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The paper presents statistical research results regarding the occurrence of which dangerous aviation events in 1919-2018. The source of the information about the events was the AviationSafetyNetwork website. With the use of Excel 2016 and Statistica v. 12 computer programs, five-time intervals were identified in which hazardous aviation incidents took place.Characterizing the distribution of these events in all periods, due to the technological advancement and capabilities of airplanes, the distribution of dangerous events in the last three periods was compared. The following tests were used to verify the statistical hypotheses: , Shapiro-Wilk, Brown-Forsythe, Kruskal-Wallis. When choosing the appropriate test, the following factors were taken into account: the type of measurement scale, the dependence/independence of samples, and their number. The standard significance level was assumed to be α = 0.05. The consequences and repeatability of aviation events in the identified time intervals were analyzed. The research questions that were posed were the following: in which seasons of the year, months, days of the month, and days of the week did the most dangerous events deaths occur? How often did dangerous events take place? Was the distribution of events similar in the identified periods? The results of the conducted research allowed to identify five periods in which hazardous events took place and demonstrate that in particular periods the distribution of hazardous air events in subsequent seasons, months, and days of the week was not the same.

The aim of the study is to present the principles of civil liability for damage caused to a passenger for which an air carrier is responsible, regulated by the Warsaw and Montreal Conventions, and the norms of national law providing issues that are not included in international law acts. The paper presents a historical overview of the applicable Conventions. The provisions of the Polish Civil Code that are useful for interpretation of law institutions and complement the legal norms contained in the Conventions are also presented. The compiled issues put the legal norms contained in various law systems in order by indicating the practical dimension of the pursuit of potential claims by passengers vis-à-vis air carriers. This is followed by a discussion of the grounds for excluding third party liability of an air carrier in case of excessive or illegitimate claims of the carrier’s clients, and of the insurer.

In sailplane aviation, I attach great importance to the achieved aerodynamic parameters due to the main idea of sailplane flights, which is the flight of a sailplane without external energy supply for staying in the air and only in favourable weather conditions, e.g. increasing thermal movements of the air. Only during take-off, external devices, such as a winch or a towing plane, can be used. Therefore, the use of a propulsion installed in sailplanes and operating only during take-off is a very convenient solution. This is a step towards facilitating the access to flying for a wider group of people due to the reduction of costs related to the take-off processes, and also increases the level of safety of sailplane flights by enabling the use of propulsion at critical moments of the flight. The study presents the current trends in the development of gliding, in particular motor gliders. Additionally, as a result of research works, the energy storage system was shown, which is the weakest element of the system, and at the same time the one with the greatest development potential.

Purpose: The conducted tests were aimed at determining whether the tested material meets the requirements for wear resistance in modern turbocharged combustion engines where there is an increased temperature and higher pressure. Design/methodology/approach: The tests were performed in a pin-on-disc system, according to the ASTM G 99 standard. Findings: The article presents the results of the coefficient of friction, the amount of wear, chemical analysis and surface profile of the tested material A390.0 in combination with EN GJL-350 cast iron. Research limitations/implications: The tested materials are used in the construction of pistons for internal combustion engines, therefore the test parameters were selected to take into account the operating conditions in a turbocharged engine with a power of up to 100 kW. Practical implications: After analysing the properties of the A390.0 alloy at elevated temperatures, it was found that without additional modifications, the alloy cannot be used in modern combustion engines, in particular with turbocharging. Originality/value: Presents the results of research concerning mechanical properties (HB, HV, Rm) and yield properties (R0.2, A5, Z) of the examined alloy.

Purpose: This paper sets out to explore the relationships between a sustainable energy market and a sustainable financial market and energy market. The specific research objectives were: to explore whether sustainable finance only correlates with a sustainable energy market, or perhaps this relationship also exists with the traditional energy market, to identify the groups of countries for which there are correlations between the study categories. Design/Methodology/Approach: The empirical analysis is based on data from 2008, 2014, and 2018, as related to the energy market, sustainable energy, and sustainable finance for 28 European countries belonging to the OECD. A taxonomic development measure based on the reference method in the positional approach using the Weber median was used. Findings: The results confirmed the existence of a positive correlation between the energy market and the financial market in a sustainable approach. No such relationship was demonstrated for all three categories at the same time, i.e. energy market, sustainable energy market and sustainable finance. Practical Implications: This research is important for the policies of financial institutions and financial markets from the point of view of developing products and services for sustainable financing, so as to change the structure and improve the effects related to social responsibility (ESG risk reduction). Originality/value: This study examines whether relationships exist between a sustainable energy market and sustainable finance and the energy market in the traditional approach., peer-reviewed

The paper presents the results of the research of performance measurement of a selected aircraft type in the take-off phase under extreme temperature conditions. For this purpose, a flight simulator of the Cessna 172 RG aircraft from the ELITE Company was used. For the purpose of verifying the take-off run length, the article provides a measurement methodology that was developed using information obtained during experimental take-offs. The aim was to obtain a procedure that would allow for repeated take-off runs in the same conditions with the possibility of changing individual influencing factors. Considering the whole measurement chain, the article analyses the influencing factors and quantifies their impact on the uncertainty of the measurement result. The data obtained experimentally we compared with the data in the Flight Manual and at the end carried out the assessment of the impact of global warming on the take-off run of the Cessna 172 RG and generally on the safety of the take-off and on air transport..

The article presents an experimental exploration of the selected technical features of the Avigilon 2.0C-H4A-BO1-IR Compact Zoom Camera with IR Adaptive Illumination. The article describes the purpose, procedure, and results of the motion detection verification, as well as the identification of motion detection errors, using Avigilon's investigated camera, to the distance of guaranteed recognition capability in specific daylight conditions that determines video analysis. This article constitutes the first part of the internal research activity of the Department of Flight Preparation - pre-research, for the design of an integrated mobile airport security system. For safety reasons, the testing was performed near the airport and not at the airport. The test sample was obtained by using the Avigilon 2.0C-H4A-BO1-IR camera located 8 meters above the ground level in the direction of the selected perimeter of the "protected area" for the experiment. The movement in the space was made by people and the passage of motor vehicles at a distance that was less than the distance guaranteed by the camera's recognition capability in the specific daylight conditions. The movement of persons and motor vehicles was generally performed perpendicular to the position of the camera, left to right, and/or back. The speed of movement of people was, as a rule, an average walking speed of 1m/s, the motor vehicles ranging up to 40km /h. Identification of motion detection errors is important for corrections of the prepared information model of security risk assessment of a protected object based on the fuzzy logic to support the airport security management decisions, as well as for finding a technical solution to eliminate these camera vulnerabilities, or selecting and testing another camera for our mobile technology platform. The results advance our theoretical knowledge and have a praxeological significance for the creation of a technological demonstrator and subsequently a prototype of a smart mobile airport security system. Institutions responsible for the protection of state borders, the fight against illegal migration, smuggling of goods, etc. are also interested in mobile security solutions.

The aim of this article is to point out some peculiarities of airframe corrosion, the impact of external forces on aircraft skin elements and their impact on structural integrity. The corrosion process is generally associated with fatigue of aircraft structural elements due to the effect of many factors such as the type of loading, the properties of the materials, the corro-sive environment, etc. The article is not focused on corrosion processes, but on load factors that are specific to aircraft wing design elements and their influence on corrosion of critical struc-tural elements. Corrosion of the wing is perceived as a consequence of environmental impact on damaged surface protection of the skin and connecting parts (rivets, screws, and welded joints) caused by static and dynamic stress of the wing and also by the interaction of the indi-vidual structural elements as a whole. The dynamics of operation of individual structural ele-ments is further enhanced by the fatigue of the material. Early detection of corrosion processes has generally been and is crucial to overall safety of the aircraft. The proposals presented in the article are formulated in order to improve the system of work to ensure the safety of aircraft operation in terms of resistance to corrosion damage.

The information technology models improving security functioning of crowdfunding platforms and advice on a new type of business were developed. The article solves the problem of safety of crowdfunding platform functioning based on developed models: rating assignment system of unified assessment crowdfunding platforms; startup projects assessment; startup projects risk assessment concerning their financing safety level and criminal law protection of investors against the financial fraud. The models are based on the correct usage of fuzzy logic and fuzzy set device to reveal the uncertainty of experts’ consideration that insures authenticity of scientific results.

The rapid growth of aviation over the past fifty years has resulted in numerous negative environmental impacts due to the combustion of fossil fuels in aircraft engines. This paper presents the relationship between air transport and GHG emissions. Based on data on the development of aviation, the level of GHG emissions from transport, environmental tax revenues and the amount of GDP per capita in the countries of the European Union, an attempt was made to create a typification that would illustrate the interaction of GHG emissions with air transport, environmental taxes and GDP in the years 2009–2018. The next step to confirm the obtained results was the application of statistical methods: the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method of linear ordering and the Perkal index. Based on the study findings, the analyzed countries were divided into three groups: the group of innovators, the stable group and the group of students. The analysis revealed the relationship of all three analyzed variables with air transport. The development of the aviation sector leads to a significant increase in GHG emissions from transport, increased revenues from environmental taxes and acceleration of the rate of economic growth of a country.

PURPOSE: The aim of the research was to identify the relation between flight operations conducted in the summer and winter seasons, and dangerous occurrences which took place then., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The research involved the indicator method used in time series analysis. The interdependence between the quantitative variables was determined with the use of the Pearson line correlation coefficient. Statistical data for the analyses was obtained from the European Coordination Centre for Accident and Incident Reporting Systems (ECCAIRS) and the Polish Civil Aviation Authority., RESULTS: Relations were identified between the variables of the number of passengers carried, the number of flight operations conducted, adverse aviation occurrences in 2010-2017, and the winter and summer seasons of the year. The results indicate that these variables are interrelated., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The approach employed in analysing the relation between the variables concerned can be applied to processes of pro-active civil aviation safety management., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The approach to analysing the variables shown in the paper has not been widely presented in the literature to date., peer-reviewed

The implementation of the aviation tasks, including the preparatory ones, is a difficult, complex task requiring from the aviation personnel a high level of general, technical, and specialist knowledge and a wide range of skills, appropriate to the type of technical tools and systems being at the disposal of the aviation personnel as well as the complexity and difficulty of their tasks. Particular importance is currently attached to the development of training devices used in the basic training and in-service training of the aviation personnel. The authors have referred to the role of simulators in achieving the desired level of specialist competence by flight personnel, including, among others, such issues as aircraft simulators development, and their application in the aviation training; aircraft simulators classification in accordance with current aviation regulations; essential functions performed by aviation simulators; flight simulator is an essential tool for basic and in-service training of the aviation personnel.

Obtaining zinc coatings by the batch hot-dip galvanizing process currently represents one of the most effective and economical methods of protecting steel products and structures against corrosion. The batch hot-dip galvanizing process has been used for over 150 years, but for several decades, there has been a dynamic development of this technology, the purpose of which is to improve the efficiency of zinc use and reduce its consumption and improve the quality of the coating. The appropriate selection of the chemical composition of the galvanizing bath enables us to control the reactivity of steel, improve the drainage of liquid zinc from the product surface, and reduce the amount of waste, which directly affects the quality of the coating and the technology of the galvanizing process. For this purpose, the effect of many alloying additives to the zinc bath on the structure and thickness of the coating was tested. The article reviews the influence of various elements introduced into the bath individually and in different configurations, discusses the positive and negative effects of their influence on the galvanizing process. The current development in the field of the chemical composition of galvanizing baths is also presented and the best-used solutions for the selection and management of the chemical composition of the bath are indicated.

One of the praxeological problems of safe and sustainable air transport (airfreight transport/air cargo, and air passenger transport) is the prevention and management of risks by competent staff, with the support of modern information and communication technologies. This paper presents an educational information model and software for the airport network and information systems risk assessment, primarily intended for aviation education and training of professionals for ensuring safe and sustainable air transport. The solution to the problem is based on the application of the fuzzy logic method in the air transport environment. Based on a fuzzy expert model, the selected scenario, and the input data established separately for airport assets by a group of 23 experts from aviation practice and a university, the following three assessments of airport network information system assets were constructed: Asset A2 (meteorological information systems) has an insignificant risk with an estimated 0.1162, and assets A1 (air traffic control and management (ATM), navigational aids and approach) and A3 (runway monitoring system) received a low risk of airport network and information systems (NIS) security with ratings of 0.2623 and 0.2915, respectively. An airport NIS risk assessment was aggregated (0.2288), indicating a low degree of security risk to the airport&rsquo, s network and information systems. The aggregated risk assessment of airport NIS, including financial loss data, was calculated as 0.1438, representing a low degree of security risk to the airport&rsquo, s network and information systems. Scenarios for evaluating airport assets are changing for students during education. The results of the developed model and its software will be part of the Simulation Center of the Faculty of Aeronautics.

In its development, air transport is obliged to take into account guidelines related to its sustainability. An important element thereof consists of making sure that the working conditions for all the workers employed in this sector are safe and healthy. The aim of this research was to analyze the relationship between the attitude towards safety and the perceived feeling of threat in the workplace among respondents belonging to the airport ground staff occupational group. The research verified the following: 1. whether a relationship exists between the safety attitude (in the following dimensions: affective, cognitive, and behavioral) and the feeling of threat in the workplace (in the following dimensions: internal discomfort related to the fear of potential threats, the fear of current threats, and seeking to avoid threats), 2. whether attitudes towards safety act as predictors of the feeling of threat in the workplace. A total of 299 individuals took part in the research. Purposive sampling was used, based on criteria related to the respondents being members of airport ground staff. The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire by M. Znajmiecka-Sikora was used in the research. The feeling of threat was assessed using Feeling of Threat at Work Questionnaire by Mamcarz. The results obtained confirmed the assumed negative correlation between the main variables, and at the same time they revealed that among the studied safety attitude components, only the affective component makes it possible to predict the general feeling of threat, being its negative predictor (&beta, = &minus, 0.14, s.e. = 0.33, t = &minus, 2.27, p = 0.024). The affective component of the safety attitude also constituted a negative predictor of one of the dimensions of the studied feeling of threat, namely seeking to avoid threats (&beta, 0.22, s.e. = 0.17, 3.66, p &lt, 0.001).

Environmental risks, in particular climate change and environmental pollution, are among the key challenges faced by modern governments nowadays. Environmental risks are associated with specific costs and expenditures necessary to mitigate their negative effects. In this context, the financial system plays a significant role, particularly the public financial system, which allocates and redistributes public resources and has an impact on market participants by imposing environmental taxes. This study assessed the interdependence between environmental degradation and public expenditure, financial sector development, environmental taxes, and related socioeconomic policies. The aim was to diagnose and define the relationship between environmental degradation and sustainable fiscal instruments used in the financial system. The original research approach adopted in the study is the inclusion of variables representing a sustainable approach to assessment of the financial system. Two groups of European Union countries were analyzed for the period 2008–2017, namely, converging economies from Central and Eastern Europe and the largest developed economies of Western Europe. The authors found a strong relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and fiscal instruments, especially expenditure on research and development, and the development of the financial sector. In the case of environmental taxes, their impact differed depending on the country, being predominantly beneficial in countries with higher greenhouse gas emissions but unfavorable in countries with lower emissions levels.

In this paper, aircraft safety of complex critical systems in terms of the automation and safety has been investigated. We think, due to the automation, the role of operators has shifted from active control to passive monitoring. Performing this last task even might be more difficult because of the monotony and needs of realization of the active control in emergency situation. The management of complex ergatic systems is relevant at the present stage of the development of science and technology. It is a particular concern to evaluate the activity of an operator as the element of the ergatic system. New technologies presented by automation should complement and not displace human functions in aircraft control. The paper focuses on new technologies applied in aircraft systems to ensure higher safety and system reliability. The main problem of aircraft safety is addressed to aircraft critical systems as helicopter transmission system monitoring, aircraft system integration, and system redundancy. The research is based on experimental methods and case studies. The subject of the research is to evaluate the importance of complex ergatical systems, e.g., interaction between the subject and the object in its operational process. As the example of helicopter main gearbox diagnostics, as an object of complex engineering system, is stated hypothesis that there is possibility to determine changes in the characteristics of critical flight parameters and to determine the current level of flight hazard. The work is based on experimental and measurement-based testing, systematic and scientific procedure of data collection, analysis and interpretation. The practical implication can be utilized for safety benefits, risk mitigation and avoidance.

Polish airspace is available on equal terms to all its users. Due to the increasing air traffic airspace structure and the system of airspace, management should constantly improve, taking into account the provisions of international and national conditions. The article looks at issues in the management of airspace in order to increase the efficiency of the use of Polish airspace while maintaining an appropriate level of air traffic safety during flight operations by military and civilian aircraft.

Single Point Positioning (SPP) method is widely used in air, marine, and land navigation to determine the user’s position in real time and post factum. A typical accuracy for this method of determining the user’s position in the static mode is approximately 10 meters. In air operations, the SPP method accuracy can be several times lower and that may cause problems with precise positioning of an aircraft. The authors of this article presented preliminary results of research concerning aircraft positioning in the kinematic mode based on GPS observations. For this purpose, an in-flight experiment, in which a Cessna 172 aircraft was used, was performed at the airport in Mielec, Poland. The aircraft was equipped with a dual-frequency Topcon TPS HiperPro receiver, which was recording satellite observations with 1-second interval. The aircraft position was determined using the least-squares method (LSM) in the RTKLIB (RTKPOST module) software. Two research tests were performed within the scope of the experiment, i.e. in test I the aircraft position was determined on the basis of raw GPS observations and the broadcast ephemeris data whereas in test II precision products of the IGS were used, such as: precise ephemeris SP3, DCB hardware delay, clock bias data of GPS satellites and receivers in the CLK format, data of the ionosphere maps based on IONEX format, and phase center calibration of GPS satellites and receivers in the ANTEX format. The use of the IGS precision products improved the accuracy of the X coordinate to 1 m, Y to 0.7 m and Z to 1.3 m. On the basis of tests I and II, an additional RMS-3D parameter was determined, whose mean value was 4 m.

This article examines airbases as organizational units of the Polish Air Force from the perspective of executing logistical processes, with a particular emphasis on multirole aircraft maintenance processes. We selected air force bases that deal with multirole aircraft in order to become acquainted with the opinions of service processing executors. The observations of most immediate executors of the processes allow us to examine the possibilities for their enhancement and development. We presented the dependencies between different factors occurring in logistics processes, and their relationships and conditionings [3, 6, 7]. We described these factors using comparative parameters by means of the analysis and tools recommended in the science of management [2, 3, 8], while the collected material was developed using statistical tools and computer software [1]. The article is illustrated with numerous pictures and tables.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a fuzzy model of the risk assessment for environmental start-up projects in the air transport sector at the stage of business expansion. The model developed for the following software will be a useful tool for the risk decision support system of investment funds in financing environmental start-up projects at the stage of market conquest. Developing a quantitative risk assessment for environmental start-up projects for the air transport sector will increase the resilience of making risk decisions about their financing by the investors. In this paper, a set of 21 criteria for assessing the risk of launching environmental start-up projects in the air transport sector were formulated for the first time by presenting inputs in the form of a linguistic risk assessment and the number of credible expert considerations. The fuzzy risk assessment model, based on expert knowledge, uses linguistic variables, reveals the uncertainty of the input data, and displays a risk assessment with linguistic interpretation. The result of the paper is a fuzzy model that is embedded in a generalized algorithm and tested in an example risk assessment of environmental start-up projects in the air transport sector.

The article presents an assessment of the long-term variability of storm activity in the aspect of potential threats to aircraft. The analysis of data from the period 1970−2018 was conducted for selected airports in Poland: Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, IATA code: GDN, ICAO code: EPGD (54°22′39″N 18°27′59″E, altitude above sea level 149 m above sea level); Solidarity Szczecin- Goleniow Airport, IATA code: SZZ, ICAO code: EPSC (53°35′05″ N 14°54′08″ E, altitude above sea level 47 m above sea level); Poznań-Ławica Henryk Wieniawski Airport, IATA code: POZ, ICAO code: EPPO (52°25′16″ N 16°49′35″ E, altitude above sea level 94 m above sea level); Warsaw Chopin Airport, IATA code: WAW, ICAO code: EPWA (52°09′57″ N 20°58′02″ E, altitude above sea level 110 m above sea level); Copernicus Airport Wrocław, IATA code: WRO, ICAO code: EPWR (51°06′10″ N 16°53′10″ E, altitude above sea level 123 m above sea level); John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice, IATA code: KRK, ICAO code: EPKK (50°04′40″ N 19°47′06″ E, altitude above sea level 241 m above sea level). The purpose of this paper is to assess the long-term variability of storm activity in the aspect of potential threats to air operations in Poland with the examples of six selected airports. In order to achieve the goal, an analysis of the frequency of storm phenomena in Poland was carried out both in annual and long- term terms. The analysis will allow the assessment of the geographical diversity of the distribution of storm phenomena and their variability in the years 1970−2018. The next stage of the work will be to determine the climatic conditions that exert the greatest impact on the formation of storms. The important factors include atmospheric circulation, which, over the Polish territory, is shaped by the influence of air masses from the Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic Sea and in addition, from the vast continental area. All these air masses clash over the area of Poland causing large variability in the frequency of occurrence of hazardous atmospheric phenomena. For this reason, the Polish climate is defined as a moderate warm climate with transitory features. The important factors affecting regional diversity are local conditions, such as terrain, nature of the land, and distance from water reservoirs. The thermal, humidity and aerodynamic properties of the substrate, which are components of radiation processes, determine the exchange of energy at the interface between the atmosphere and the earth, and largely determine the intensity of selected hazardous atmospheric phenomena. Each occurrence of a storm is a potentially dangerous meteorological event that threatens the environment and human activities, including all types of transport. The studied phenomenon of storms is particularly dangerous for air transport. Literature shows that storm phenomena in Poland are characterized by a large regional diversity, both during the year and over many years. The greatest threat of storm phenomena occurs in the warm period of the year—spring and summer.

The purpose of this paper is to develop an applied fuzzy model of information technology to obtain quantitative estimates of environmental start-up projects in air transport. The developed model will become a useful tool for venture funds, business angels, or crowdfunding platforms for the development of innovative air transport businesses. Obtaining a quantitative estimate of the environmental start-up projects will increase the sustainability of the decision making on the security of financing of such projects by investors. This article develops a fuzzy evaluation model of project start-ups in air transport as an application of our neuro-fuzzy model in a specific air transport environment. The applied model provides output ranking of start-up project teams in air transport based on a four-layer neuro-fuzzy network. The presented model declares the possibilities of the application to solve these economic problems and offers the space for subsequent research focused on its usability in several areas of start-up development, in sectors and processes differentiated. The benefits are also visible for several types of policies, with an emphasis on decision-making processes in regulatory mechanisms to support the state funding in Slovakia, the EU etc.

This article focuses on the analysis of the military links with local communities in the context of sustainable development, in particular the social and economic aspects of development. The aim of the article is to identify and characterize the links between military units and entities in the local environment on the example of selected municipalities in Poland and to assess these links in the opinion of residents, local authorities, and soldiers. Between military units and local communities, there are relations of different nature and intensity, conditioned by internal and external factors. The military stationed on the territory of individual municipalities makes a direct and indirect contribution to building the social and economic potential of these places, as well as providing public goods in the form of the national defence. The links between the military and local communities are discussed in the source literature with reference to examples from different countries. While the scale and scope of these links vary, these impacts follow similar patterns.

The paper deals with chemical anti-icing and de-icing fluids applied to runway and aircraft surfaces to prevent frost and remove the existing layer of ice. It focuses on the physical properties of these chemicals and the way they are applied. The impact of these substances on the structure of the brakes, the structure of the airport pavement and the environment is the result of the research carried out by the authors. Based on this research authors shoved that de-icing chemical substances applied on airside pavements and airfield areas have a negative influence, cause deterioration of these areas and aircraft components.

Reaction time monitoring is currently routine in medicine and psychological practice. Monitoring of human reflexes concerning rapidly changing external visual stimuli in means of transport is one of the basic research activities in transportation sciences. These activities allow transfer of knowledge and innovations into practice. Human factors, especially in the aviation, can lead to significant fatalities. Selection of suitable candidates to perform such psychologically demanding occupation requires utilization of new testing tools and procedures. The basic idea to develop a device to measure reaction time was to offer suitable tool to physicians and research workers to explore human sensomotorics. The paper describes development of a new device to measure reaction time.

The article was written on basis of Flight safety brochures published by the Polish Air Force Academy from 1975 to 1998. The first part is dedicated for actual training process of the Polish military pilots. The second component focuses on the main causes of the occurrence of aircraft accidents in units of the Polish Air Force Academy in concerned period of time. The further part of the article is dedicated to analysis of aircraft accidents occurred in military aviation training units in years 1970–1994.

At present, several studies exist describing the relevance of human factor in air transport with main focus on pilots and flight safety. Within such studies, monitoring of physiological functions is used. There are lot of physiological parameters and methods of their assessment; however, they are mostly based on principles originating from clinical practice. Yet, sensitivity and specificity of these methods with regard to assessment of aviation professionals — pilots is unknown. Therefore, this paper is oriented towards description of the most common methods for physiological parameters assessment. The paper also describes evaluation methods, which are on experimental level in terms of physiological data evaluation, namely recurrent quantification analysis. Within the research carried out, sample group of pilots was subjected to measurement for evaluation of their psychophysiological condition and performance. Selected evaluation methods were applied on the collected data and importance of those parameters and methods, which provided best classification for level of psychophysiological stress, was evaluated by means of statistical analyses. The results indicate that the most important physiological parameter for psychophysiological condition assessment of pilots is heart electrical activity where the possibility to perform signal processing whilst preserving its importance is provided by linear methods in the time and frequency domain, or alternatively by non-linear methods utilizing recurrent quantification analysis.

Technology has played a major developmental role in the case of jet air training. The paper is analyzing the current advanced jet trainer systems in terms of training system capability to produce pilots ready for 4th and 5th generation fighters. The supporting elements of modern system training are also analyzed.