spp. and Strongyloides papillosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are blood-sucking parasites and occur all over the world, especially in humid and subhumid nations such as India. They are very important vectors of many economically important livestock diseases, such as Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. Ticks were collected from organized and unorganized cattle farms situated in and around Mhow. The initially collected samples of ticks (≤200) were washed in tap water and identified as Rhipicephalus microplus. The study was carried out from June 2021 to May 2022. Ticks were treated with 0.625, 1.25, 2.50, 5, and 10% oil of Azadirachta indica in both the adult immersion test and larval immersion test. All the concentrations were prepared with absolute ethanol. In the present study, fipronil was used as a positive control using various concentrations (x/8, x/4, x/2, x, and 2x) and was prepared in distilled water. The LC50 values against fipronil were observed as 1.03 and 1.12 ppm for adults and larvae, respectively. Results of the study showed that the oil of Azadirachta indica was responsible for the mortality of adults (LC50 = 2.70%) and larval stages (LC50 = 1.27%) at all the concentrations used. Furthermore, it was observed that this oil was also responsible for the inhibition of oviposition and had excellent repellent activity at 10% concentration. Based on the study, we can conclude that the oil of A. indica can be used in an integrated tick management system to reduce the tick burden on animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi among goat in field is still challenging due to scarce information on clinical manifestation and non availability of rapid reliable diagnostics. Molecular test such as PCR employed to diagnose the T. evansi with accuracy in both blood and tissues. Limited reports are available from different parts of the country on natural infection of T. evansi in goat. Mainly subclinical form of disease occurred in goats owing to low level of parasitaemia of T. evansi. Methods: A Jamunapari goat aged 1.5 years and weighing -25 kg was suffering from circling movement, pale conjunctiva and anorexia and was found positive for T. evansi by buffy coat examination and polymerase chain reaction. Diminazene aceturate was given intramuscularly as 7% water solution at a dose of 3.5 mg/kg b.wt. After 3 days, blood smear and buffy coat were negative for T. evansi and no band was found after running the product on 1.7% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. Result: The present study reveals first time report on caprine trypanosomosis from central India by conventional and PCR technique and placed on record. Hence, the goat should also be taken into consideration for control of trypanosomosis as goats are an important source of infection to other animals due to their reservoir nature for T. evansi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to study the sero-biochemical alteration on Kadaknath birds resulting due to coccidiosis from various locations in Government farm at Dhar and Jhabua districts and farms in surrounding areas. The Kadaknath birds are good foragers, efficient mothers, require less cost and care to grow. Hen lays about 60-80 eggs in a year and the adult body weight is 1.1-1.5 kg. Although the Kadaknath birds are poor egg producer but they are very popular for their delicious black flesh and possess certain medicinal properties. From the above mentioned facts this study has been planned for spontaneous parasitic infections in Kadaknath birds with special reference to coccidiosis along with following objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bovine babesiosis caused by an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan protozoon responsible for the most prevalent and costly tick borne diseases (TBD’s) of cattle throughout the globe. Cerebral babesiosis of bovine is fatal and mainly caused by Babesia bovis. To the knowledge of author, there is no confirm molecular report of Babeisa bigemina caused cerebral babesiosis in cattle. Therefore, authors want to report Babesia bigemina caused cerebral babesiosis on record. Methods: In the year 2015, a Holstein-Friesian cow aged 3 years and weighing approximately 300 kg, was attended at Jabalpur, (M.P.) with the clinical signs of high rise in temperature (104F), recumbency, severe dysponea, peculiar sound during open mouth breathing, pale color of eye conjunctiva and mucous membrane of vagina, convulsions, sever anaemia, paddling of legs at frequent interval. After preparation of peripheral thin blood smear from animal at the site of collection and fixation with methanol, blood sample brought to Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H, Jabalpur and stained by standard protocol for Giemsa staining. Genomic DNA was isolated from the collected blood sample using QIAamp® DNA blood mini kit following the manufacturer’s recommendations and PCR was performed. Conclusion: The thin blood smear examination revealed the presence of Babesia parasite. The species of Babesia was confirmed by molecular amplification of genomic DNA as B. bigemina. This might be the first confirmed report of cerebral babesiosis caused by B. bigemina from Central India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was carried out to record the status of resistance against most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids, viz. deltamethrin and cypermethrin in Rhipicephalus microplus of Indore district (Madhya Pradesh). Fully engorged female R. microplus were collected from cattle sheds of four blocks of Indore district, viz. Indore, Hatod, Sanwer and Mhow. Ticks were kept individually for oviposition and eggs laid were allowed to hatch and larval packet test (LPT) was performed on 12 to 14 day-old-larvae with deltamethrin and cypermethrin. The slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50% (LC50), 95% (LC95) mortality and resistance ratios (RR) were determined from the regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log concentrations of deltamethrin and cypermethrin. Values of the coefficient of determination (R2) for LPT ranged from 0.94 to 0.96 and 0.93 to 0.99 for cypermethrin and deltamethrin, respectively indicating the statistical model a good fit. The LC50 and LC95 values for cypermethrin ranged from 49.31 to 117.21 and 193.23 to 683.7 ppm, respectively in various field isolates whereas, for deltamethrin were 10.71–23.80 and 45.26–194.98 ppm. The values of RR50 and RR95 for cypermethrin ranged from 0.2 to 0.48 and 0.55 to 1.94, respectively, showing variable resistance status in field populations. On the basis of RR50 values, susceptible status was recorded in all isolates whereas, level I resistance status was recorded in two field isolates (Sanwer and Mhow) on the basis of RR95. Similarly, for deltamethrin RR50 and RR95 ranged from 0.91 to 2.01 and 1.27 to 5.49, respectively, showing comparatively higher resistance status. Resistance status against deltamethrin was recorded in Mhow isolate (on RR50 basis) and Mhow, Sanwer and Hatod isolate (on RR95 basis). High level of resistance along with more number of resistant tick isolates were recorded in case of deltamethrin than that of cypermethrin from the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of commercially available chemical compound used in management of tick infestation in this area where the Rhipicephalus microplus is the most prevalent species of ticks. The most important chemical compound used for controlling ticks in this area is cypermethrin, deltamethrin and amitraz. This is happen because cheap and easy availability of these compound. The engorged female R. microplus tick sample was collected from unorganised dairy farm of Mhow districts in Madhya Pradesh. The Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT) was performed for the characterization of resistance in field tick population. The slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50 % (LC50), and resistance ratios (RR) were determined from the regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log concentrations of chemical compound used in study. The resistant ration (RR) of cypermethrin was in the range of 0.76 to 1.45. Most of the population were found susceptibly in LPT and AIT and the slope value was recorded lower than the susceptible reference strain. In case of deltamethrin, the resistance ratio (RR) was in the range of 22.35 to 34.64 at level II and III and the slop value of field population was found comparatively low than susceptible reference strain. In amitraz, the resistance ratio (RR) was obtained as 2.23.On the basis of RR the tested tick showed resistance in adult stage at level I. The AIT bioassay was used for the characterization of resistance in field tick population. Efficacy of chemical compound was recorded on basis of resistance ratio and level of resistance was assessed. The data on field status of acaricide resistance in Mhow block of Madhya Pradesh state will be helpful to adopt suitable strategy to overcome the process of development of resistance in ticks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to study the prevalence of Fowl adenovirus infections in broilers and Kadaknath birds in Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh during July 2016- March 2017. Overall 2.78% mortality was recorded at 30 broiler farms. Total mortality recorded at Kadaknath farms was 6.84%. Age-wise highest mortality in broiler farms was recorded at 3rd week of age and highest mortality was recorded at 1st week and 3rd week of age respectively at Mhow and Jhabua kadaknath farms. Disease-wise highest mortality in broilers was recorded due to IBH-HPS (1.6%) followed by colibacillosis. At Kadaknath farm Mhow and Jhabua maximum mortality was recorded due to yolksac infection (2.83%) and coccidiosis (1.90%) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to evaluate the etiopatholgy of rickettsial and haemoparasitic infections in canines. Out of 150 dogs, 47 dogs were found positive for haemoparasitic infections. Incidence of rickettsial infection was found to be highest viz. 17.33 percent with maximum number of Ehrlichia spp. positive cases, followed by haemoparasitic (9.33%) and mixed infections (4.66%). A total of seven species of Rickettsia and haemoparasites viz. Ehrlichia canis 16 (10.66%), Ehrlichiae wingii 4 (2.6%), Ehrlichia piatys 10 (6.6%), Babesia gibsoni 8 (5.3%), Babesia canis 5 (3.33%), Hepatozoon canis 2 (1.33%) and Trypanosoma evansi 2 (1.33%) either as single or mixed infection were recorded. Dirofilaria immitis (microfilaria) and Leishmaniosis were not detected during our study. The overall percentage of incidence was higher in males than females. Highest percentage of incidence was recorded during rainy season. The maximum incidence was noticed in German Shepherd breed dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gross anatomical study of thymus and bursa of Fabricius was carried out on 30 Kadaknath birds of different age groups ranging from day old to 26 week. The birds were divided into five equal groups according to age as day old to 2 week, 2 to 4 weeks, 4 to 8 weeks, 8 to 16 weeks and 16 to 26 weeks, each consisted of six birds. The shape, colour and location were observed. The thymus gland in Kadaknath consisted of two long chains having 6-8 irregular shaped lobes. The shape and color of thymic lobes as well as length and width of thymus varied amongst groups. Grossly there was no regression of thymus after 26th week of age. The bursa of Fabricius was located on the dorsal wall of proctodeum of cloaca. The shape and color of bursa of Fabricius varied amongst age groups. Grossly there was complete regression of bursa after 25th week of age. The dissimilarities in these findings might be due to species difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was undertaken to identify the etiology associated with mortality of twelve guinea pigs. Post mortem examination of two dead guinea pigs showed fibrinous bronchopneumonia with prominent areas of necrosis and hemorrhages in lungs. Impression smears from infected lungs were subjected to Wright’s staining and confirmed as bipolar organisms. All ailing guinea pigs were treated with Ceftiofur @ 2.2 mg/kg b. wt. and other supportive drugs resulting in recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]