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13. Analysis of growth and biofilm formation of bacterial pathogens on frequently used spinal implant materials

Author

Garcia, Dioscaris R., Deckey, David G., Zega, Alexandra, Mayfield, Cory, Spake, Carole S. L., Emanuel, Toby, Daniels, Alan, Jarrell, John, Glasser, Jillian, Born, Christopher T., and Eberson, Craig P.

Abstract

Study design: A microscopy-based investigation of the permissive factors leading towards bacterial adherence on commonly utilized spinal implants. Objective: The adherence and subsequent colonization and biofilm formation of bacteria on orthopaedic implants represents one of the most serious problems facing orthopaedic surgeons. Once a biofilm is formed, surgeons may have to resort to implant removal, a strategy that may cause substantial patient morbidity and lead to additional cost to the healthcare system. This problem has been further compounded by the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacterial pathogens. In this study, two commonly encountered bacterial pathogens in surgical site infections (SSI) were characterized for adherence pattern, density, and propagation on five commonly used spinal implant materials via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Summary of background data: The results show that bacterial adherence is largely dependent on the microtopographical features observed on the surface of the materials tested. Methods: Five commonly utilized spinal implant materials were inoculated with two of the most common nosocomial pathogens and visualized via scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results: Analysis of 90 spinal implant pieces showed that even though no material showed the ability to prevent adherence of both pathogens tested, the presence of surface imperfections and rougher microtopography was found to harbor the most bacterial presence. Conclusion: Our data suggests that implants materials with uniform surface and minimal imperfections may reduce the ability of bacterial to adhere to implants. Level of evidence: Level I evidence: “Investigation of a diagnostic test”.

Published
2024
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14. Maternal and child biomonitoring strategies and levels of exposure in western Canada during the past seventeen years: The Alberta Biomonitoring Program: 2005–2021

Author

MacDonald, Amy M., primary, Gabos, Stephan, additional, Braakman, Sandy, additional, Cheperdak, Laurie, additional, Lee, Bonita, additional, Hrudey, Steve E., additional, Le, X. Chris, additional, Li, Xing-Fang, additional, Mandal, Rupasri, additional, Martin, Jonathan W., additional, Schopflocher, Don, additional, Lyon, Martha E., additional, Cheung, Po-Yin, additional, Ackah, Fred, additional, Graydon, Jennifer A., additional, Reichert, Megan, additional, Lyon, Andrew W., additional, Jarrell, John, additional, Benadé, Gerhard, additional, Charlton, Carmen, additional, Huang, Dorothy, additional, Bennett, Melissa J., additional, and Kinniburgh, David W., additional

Published
2022
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16. Maternal and child biomonitoring strategies and levels of exposure in western Canada during the past seventeen years : The Alberta Biomonitoring Program

Author

MacDonald, Amy M., Gabos, Stephan, Braakman, Sandy, Cheperdak, Laurie, Lee, Bonita, Hrudey, Steve E., Le, X. Chris, Li, Xing-Fang, Mandal, Rupasri, Martin, Jonathan W., Schopflocher, Don, Lyon, Martha E., Cheung, Po-Yin, Ackah, Fred, Graydon, Jennifer A., Reichert, Megan, Lyon, Andrew W., Jarrell, John, Benadé, Gerhard, Charlton, Carmen, Huang, Dorothy, Bennett, Melissa J., Kinniburgh, David W., MacDonald, Amy M., Gabos, Stephan, Braakman, Sandy, Cheperdak, Laurie, Lee, Bonita, Hrudey, Steve E., Le, X. Chris, Li, Xing-Fang, Mandal, Rupasri, Martin, Jonathan W., Schopflocher, Don, Lyon, Martha E., Cheung, Po-Yin, Ackah, Fred, Graydon, Jennifer A., Reichert, Megan, Lyon, Andrew W., Jarrell, John, Benadé, Gerhard, Charlton, Carmen, Huang, Dorothy, Bennett, Melissa J., and Kinniburgh, David W.

Abstract

The Alberta Biomonitoring Program (ABP) was created in 2005 with the initial goal of establishing baseline levels of exposure to environmental chemicals in specific populations in the province of Alberta, Canada, and was later expanded to include multiple phases. The first two phases focused on evaluating exposure in pregnant women (Phase One, 2005) and children (Phase Two, 2004–2006) by analyzing residual serum specimens. Phase Three (2013–2016) employed active recruitment techniques to evaluate environmental exposures using a revised list of chemicals in paired serum pools from pregnant women and umbilical cord blood. These three phases of the program monitored a total of 226 chemicals in 285 pooled serum samples representing 31,529 individuals. Phase Four (2017–2020) of the ABP has taken a more targeted approach, focusing on the impact of the federal legalization of cannabis on the exposure of pregnant women in Alberta to cannabis, as well as tobacco and alcohol using residual prenatal screening serum specimens. Chemicals monitored in the first three phases include herbicides, neutral pesticides, metals, metalloids, and micronutrients, methylmercury, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphate pesticides, parabens, phthalate metabolites, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phenols, phytoestrogens, polybrominated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and tobacco biomarkers. Phase Four monitored six biomarkers of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis. All serum samples were pooled. Mean concentrations and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the chemicals detected in ≥25% of the sample pools. cross the first three phases, the data from the ABP has provided baseline exposure levels for the chemicals in pregnant women, children, and newborns across the province. Comparison within and among the phases has highlighted differences in exposure levels with age, geography, seasonality, sample type, and

Published
2022
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21. Rationale for the study of the human sex ratio in population studies of polluted environments

Author

Jarrell John

Subjects
Sex Ratio, Reproduction, Infertility, Endocrine Disruptors, Medicine, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

The human secondary sex ratio remains a subject of substantial interest. The possibility has been raised that environmental chemical exposures have played a role in the changes associated with the sex ratio in a number of countries. The possibility that such an effect may be present is supported at least theoretically by the observation that clomiphene citrate, a drug used in the treatment of infertility with powerful estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties, has profound effects on the sex ratio resulting in significantly fewer males at birth. Using a model of causality based on the clinical identification of adverse drug effect methodology one may improve the objectivity of the assessment of significant environmental exposures on this human reproductive outcome.

Published
2002

37. Controlled Field Release of a Bioluminescent Genetically Engineered Microorganism for Bioremediation Process Monitoring and Control

Author

Ripp, Steven, Nivens, David E., Ahn, Yeonghee, Werner, Claudia, Jarrell, John, IV, Easter, James P., Cox, Chris D., Burlage, Robert S., and Sayler, Gary S.

Subjects
Bioremediation -- Research, Hydrocarbons -- Biodegradation, Soil disinfection -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology
Abstract

Experiments that used pseudomonas fluorescens HK44, the first genetically engineered microorganism approved in the United States for field testing in bioremediation research. The results suggest that lux-based microorganisms promise to be useful in further studies of environmental contaminant biodegradation and bioavailability.

Published
2000

41. Pain Testing in Endometriosis for the Clinician

Author

Jarrell, John

Subjects
Medical
Abstract

Clinical pain testing has been used to ascertain the pathophysiology of many clinical conditions, but its use in the management of endometriosis has been limited. Although the testing can require the use of complex testing in the laboratory, this chapter is directed to look at a test for allodynia that can be applied in the clinic. The test for cutaneous allodynia is validated, does not require sophisticated tools, and is readily accepted by woman. The presence of allodynia in certain gynecological presentations can indicate the woman’s pain system has become sensitized. Uses of the test in clinical encounters with women suffering from endometriosis and possible uses in future are presented.

Published
2019

49. Diagnostic use of infrared thermography in a patient with chronic pain following electrocution: a case report

Author

Jarrell John and Spanswick Chris

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Abstract Introduction Survival after severe electrocution is uncommon but chronic pain after such trauma is rare. We present a case report of an individual in whom the only modality providing objective evidence of pain related injury was infrared thermography. Case presentation A 35-year-old Caucasian woman presented to the Calgary Health Region Chronic Pain Centre with severe pain in her left hand and foot following electrocution. All previous clinical and neurological testing had been normal. Infrared thermography demonstrated a significant reduction in temperature in the regions affected on her left hand and foot. Pain was reduced with the use of pregabalin but without changes to thermal differences in the affected limbs. Conclusion It would appear from this case report that infrared thermography may be of use in the documentation of abnormalities associated with chronic pain following survival after electrocution. Pregabalin may be of benefit in pain reduction after electrocution.

Published
2009
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