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Supply chain management is incredibly fantastic and requisite aspect which has been very much understated in third world countries. Pharmacists can play a vital role with immense vitality and other intellectual elucidation in supply chain management. The logisticians and supply chain specialists keep an eye on the better track and improved record of society's health statistics. Giving an overview of how the pharmaceutical supply chain algorithm works directly at the usefulness and performance management of vital players required to achieve entire healthcare perspectives. The supply chain management has introduced many new challenges and opportunities that may lead to align the essential changes in thecurrent system for positive outcome and overall improvement in the services and patient wellbeing. Keywords: Supply chain management, Pharmaceutical industries, Healthcare sector, Quality drugs.

Chronic inflammation is a major factor in tumor growth and progression. Cancer cells secrete C-X-C chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) along with its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1) and chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2). It plays a significant role in the activation and trafficking of inflammatory mediators, tumor proliferation and interferes in breast cancer development by controlling cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and metastasis. This axis also plays a significant role in driving different cancers and melanomas, including breast cancer progression, by controlling stem cell masses. Few small-molecule CXCR1/2 inhibitors and CXCL8 releasing inhibitors have been identified in the past two decades that bind these receptors in their inactive forms and blocks their signaling as well as the biological activities associated with inflammation. Inhibitors of certain inflammatory molecules are projected to be more efficient in different inflammatory diseases. Preclinical trials indicate that patients may be benefitted from combined treatment with targeted drugs, chemotherapies, and immunotherapies. Thus, targeting the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling axis in breast cancer could be a promising approach for its therapeutics. This review examines the roles of the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling axis and how it is implicated in the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. In addition, we also discuss the potential role of the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 axis in targeted therapeutics for breast cancer.

The quinoline scaffolds are privileged for their numerous biological activities in the pharmaceutical field. This moiety constitutes a well-known space in several marketed preparations. The quinoline scaffolds gained attention in modern days being an important chemical moiety in the identification, designing, and synthesis of novel potent derivatives. The current review is developed to shine the light on critical and significant insights on the quinoline derivatives possessing diverse biological activities such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antialzheimer, anti-convulsant, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer activities and so on. A detailed summary of quinoline ring from its origin to the recent advancements regarding its synthesis, green chemistry approaches, patented methods, and its marketed drugs is presented in the review. We attempted to review the literature compiling the critical information that has potential to encourage fellow researchers and scientists for the design and development of quinoline scaffold based active molecules that have improved therapeutic performance along with profound pharmacological properties.

World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a Pandemic and a global public health emergency. The eventual scope and consequences of this outbreak are uncertain at present as the condition is swiftly evolving. The purpose of this article is to cumulate existing published data and researches, identify the challenges with reference to India and develop a comprehensive preventive plan to prevent the spread of this deadly pandemic. The authors explored WHO situation dashboards, the web portal of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India and press reports of different countries, published literature on coronavirus transmission, textbooks, scientific and medical journals and several other sources to identify ongoing challenges in the fight against COVID-19 in India. After an exhaustive literature search, 15 ongoing challenges in the fight against novel COVID-19 especially with reference to India have been identified. After a thorough analysis of all these challenges along with the lessons from the International community, a preventive plan has been established to be devised by different agencies from our personal perspectives to overcome the challenges which may assist decision-makers in the prevention and control of COVID-19 in India.

Medicinal plants have been used as traditional herbal medicines in the treatment of various types of diseases. However, the increased demand for these plants highlights the importance of conservation specifically for endangered species. Significant advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have accelerated medicinal plant research while reducing costs and time demands. NGS systems enable high-throughput whole genome sequencing as well as direct RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis. The sequence data sets created can be used in a variety of areas of study, including biodiversity conservation, comparative genomics, transcriptomic analysis, single cell mining, metagenomics, epigenetics, molecular marker discovery, multi genome sequencing, and so on. Commercial sequencing service providers are constantly working to improve technologies to address bioinformatics problems in NGS data analysis. Several genome sequencing projects on medicinal plants have been completed recently and a few more are in the works. In some medicinal plants, massive NGS-based data has been developed. In the present review, we have attempted to briefly discuss advancements in NGS technology on medicinally essential plants in India. The review will also provide ideas for applying NGS technologies for exploring genomes of various endangered medicinal plants whose genome sequences are not normally available and thus provides valuable insights for the conservation of these vulnerable species.

Background : Mulberry (Genus: Morus, Family: Moraceae) is a flowering plant utilized in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda for its ethnobotanical uses in fever, liver protection, diuretics, management of appropriate blood pressure, improving eyesight, and management of cardiovascular disease. Being a plant of multiple ethnobotanical prospects, it is used to prevent kidney diseases, hair problems, weakness, fatigue, constipation, blood disorders, anaemia, and premature greying of hair, among few other ailments. This review aims to systematically organize information on the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical constituents, phytopharmacological actions, and toxicity of the Morus genus as the information shall serve towards future research in drug discovery and help in unearthing molecular basis of pharmacological activity of Mulberry. Method : Many relevant information sources, such as Elsevier, Science Direct, PubMed, ACS Publications, SciFinder, Wiley, and Google Scholar, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015, Chinese and Indian herbal classic texts, and Ph.D. dissertation, were used to gather relevant publications till February 2021 on the Morus genus. Results : Many phytochemicals that are isolated from Morus genus such as Mulberrin, Morin, Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), Epicatechin, Gallic acid, Vanillic acid, Oxyresveratrol, Quercetin, Flavone A, B and C, are proven to be pharmacologically important and have comprehensive biological actions such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-obesity, antidopaminergic, antioxidant activity, as well as skin whitening properties making the plants of Morus genus therapeutically important. Conclusions : Plants of Morus genus are valuable and are popular in ancient herbal medicine with the extensive pharmacological potential to cure various ailments. While phytochemicals from plants of Morus genus have already been extensively analysed, there may still be unknown compounds that play a role in the plant's biological function which needs to be elucidated. There are significant gaps in our understanding of biological processes involved in activities of these phytochemicals that need more investigation.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), also known as a novel coronavirus (2019-n- CoV), reportedly originated from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Coronavirus Disease 2019 rapidly spread all over the world within a short period. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a global epidemic. COVID-19 is a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) evolves to respiratory, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and neurological complications, and eventually death. SARS-CoV and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) genome sequences similar identity with 2019-nCoV or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, few amino acid sequences of 2019-nCoV differ from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. COVID-19 shares about 90% amino acid sequence similarity with SARS-CoV. Effective prevention methods should be taken in order to control this pandemic situation. To date, there are no effective treatments available to treat COVID-19. This review provides information regarding COVID-19 history, epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular diagnosis. Also, we focus on the development of vaccines in the management of this COVID-19 pandemic and limiting the spread of the virus.

At the end of December 2019, in Wuhan, China, a rapidly spreading unknown virus was reported to have caused coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Origin linked to Wuhan’s wholesale food market where live animals are sold. This disease is caused by SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is closely related to the Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This virus shares a high sequence identity with bat-derived SARS-like Coronavirus, which indicating its zoonotic origin. The virus spread globally, provoking widespread attention and panic. This Coronavirus is highly pathogenic and causes mild to severe respiratory disorders. Later, it was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its highly infectious nature and worldwide mortality rate. This virus is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome, and its genome length about 26 to 32 kb that infects a broad range of vertebrates. The researchers worldwide focus on establishing treatment strategies on drug and vaccine development to prevent this COVID-19 pandemic. A drug repurposing approach has been used to identify a rapid treatment for the people affected by COVID-19, which could be cost-effective and bypass some Food and Drug Association (FDA) regulations to move quickly in phase-3 trials. However, there is no promising therapeutic option available yet. This book chapter addresses current information about the COVID-19 disease, including its origins, impacts, and the novel potential drug candidates that can help treat the COVID-19.

Background and Objective: With the initial case of corona reported in Wuhan, China on 31st December 2020, there has been an unprecedented rise in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), with over 200 countries all across the world in less than 3 months. By the October 2020, about 40 million population of the world got infected and over one million deaths occurred. Since no WHO and FDA approved medications or vaccines for COVID-19 were available, there was an impatient bustling need to develop a drug for the treatment. Drug repurposing emerged as the easiest and fast emerging strategy to get medicine for COVID-19 with rapid approvals for the clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of drug repurposing under the clinical and its impact on the development of medicine for COVID-19. Methodology: The study was undertaken to review various clinical trials from the website. www.clinicaltrials.gov . We evaluated 220 ongoing clinical trials with the strategy of ‘drug repurposing’ against COVID-19, analyzed them as per their chemical structure and possible biological targets. Results: It was noticed that some of the early repurposed drugs like chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ACE inhibitors and ARBs, did not succeed and remained controversial. While many of the antiviral drugs like remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir, ritonavir, oseltamivir could be taken for the clinical trials in various countries, remdesivir could succeed to a great extent as compared to other drugs. WHO has come up with an initiative known as multi-country ‘Solidarity Trial’ for developing a potential drug or therapy against COVID-19.However, the most preferred drugs used for repurposing like hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir have not shown predictable results in solidarity trials. Conclusions: The analyses of several ongoing and partially concluded clinical trials suggest that drug repurposing can be one of the major strategies for the treatment of COVID-19. Further, guidelines framed by the WHO through Infection Prevention and Control for monitoring the widespread of this COVID-19 across the world is another aggressive attempt to find the solution for the treatment for COVID-19.

Highlights • The emerging comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes and renal failure increases the mortality risk among the rampant deaths reported worldwide due to novel corona virus (COVID-19). • The link of the morbidities in COVID-19 with renin angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as the site of the multiplication of COVID-19 has widely been accepted. • An attempt is made to delineate the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 infection with RAS and to consider its significance not just for the search of novel antiviral drugs, but for the management and prevention of death by patients with COVID-19. • In short there is massive derangement of the entire RAS in COVID-19 infection and. • patients with pre-existing comorbidities and on ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers should be monitored carefullyconsidering the role of RAS in the prognosis of COVID-19 infections., Aim While there are rampant deaths reported worldwide due to novel corona virus (COVID-19) on one side, hypertension, diabetes and renal failure are emerging comorbidities with mortality risk due to respiratory failure on the other side. The link of these morbidities with renin angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as the site of the multiplication of COVID-19 has widely been accepted. The objective of this research report is to delineate the clinical characteristics with COVID-19 infection with RAS and to consider its significance not just for the search of novel antiviral drugs, but for the management and prevention of death by patients with COVID-19. Methods It was a retrospective case series analysis of demographic and clinical data with associated comorbidities of 206 deaths reported in India up to 10th April, 2020. The data were available from the official release from Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Government of India. This was followed by a literature search to correlate the available evidence for their possible relationship with RAS. Results The demographic data were consistent with those reported from other countries. The death (53.4%) was more common in patients with age above 60 years and men (69.3%) were more susceptible as compared to women (30.68%).We found that 50.5% of the deceased patients had pre-existing comorbidities. Diabetes and hypertension were the major comorbidities in 27.8% and 22.1% of the deceased cases respectively. Although respiratory and cardiac problems were prevalent at the time of death, the pre-existing pulmonary disease was comparatively less prevalent. Only 13.6% of the deceased were having pre-existing respiratory problems and 6.2% had cardiac ailments. We could correlate the reports that RAS plays a significant role in the prognosis of the disease. Conclusions Patients with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and hypertension are at greater risk for developing COVID-19 infection. There may be massive derangement of the entire RAS after the attack of COVID-19 and hence, patients with these pre-existing comorbidities and on ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers should be monitored carefully considering the role of RAS in the prognosis of COVID-19 infections.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the host cell-binding site for SAR-CoV-2, poses two-fold drug development problems. First, the role of ACE2 itself is still a matter of investigation, and no specific drugs are available targeting ACE2. Second, as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 interaction with ACE2, there is an impairment of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) involved in the functioning of vital organs like the heart, kidney, brain, and lungs. In developing antiviral drugs for COVID-19, ACE2, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and the specific enzymes involved in the viral and cellular gene expression have been the primary targets. SARS-CoV-2 being a new virus with unusually high mortality, there has been a need to get medicines in an emergency, and the drug repurposing has been a primary strategy. Considering extensive mortality and morbidity throughout the world, we have made a maiden attempt to discover the drugs interacting with RAS and identify the lead compounds from herbal plants using molecular docking. Both host ACE2 and viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and ORF8 appear to be the primary targets for the treatment of COVID-19. While the drug repurposing of currently approved drugs seems to be one strategy for the treatment of COVID-19, purposing phytochemicals may be another essential strategy for discovering lead compounds. Using in silico molecular docking, we have identified a few phytochemicals that may provide insights into designing herbal and synthetic therapeutics to treat COVID-19.

A series of 1,6-dihydropyrimidine-2-amine derivatives and 1,6-dihydropyrimidine-2-thiol derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of substituted 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one (chalcones) with guanidine hydrochloride and thiourea, respectively. All the synthesized compounds were in good agreement with elemental and spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened in vivo for diuretic activity. The four compounds 2d, 2e, 3d and 3e, which showed moderate to good diuretic activity, were evaluated for their toxicity studies and none of the compounds showed any toxicity of the liver as compared with control. However, compounds 3e and 3d showed diuretic properties more than that of standard (acetazolamide) and were long acting. Overall, compound 3e, 6-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-2-thiol, was found to be the most promising candidate of the series.

1,3,4-oxadiazoles are important because of its versatile biological actions. In the present study, several 2-(quinoline-8-yloxymethyl)-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivates (IIIa-j) have been synthesized by the condensation of 8-hydroxy quinoline acetyl hydrazide (II) with various aromatic acids in presence of phosphorous oxychloride. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds have been established on the basis of elemental analysis, UV, IR, and 1H NMR spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro growth-inhibiting activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi viz., S aureus, E. Coli, P. aeruginosa, C. Albicans, A. flavus, and A. fumigates, and the results were compared with the standard such as Ampicillin (50µg/ml) using agar diffusion technique. Compounds IIIc and IIIf were found to be equipotent as ampicillin when tested against the strains of E.Coli where as tested compounds IIIc, IIIf and IIIi showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity when tested against the strains of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. Albicans.

Some 4-[{1-(substituted)methylidine}-amino]-3-(4-pyridyl)-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazol (3a- 3f) and N-[5-(4-substituted)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl] isonicotinamide derivatives (5a- 5e) were synthesized by a sequence of reactions starting from isonicotinic acid hydrazide and is illustrated in scheme 1 and 2. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of newly synthesized compounds were tested by the disc diffusion method using nutrient agar medium against various microorganisms such as gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, gram negative Escherichia coli and the fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole at 50 µg/mL were used as standard drugs for antibacterial and antifungal activities, respectively. All the synthesized compounds showed significant activity against various microorganisms.

2-acetyl benzimidazole was allowed to react with substituted aromatic aldehydes to get desired intermediate chalcones (2a-g), the cyclocondensation of these intermediates with hydrazine hydrate and phenyl hydrazine in two separate reactions yielded pyrazoline derivatives (3a-g &4a-g respectively). Among the synthesize compounds, six compounds were granted NSC code and screened at National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA for anticancer activity at a single high dose (10(-5) M) in full NCI 60 cell panel. Among the selected compounds, (4f) 2-[5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-3-pyrazolyl]-1H-benzimidazole (NSC 748326) was found to be the most active candidate of the series and selected for further evaluation at five dose level screening.

2-acetyl benzimidazole was allowed to react with substituted aromatic aldehydes to get desired intermediate chalcones (2a-g), the cyclocondensation of these intermediates with hydrazine hydrate and phenyl hydrazine in two separate reactions yielded pyrazoline derivatives (3a-g &4a-g respectively). Among the synthesize compounds, six compounds were granted NSC code and screened at National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA for anticancer activity at a single high dose (10(-5) M) in full NCI 60 cell panel. Among the selected compounds, (4f) 2-[5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-3-pyrazolyl]-1H-benzimidazole (NSC 748326) was found to be the most active candidate of the series and selected for further evaluation at five dose level screening.

A series of 1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-3-(substituted phenyl)-2-propen-1-one were allowed to react with hydrazine hydrate and phenyl hydrazine in submitted reactions to get pyrazoline and phenyl pyrazoline derivatives. All the compounds entered for screening at the Tuberculosis Antimicrobial Acquisition and Coordinating Facility (TAACF) for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain (ATCC 27294) using Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) susceptibility test. The results expressed as MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) in μg/mL. Among the fifteen compounds, eight compounds were found to have MIC values less than 10 μg/mL. These were subjected for cytotoxicity assay in VERO cells to determine CC50 (cytotoxic concentration 50%) values and finally SI (Selectivity Index) were calculated. Compound (XV) 2-[5-(4- fluorophenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-3-pyrazolyl]-1Hbenzimidazole was considered the best candidate of the series that could be a good starting point to develop new lead compounds in the fight against tuberculosis.