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Zn²⁺ and Co²⁺ ions are known to promote human growth hormone reversible dimerization. In these studies, dimerization was also shown to be initiated by nine other metal ions:  Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ag+, Au³⁺, Au+, Pd²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Pt⁴⁺. In some cases (Hg²⁺, Ag⁺, Au³⁺, and Ni²⁺) formation of higher oligomers also took place. In addition further detailed investigation of dimerization in the presence of Zn²⁺ ions was carried out.