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International audience; We study the resilience of a multiplex socio-ecological system (SES) which we structure from the spheres composing the sustainability Venn diagram. The SES network is subject to dynamics of spread of a global reform through a knock-on effect, as a direct and indirect repercussion of a small-scale reform process that spreads out over time through network connectivity. The model outcomes reveal that high probability of reform completion on an SES layer through nodes previously reformed on other SES layers is necessary and sufficient to propagate the desired reform on that layer. The maximum asymptotic density of reformed nodes can only be achieved in the absence of risk of reform abrogation. When the risk is significant, it prevents the equilibrium density from reaching a steady state. The numerical simulation results show that the combination of likely probability of reform completion and of proportional influence of all layers yields the maximum magnitude of efficiency of the knock-on effect. We provide a formal argument that favors assigning equal weight to all aspects of sustainable development.

Interval bidding allows people to report a range of values for a non-market good. Herein we allow people to choose their distribution over this range endogenously. Using elephant protection as our motivating example, our results suggest the shape of the distribution greatly varies across people and the degree of uncertainty is proportional to their willingness to pay. We also find that both the expected willingness to pay and the degree of uncertainty differ when the valuation exercise is real versus hypothetical.

PART I: CONFLICT: BARRIERS TO A NEW AGREEMENT 1. Observations from the climate negotiations in Durban, South Africa 2. Does fairness matter in international environmental governance 3. Formation of climate agreements: The role of uncertainty and learning 4. Burden sharing in global climate governance 5. Negotiating to avoid 'gradual' versus 'dangerous' climate change: An experimental test of two prisoners' dilemmas 6. U.S. climate policy and the shale gas revolution PART 2:RESOLUTION: PATHS TOWARD A NEW AGREEMENT 7. The role of inequality in international environmental agreements with endogenous minimum participation requirements 8. Climate policy coordination through institutional design: an experimental examination 9. Improving the design of international environmental agreements 10. Managing dangerous anthropogenic interference: decision rules for climate governance 11. Exclusive approaches to climate governance: More effective than the UNFCCC? 12. Bottom up or top down PART 3:GOVERNANCE: STRUCTURES FOR A NEW AGREEMENT 13. Rethinking the legal form and principles of a new climate agreement 14. Technology agreements with heterogenous countries 15. International guidance for border carbon adjustments to address carbon leakage 16. The effect of enforcement in the presence of strong reciprocity: an application of agent-based modeling 17. EU emissions trading: achievements, challenges, solutions 18. The EU's quest for linked carbon markets: turbulence and headwind

Historically, the challenge for humans has been to secure a sufficient supply of food to stave off hunger and starvation. As a result, much of the research on food and agriculture in the past century has focused on issues related to production efficiency, food supply, and farm profitability. In recent years, however, farmers, agribusiness, policy makers, and academics have increasingly turned their attention away from the farm and toward the food consumer and to issues related to food consumption. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Food Consumption and Policy provides an overview of the economics of food consumption and policy relevant to the areas of food and agriculture and policy making. The first section covers the application of the core theoretical and methodological approaches of the economics of food consumption and policy. The second part concentrates on policy issues related to food consumption. Several articles focus on the theoretical and conceptual issues relevant in food markets, such as product bans, labeling, food standards, political economy, and scientific uncertainty. Additional articles discuss policy issues of particular interest to the consumer-end of the food supply chain, such as food safety, nutrition, food security, and development. The final section serves as an introduction to particular issues and current topics in food consumption and policy.

Part I: General Methodology Water and Economics The Water Allocation System Model: A Management Tool Crop Choice and Agricultural Demand: Agricultural Submodel International Conflicts: Promoting Cooperation Part II: Results for Israel, Palestine, and Jordan A Note on Some Sensitive Issues Results for Israel Results for Palestine Results for Jordan Value of Cooperation

This paper discusses indirect child welfare effects associated with environmental health. It considers the economic value of reducing the indirect risk to a child’s life chances from environmental threats to (a) caregiver health, (b) sibling health or the child’s health, and (c) the health of the surrounding natural environment and the consequent caregiver’s choices. Each of these effects can reduce the healthy child’s chance to be productive, to complement the work of others, and to contribute to the common good. In addition, this paper considers what evidence exists in the current literature that might quantify these effects, and whether these effects may be important to policy makers both for child health-related regulations and for regulations involving adult health effects. Finally, this paper also considers whether these indirect effects can be linked to existing models to value children’s health effects.

Compensation schemes in which land owners receive payments for voluntarily managing their land in a biodiversity-enhancing manner have become one of the most important instruments for biodiversity conservation worldwide. One key challenge when designing such schemes is to account for the spatial arrangement of habitats bearing in mind that for given total habitat area connected habitats are ecologically more valuable than isolated habitats. To integrate the spatial dimension in compensation schemes and based on the idea of an agglomeration bonus we consider a scheme in which land-owners only receive payments if managed patches are arranged in a specific spatial configuration. We compare the cost-effectiveness of agglomeration payments with spatially homogeneous payments on a conceptual level and for a real world case and find that efficiency gains of agglomeration payments are positive or zero but never negative. In the real world case, agglomeration payments lead to cost-savings of up to 70% compared to spatially homogeneous payments.

International audience; Preserving flexibility has a high value in an uncertain environment. This common wisdom has long been given support from the economic literature through the notion of option value. We interpret the precautionary principle (PP) in the light of this literature on option value. Formally, we examine the impact of incomplete and evolving information on the optimal initial action. Precaution is associated to the intuition that more uncertainty should lead to preserve more flexibility. We show that this intuition is consistent with the ‘irreversibility effect.’ However, such a prescription has a weak economic basis because of the presence of other effects, such as the willingness to transfer more wealth in the face of a more uncertain future. We recognize the high complexity of applying the PP under this approach. We illustrate our analysis for stock pollutant problems, such as the climate change problem. We briefly discuss implementation issues and alternative approaches to the notion of precaution.

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of three flexible mechanisms included in the Kyoto Protocol. It enables Annex I countries to finance emission reductions in developing (non-Annex I) countries and use the credits thus obtained to meet their emission reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM has two objectives: to reduce the costs of compliance of the Annex I countries' emission reduction commitments, and to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC). The major part of emission reductions under the CDM (certified emission reductions - CERs) comes from renewable energy investments, reduction of nonCO2 greenhouse gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide), and energy-efficiency projects. Over two-third of projects and emission reductions occur in China and India. The uneven geographical distribution of projects and the lack of consistent control of projects' contribution to sustainable development make some contend that the CDM has not fulfilled its initial objectives. On the other hand, it has brought forth a substantial amount of CERs, and it is the only Kyoto Mechanism to bring developing countries into the efforts of the UNFCCC, notably through unilateral projects developed solely by the developing host country.

Chapitre 29 ; International audience; L'auteur propose une revue de la littérature économique sur les liens entre alimentation et santé. Après avoir présenté quelques grands faits stylisés marquant la fin de la transition nutritionnelle dans les pays développés, notamment l'explosion des pathologies de l'abondance alimentaire (obésité, diabète), il rappelle l'étiologie multifactorielle de ces pathologies, leur coût en soins médicaux et capitaux humains, de plus en plus élevé qui constitue une des justifications essentielles à l'intervention publique. Il développe ensuite les autres justifications normatives à l'intervention publique : asymétries d'information entre producteurs et consommateurs sur les marchés et défaillances de la rationalité. Puis il présente quelques résultats empiriques sur les politiques de prix avant de s' intéresser aux politiques d'information.

This article traces consumers' reluctance toward new technologies in the food domain and the nature of controversies. It argues that there are economic considerations in discussion of public policy on controversies. This article seeks to address the issues of controversy, the market concerns by such problems, and the reasons that controversies have become so prominent in many food markets. It further clarifies how to approach the question of an optimal policy by studying when a regulator should promote labels compared to other tools such as standards or a ban. This article presents some of the main contributions in both the empirical and theoretical literature, so as to provide economists or policymakers with resources and help to inform their decisions. It then discusses methods of quantifying the welfare impact of a ban or label on the controversial good. It concludes with a discussion of the implications for public policy.

Routledge Explorations in Environmental Economics Chapitre 20; International audience; This chapter surveys three studies. The first two consider empirical questions related to the willingness to pay for food products with genetically modified content, and the third compares two different techniques to elicit willingness to pay. The results of the first experiment show a sharp contrast to the predominantly negative view of French survey respondents toward genetically modified organisms in food products. In our experiment, we observe a wide range of revealed preferences. Whereas 35 percent of the subjects absolutely refused to purchase a product containing GMOs, the remaining 65 percent of the subjects were willing to purchase a GM product if it was sufficiently inexpensive. Nearly one quarter of participants showed no decrease in their willingness to pay in response to learning that a product contained GMOs.