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3. Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) occurrence and habitat selection in North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington

Author

Kristin Rine, Roger Christopherson, and Jason Ransom

Abstract

Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) are sea ducks that migrate inland each spring to nest along fast-flowing mountain streams. They are considered one of the most imperiled duck species in North America and occur in two distinct populations on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The Pacific coast population includes Washington State, where harlequin ducks breed in the Olympic, Cascade, and Selkirk Mountains. This species is designated as a Management Priority Species by the National Park Service within North Cascades National Park Service Complex (NOCA). This report summarizes harlequin duck surveys conducted during 15 years across a 27-year period (1990 and 2017) on major streams within NOCA, and incidental observations collected from 1968–2021. The primary objectives of these surveys were to 1) document the distribution and abundance of harlequin duck observations within NOCA boundaries, 2) describe productivity (number of broods and brood size), 3) describe breeding chronology of harlequin ducks, and 4) describe habitat characteristics of breeding streams. Sixty-eight stream surveys over 15 years resulted in observations of 623 individual harlequin ducks comprising various demographics, including single adults, pairs, and broods. In addition, we collected 184 incidental observations of harlequin ducks from visitors and staff between 1968–2021. Harlequin ducks were observed on 22 separate second- to sixth-order streams throughout NOCA across the entire 53-year span of data, both incidentally and during harlequin duck surveys by Park staff. Harlequin ducks were detected on 8 of the 13 streams that were actively surveyed. Excluding recounts, 88.7% (n = 330) of individual harlequin duck observations during surveys occurred in the Stehekin River drainage. Between all surveys and incidental observations, 135 unpaired females without broods were sighted across all NOCA waterways. Thirty-nine broods were recorded between NOCA surveys and incidental observations, with a mean brood size of 3.61 (± 1.44 SD; range = 2–10). Breeding pairs were recorded as early as April 5 and were seen on streams until June 15, a period of less than seven weeks (median: May 2), but most pairs were observed within a 3-week span, between April 26 and May 17. Single females (unpaired with a male, with (an)other female(s), or with a brood) were observed on streams between April 26 and August 25 (median: July 3), though most observations were made within a 5-week period between June 12 and July 19. Habitat data collected at adult harlequin duck observation sites indicate that the birds often used stream reaches with features that are characteristic of high-energy running water. While adults occupied all instream habitat types identified, non-braided rapids and riffles were used most frequently, followed by pools and backwaters. Larger instream substrate sizes (cobbles and boulders) were present at most observation sites. Adult harlequin ducks were more often found at locations that lacked visible drifting or lodged woody debris, but drift debris was a slightly more abundant debris type. The presence of gravel bars and at least one loafing site was common. Adult harlequin ducks were more often observed in association with vegetation that offered some cover over the channel, but not where banks were undercut. The average channel width at adult observation sites was 34.0 m (range: 6-80 m; n = 114) and 27.6 m (± 15.7 m; range: 10-60 m; n = 12) at brood observation sites. Compared to adult harlequin duck sites, broods were observed more frequently in low velocity habitat (pools, backwaters), but rarely in rapids. Cobble and boulder substrates were still the most dominant substrate type. Contrary to adult ducks, broods were observed most often observed in meandering stream channels, a morphology indicative of low gradient, low velocity stream reaches. Most broods were observed in stream reaches with gravel bars, loafing sites, and...

Published
2022

7. ABSTRACTS FROM THE 2019 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY FOR NORTHWESTERN VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY, HELD JOINTLY WITH THE WASHINGTON CHAPTER OF THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY, AND IN ASSOCIATION WITH NORTHWEST PARTNERS IN AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE CONSERVATION, AT GREAT WOLF LODGE, GRAND MOUND, WASHINGTON, 25 FEBRUARY–1 M

Author

Robyn P Angliss, Megan C Ferguson, Cara L Appel, Jeremy Brown, Claire Bortot, William T Bean, Katie M Moriarty, Sean M Matthews, David S Green, Stacy Anderson, Evan King, J Scott Yaeger, Ivan Arismendi, Stan Gregory, Randy Wildman, Linda Ashkenas, David Anderson, Laurie Shuster, Joseph R Evenson, Jessica L Huggins, John Calambokidis, Don Ashton, Scott Mcbain, Steve Railsback, R. Bruce Bury, Gwen W. Bury, C. Scott Baker, Angie Sremba, Logan Pallin, Shannon Atkinson, Andy Rogan, Iain Kerr, Jamie B. Bettaso, Justin M. Garwood, Ryan M. Bourque, Christopher J. West, Daniel M Bingham, Adam Sepulveda, Sally Painter, Evan M. Bredeweg, Tiffany S. Garcia, Anita T. Morzillo, Nathan Schumaker, Joseph B. Buchanan, Don T. Ashton, James Bettaso, David J. Germano, Frank Slavens, Kate Slavens, Gwendolynn W. Bury, Arianna Ilharreguy, Kiirsten Flynn, Gretchen Steiger, Elana Dobson, Mark Malleson, Brian Gisborne, Susan Berta, Alie Perez, Meghan Camp, Lisa A. Shipley, Johanna Varner, Tara Chestnut, Patrice K. Connors, Jessica E. Light, Brian P. Tanis, Joshua A. Drew, Chris N. Anderson, Anali M. Perry, Charon E. Henning, Mary Casillas, Katie Hinde, C. Toby St. Clair, Kyle Routledge, Charlie Palmer, Felix Martinez-Nunez, Christopher Cousins, Tiffany Garcia, Evan Bredeweg, Taal Levi, Jennifer Allen, Jeanne Dodds, Kristina Ernest, Erica Escajeda, Kate Stafford, Rebecca Woodgate, Kristin Laidre, Ann Froschauer, Bronwyn Hogan, Kimberly Dickerson, Jennifer Smith-Castro, Jonathan Reichard, Jeremy Coleman, James Goerz, Jared Oyster, Rich Harris, AJ Kroll, Claudine Reynolds, Josh Johnson, David Shaw, Caren S. Goldberg, Karen Pope, Nicolette Nelson, Jonah Piovia-Scott, Jessica R. Hale, Kristin L. Laidre, M. Tim Tinker, Ronald J. Jameson, Steven J. Jeffries, Shawn E. Larson, James L. Bodkin, Katherine Haman, Lisa Hallock, Lameace Kalisz, Ilai Keren, Jeff Harris, Patti Happe, Laura Hauck, Brooke Penaluna, Richard Cronn, Kevin Weitemier, Jessica A. Homyack, Matt Hane, Storm Beech, Michael J. Rochelle, Blake Hossack, Ken Honeycutt, Rebecca Mccaffery, Robin Russell, Iver T. Hull, Stephanie L. Berry, Chris Loggers, Timothy R. Johnson, Steven Jeffries, Dyanna Lambourn, Josh Oliver, Robert Delong, Sharon Melin, Pat Gearin, Tony Orr, Jeff Laake, Katie Jones, Glen P. Kalisz, Kelly Mcallister, Victoria Kaufman, Matthew Wilson, Tina Blewett, Travis King, Daniel Thornton, Jeffrey M. Kozma, Andrew J. Kroll, Jamie Thornton, Dyanna. M. Lambourn, Steve. J. Jeffries, Erin D'Agnese, Woutrina Smith, Kristin Wilkinson, Jessica Huggins, James Rice, Deborah Duffield, Michael Grigg, Stephen A. Raverty, Shawn Larson, Mark Leppin, R. B. Bury, Jeffrey C. Lewis, Jason Ransom, David Werntz, Anna O. Mangan, Jody C. Vogeler, Ian K. Breckheimer, Wendy M. King, Keith E. Bagnall, Katie M. Dugger, Brent M. Matsuda, Lorraine Andrusiak, Erin Clement, Purnima Govindarajulu, Katie Bell, Kurt Jenkins, Kim Sager-Fradkin, Thomas Mcintyre, Lisa Shipley, Stacey A. Nerkowski, Janet L. Rachlow, Lisette P. Waits, Stephanie M. Demay, Jon A. Gallie, Paul A. Hohenlohe, Jennifer R. Adams, Dawn P. Noren, Stephen Raverty, Joseph K. Gaydos, Judy A. ST. Leger, Gina M. Ylitalo, Stephen Nyman, Deanna H. Olson, Adrian Ares, Klaus J. Puettmann, Michael S. Parker, Kim M. Parsons, David S. Pilliod, Mark B. Hausner, Rick D. Scherer, Chad Mellison, Nathaniel D. Reynolds, Erik White, Stefanie Bergh, Eric Holman, Nicholle Stephens, James M. Wainwright, John Romansic, Matt Gray, Davis Carter, Deb Miller, Roger Rodriguez, Thomas J. Rodhouse, Pat Ormsbee, Kathryn Irvine, Jenny Barnett, Sarah Reif, Chris Rombough, Laura Trunk, Doug Sandilands, Hannah A. Sipe, Sarah J. Converse, Suzanne A. Stone, Stewart W. Breck, Jesse Timberlake, Peter M. Haswell, Fernando Najera, Brian S. Bean, Daniel J. Thornhill, Mira Sytsma, Laura Prugh, Beth Gardner, Tania Lewis, Austen C. Thomas, Jesse Howard, Phong Nguyen, Tracie A. Seimon, Kyle S. Tidwell, Brett A. Carrothers, Kristen N. Bayley, Lindsay N. Magill, Bjorn K. Van Der Leeuw, Andrew W. Trites, Jenny Urbina, Donelle Schwalm, Azzurra Valerio, Mariacristina Valerio, Luca Casadei, Matthew Vander Haegen, Christi Norman, Trina Bayard, Amanda Warlick, Eric Ward, Sandra O'Neill, Brad Hanson, Gina Ylitalo, Katy Weil, Logan Whiles, Jodi Wilmoth, Tlell Wolf, Jesse Short, Jay Bowerman, Christian Yarber, Caren Goldberg, Allan Pessier, Jesse Brunner, and Alexandre N. Zerbini

Subjects
Amphibian, Geography, biology, biology.animal, Wildlife, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vertebrate Biology, Archaeology, General Environmental Science
Published
2019

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