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Certain emotional processes “bypass the will” and even awareness, whereas others arise due to the deliberative evaluation of objects, states, and events. It is important to differentiate between the automatic versus reflective origins of emotional processes, and sensory versus conceptual bases of diverse negative and positive emotions. A taxonomy of emotions based on different origins is presented. This taxonomy distinguishes between negative and positive automatic versus reflective emotions. The automatic emotions are connected with the (a) homeostatic and (b) hedonistic regulatory mechanisms. The reflective emotions—uniquely human—are described in reference to deliberative processes and appraisals based on two types of conceptual and verbalized evaluative standards: (a) ideal self-standards and (b) general, axiological standards of good and evil. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An asymmetry effect is known to exist in the estimation of interpersonal distance. depending on whether the point of reference for the estimation is the subject (flow Jar are the others from you?') or the others (How far are you from the others?'). It looks as through, through the effect of a self-centring schema, subjects feel that others occupy their own space inure than they occupy the space of others. A self-centring schema has a/so been found in many other processes involving judgment or comparison of oneself and others, It is generally) interpreted as a sign of the affirmation and defence of personal identity. The three experiments reported here attempt to relate the asymmetries in the distances perceived between persons represented on a map to the following three areas in which one's sense of personal or group identity is involved: (I) in the perception of one's own specificity with respect to others (or of the specificity of the group so which one belongs with respect so other groups) (experiment 1,). (2) in one's ability to put oneself in the place of others (exocentrism) (experiment 2), and (3)in the individuation of oneself by others (experiment 3). The results of these three experiments lead us to believe that it is indeed the processes of identification and affirmation of personal and group identity - along with the underlying categorization processes that are the source of the asymmetries observed in interpersonal distance estimation. The consistency of the data obtained in different situations also validates the technique used for estimating interpersonal distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]