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Underground mines are a vital part of the European raw material industry. The subsurface mining process is related to the large-scale development of underground structures like tunnels, chambers, workings, etc. These structures are abandoned or liquidated during the process of exploitation or after the termination of works. Still, due to the unique environment, post-mining facilities may be adopted for different purposes. There are few examples of implementations of this capacity in practical terms such as underground laboratories (ULs), energy storages, landfills of dangerous wastes, or food production plants. Unfortunately, the unique environment offered by underground space is also related to the occurrence of exceptional hazards, like seismicity and ground control problems, gases, floods, the lack of natural ventilation, and high temperatures. This results in low interest in investing in such facilities. Within this paper, some ways to repurpose underground mines have been presented, and possible challenges that need to be faced have been described. An extensive database of threats to post-mining repurposing and ways to mitigate them has been prepared based on surveys and interviews conducted with representatives of currently existing Uls and mining companies and a literature review. Finally, this manuscript provides a general look at post-mining infrastructure in Europe’s current situation and in the future.

Callio SpaceLab is an initiative for international space testing, R&D for future human space exploration. SpaceLab's extremely confined environment of the mine and surroundings provide testbeds to simulate human space exploration, analogue astronaut training and experiences for space research and systems in extreme environments on Earth.Many steps need to be taken here on Earth to put a (hu)man on the Moon and later on Mars. The Earth-based simulation environments are called Terrestrial analogue sites or space analogues. Some analogues are more general, but some have characteristics similar to the extra-terrestrial conditions: e.g., Venus has an analogue environment at Mt. Etna (1), Italy, Mars at Atacama desert (2), Chile and Moon (3), Mauna Kea, Hawai, USA.Space analogues research covers many topics ranging from testing of habitats and other constructions, fieldwork, in-situ resource utilisation and vehicles; some concentrate on low gravity (simulated, e.g., in pools) and confinement from the existing world in enclosed environments.Callio SpaceLab is a concept being developed at the Pyhäsalmi mine, Finland. It is one of Europe’s deepest (1.4 km) base metal mines. The underground mining ended in 8/2022, but that is just the beginning. The Pyhäjärven Callio is developing the site for a second life, including underground pumped-hydro energy storage, a solar park, FUTUREMINE testing environment for autonomous mining equipment, and more (4,5). Research activities are coordinated by the University of Oulu´s Kerttu Saalasti Institute.In order to survive on the extraterrestrial landscapes Moon and Mars, one needs to bring enough protection to sustain life and activities. Mine is a suitable terrestrial analogue test environment for confinement studies, biology, astrobiology, in-situ resource utilisation, scientific drilling, rover testing (inclines up to1:7), communications systems testing, space design-, art- and culture projects, etc. (6). The mine has extensive connectivity. Deep space communications can be simulated for different missions, from spaceflights to extraterrestrial bases and activities both on surfaces and in the depth of space objects and celestial bodies.The site´s hosting rock is a massive volcanogenic sulfide (VMS) deposit formed 1.9 Ga (7). Exploration drilling has found saline water pockets dated at least 30 Ma old. The water samples have shown traces of bacteria common to deep subsurface environments (8). ReferencesGabriel V., et al. Mineralogy and Spectroscopy of Mount Etna Lava Flows as an Analogue to Venus. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022LPICo2678.2255E Azua-Bustos A., et al. The Atacama Desert in Northern Chile as an Analog Model of Mars. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2021.810426 Inge IL ten K., et al. Mauna Kea, Hawaii, as an Analog Site for Future Planetary Resource Exploration: Results from the 2010 ILSO-ISRU Field-Testing Campaign. Journal of Aerospace Engineering. https://doi:10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000200 Callio - Mine for Business. 2023. https://callio.info Joutsenvaara J., et al. Callio Lab - the deep underground research centre in Finland, Europe. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012166 Tenetz A., More than Planet - Deep residency and workshop, creative Eu-project - 2022-2025. http://www.photonorth.fi/fi/projektit/more-than-planet/ Imaña M, et al., 3D modeling for VMS exploration in the Pyhäsalmi district, Central Finland in. In: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial SGA Meeting. 2013. p. 12–5. Miettinen H, et al., Microbiome composition and geochemical characteristics of deep subsurface high-pressure environment, Pyhasalmi mine Finland. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2015.01203

Callio Lab is a multidisciplinary research centre operating at the Pyhäsalmi mine in Finland and it is coordinated by the Kerttu Saalasti Institute of the University of Oulu. The Callio Lab team is responsible for hosting, facilitating, and supporting field trials conducted at the Pyhäsalmi site during the EU funded H2020 project GoldenEye. They are also involved in evaluating the piloted techniques, which includes providing ground truths and other comparative data that can be used for validation. The field trials include pilots such as monitoring the stability of tailing ponds and the deployment of an underground simulated GNSS system. The Pyhäsalmi mine is a prime location for testing remote sensing and positioning technologies in a real-world mining setting, as the environment encompasses many key elements that can be found in mines around the world: active and closed open pits of various steepness, ore and waste rock piles, tailing ponds in various states of use, and a multifaceted landscape. Callio Lab and its predecessor CUPP (the Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi) have a long-standing history of cooperation with the mining company, which affords easy access to the area and the possibility of using historical datasets spanning decades. We will be presenting how the Callio Lab environment at the Pyhäsalmi mine can serve as a field trial site in projects such as GoldenEye. This work has been supported by the project Earth observation and Earth GNSS data acquisition and processing platform for safe, sustainable and cost-efficient mining operations (Goldeneye) ID: 869398, Horizon 2020.

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)-based navigation services are widely used above ground in open-pit mining operations for safety management, process optimalization and fleet management. Extending these location-based services (LBS) to underground operations may increase efficiency and safety in mining, underground research and development, as well as, in mine reuse projects. Numerous different methods and technologies have been proposed and utilized for positioning and navigation in indoor areas and underground tunnels. Depending on the detection technology, there have been four main categories of LBS with varying levels of complexity and accuracy: 1) inertial navigation systems, 2) radio frequency (RF) based positioning, 3) multi-sensor (hybrid) navigation and 4) pseudolite-based positioning. The main motivation for deploying GNSS technology in underground conditions is to utilize the already existing, robust infrastructure, with simple off-the-shelf receiver devices. The tested system has high potential to enable high accuracy positioning in traditional GNSS-denied areas. The simulated underground GNSS approach is tested in a 400-meter-deep tunnel section in the Pyhäsalmi mine located in Northern Finland. At the test site, 17 signal emulators have been installed in a 200-meter-long mine tunnel to provide GNSS access. The goal is to test the simulated underground GNSS and its ability to support a wide range of common above-ground GNSS end-user devices and services. These may include applications for worker safety, mine environment monitoring and operational efficiency. The accuracy, reliability and coverage of the tested system will affect its usability significantly. In this paper, we measure positioning accuracy in different underground conditions and environments, assess applicability of a hybrid positioning approach using WLAN supported services, and test functionality of the system with common GNSS devices. The collected positioning data is analyzed with spatial analyses and statistics in geographic information systems. Results of the study will indicate how GNSS emulation techniques could be adopted to deep underground spaces and what are the possible development needs of the technology. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 innovation programme under grant agreement number: 839398.

Monitoring the stability of mine structures, such as tailing ponds and open-pits, is crucial for ensuring the safety of personnel on-site and for preventing environmental accidents. This must be done, not only during the active operation of a mine, but also during possible reuse phases, and even after closure. Currently, monitoring the structural stability of the mining area relies heavily on manually conducted RTK-GNSS-based measurements of established control points. While this is a precise and relatively simple technique, it does pose a limit to how many control points can feasibly be monitored, as using tens or even hundreds of control points is time-intensive and laborious. Consequently, monitoring larger areas and areas requiring frequent measuring can be challenging. A remote monitoring option would also remove the element of danger that comes from having to reach control points in possibly unstable areas. InSAR appears to be an alternative for measuring terrain displacements in large, mining areas. Some limitations remain, as terrain coverage and weather conditions in northern latitudes can hinder InSAR analysis. The Callio Lab research centre at the Pyhäsalmi mine in Finland has been chosen as a test site for InSAR measurements conducted during the EU H2020-funded GoldenEye project. InSAR is used to measure terrain displacement as a result of geomorphologic changes during the summer and autumn of 2022. Additionally, InSAR analysis will be carried out using a network of corner reflectors during winter 2023. InSAR measurements will be evaluated and compared to drone imagery-based photogrammetric Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and field observations. Supplementary RTK-GNSS measurements are planned to be used to control the stability of selected control points. Results will provide valuable insight about InSAR usability for long-term monitoring in northern latitudes in mine environments, as well as, knowledge related to weather and terrain conditions required for obtaining reliable InSAR. Results will also touch on the main challenges faced when using InSAR in such an environment. This work has been supported by project Earth observation and Earth GNSS data acquisition and processing platform for safe, sustainable and cost-efficient mining operations (Goldeneye) ID: 869398, Horizon 2020.

The sulfidic sulfur contained in the host rocks and mining waste leads to strong acid mine drainage processes in the mining landscapes of Trepca, Kosovo and Pyhasalmi, Finnland. In the present, the water quality is usually monitored by discrete sampling and analysis of dissolved metal particles and other chemical parameters. Not only is this a cost- and time-consuming process, but the assessment takes place only on discrete locations.The main aim of this application is to elaborate the suitability of multispectral remote sensing (R/S) data from different sensors for area-wide identification and quantitative mapping of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) constituents such as dissolved iron concentration (Fe3+), pH value etc. in water bodies. The potential for mining waste to be subject to AMD processes is also being investigated through area-wide quantitative mapping of the sulfate content (SO₄2-) in solid ground.In this framework, water and solid ground samples were collected to calibrate and validate the supervised machine learning algorithm of Artificial Neural networks (ANN), used for the identification of dependencies between the multispectral R/S data and the ground measurements. The ANNs of multilayer perceptron type (MLP) is implemented in the advangeo® 2D Prediction software from Beak Consultants GmbH (www.advangeo.com). The modelling and prediction software analyses complex non-linear relationships between a wide variety of spatial controlling parameters and natural complex processes or occurrences, by using methods of artificial intelligence within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment.In the mining landscapes of Artana 1 & 2 and Kelmend, AKG has allocated and analysed about 20 water samples and 15 soil samples between May – August 2022 in two field campaigns, whereas low pH values (3 – 4), dissolved iron concentrations up to 25 mg/L and sulfate contents up to 28474 mg/kg have been recorded. Because of the small-scale features in the mining landscapes, high-resolution multispectral images from Worldview-3 and time-series of drone-based acquisitions are used as controlling parameters for the modelling process.In the tailing pond of Pyhasalmi and the surrounding water environment, the Oulu University has allocated and analysed about 60 water samples between June – October 2022 in two field campaigns. Low pH values (3 – 4), dissolved iron concentrations up to 1800 mg/L and sulfate contents up to 2200 mg/l have been recorded. In this case, medium-resolution multispectral images from Sentinel-2 (Level-1C TOA and Level-2A BOA products) and high-resolution images from Worldview-3 are used as controlling parameters for the modelling process.In all scenarios, the imagery was acquired during similar time frames as the sampling, to ensure that the measured water / soil grounds parameters correspond to the surface reflectance information.In the study, advantages and limitations of different multispectral imaging sensors are elaborated. The newly established dependencies from the ANN models can be used to perform area-wide monitoring of AMD processes in time-series, drastically reducing the need for terrestrial measurements in the future.The paper has been prepared in the frame of the Horizon 2020 co-funded project GOLDENEYE, which has received funds through the Grant Agreement 869398.

One of the northernmost deep underground laboratories (DULs) in Europe can be found at Callio Lab, operating at the Pyhäsalmi Mine in Finland. What began as purely an underground physics centre in the early 2000s has been expanded into an international, multi- and transdisciplinary research centre known as Callio Lab. Its activities are coordinated by the University of Oulu Kerttu Saalasti Institute (KSI). Callio Lab is a founding member of the European Underground Laboratories Association, a part of the DULIA network, and a part of the national FIN-EPOS research infrastructure network. [1].With underground mining ending in spring 2022, Callio Lab is a key element of the repurposing activities conducted under the CALLIO - Mine for Business concept. CALLIO will continue activities at the mine-site until at least 2025 [2]. Owing to the unique environment and circumstances, Callio Lab research can be conducted underground at seven deep underground laboratories found at various depths, as well as above-ground [3].Callio Lab has conducted and facilitated research in fields ranging from particle physics and geosciences to underground food production and remote sensing. The operating environment presents versatile opportunities also in the study of circular economy, muography, and space and planetary sciences. Notable projects at Callio Lab have included the international EIT RM funded MINETRAIN, Interreg Baltic Sea Region funded BSUIN, and H2020 funded GoldenEye projects [4-6].The operating environment at Callio Lab is well-known due to characterisation activities conducted during previous projects, datasets acquired from decades of research, and an extensive microseismic monitoring network. Callio Lab has a logistically ideal location, and the DULs themselves can be accessed via the incline tunnel or elevator shaft. The existing infrastructure and facilities, in-depth understanding and application of underground risk management and conditions, and well-established operating methodology ensures Callio Lab the capacity to successfully operate and facilitate a wide range of activities. [1,3].[1] Callio Lab, www.oulu.fi/en/callio-lab, 11 Jan 2022[2] Mine for Business – Callio – Pyhäjärvi, Finland, www.callio.info, 1 Jan 2022[3] Callio Lab – Underground Center for Science and R&D, www.calliolab.com, 11 Jan 2022[4] MINETRAIN, www.minetrain.eu, 8 Jan 2021[5] Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network, www.bsuin.eu, 11 Jan 2022[6] GoldenEye EU H2020 funded project, www.goldeneye-project.eu, 11 Jan 2022

An isolated but highly connected underground mine can be used as an analogue environment for the astronauts operating without sight to the home planet and with limited connectivity to the psychologically-important “home”. Similarly to the real-world space mission, the Earth-bound analogue mission can be run with limited resources, i.e., just enough for the duration of the mission. Such a location is available in Pyhäjärvi, Finland.The conceptualisation of the use of the Pyhäsalmi mine as an analogue environment for space missions started in 2017 with an idea of a Marscape environment to be developed in the old part of the mine. The 1.4-km-deep base metal mine is ending its underground ore extraction (zinc, copper and pyrite as main products) in 2022. The concept is branded as Callio SpaceLab 1, and it has been developed by the Univerisity of Oulu, Finland, in cooperation with international partners. The Callio SpaceLab is part of the underground research centre Callio Lab 2, and it is one of the strategic research infrastructures of the University of Oulu.The mine is located within a volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit 3, with known mineralisation reaching a depth of 1.4 km. Deep overpressured ancient water-conducting fracture zones have occasionally been intersected by drilling. Water of this kind is accessible through a high-pressure valve system, making further analyses possible, especially from the astrobiological point of view.The vast tunnel network with more than 100 km of tunnels, old main levels and operational areas give room for any activities ranging from technological testing to having analogue astronauts in total isolation. With the optical baseline and copper and wireless access, personnel and monitoring activities are possible through a 1+GB on-site internet connection, from the surface or securely through a VPN access. Moreover, there are two underground, hydroponic greenhouses built at the 660 m level. These can be used for analogue missions. The well-known geology gives many possibilities for scientific drilling, on-site analysis, and possibly in-situ resource utilisation.The multidisciplinary University of Oulu has turned its eye to the stars. Many earthbound research topics are being evaluated from the space exploration viewpoint. These include mining technologies and processes 4, such as free crushing and comminution 5, dry beneficiation, digital construction, and geophysical methodologies.We will present the possibilities brought by the Callio SpaceLab environment to the selected earthbound research topics and applications of space exploration.1) Joutsenvaara, J. et al. The deep underground Callio SpaceLab, Finland - Sustainable living, sustaining life. EGUGA EGU21-14129 (2021).2) Jalas, P. et al. Callio Lab, a new deep Underground Laboratory in the Pyhäsalmi mine. in Journal of Physics: Conference Series vol. 888 (2017).3) Mäki, T. et al The Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi VMS Belt. in Mineral Deposits of Finland 507–530 (Elsevier Inc., 2015). doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-410438-9.00020-0.4) Oulu Mining School University of Oulu. https://www.oulu.fi/en/university/faculties-and-units/faculty-technology/oulu-mining-school.5) Hugger crusher. University of Oulu (2020).

Meteorological-tsunami-like (or meteotsunami-like) periodic oscillation was muographically detected with the Tokyo-Bay Seafloor Hyper-Kilometric Submarine Deep Detector (TS-HKMSDD) deployed in the underwater highway called the Trans-Tokyo Bay Expressway or Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line (TBAL). It was detected right after the arrival of the 2021 Typhoon-16 that passed through the region 400 km south of the bay. The measured oscillation period and decay time were respectively 3 hours and 10 hours. These measurements were found to be consistent with previous tide gauge measurements. Meteotsunamis are known to take place in bays and lakes, and the temporal and spatial characteristics of meteotsunamis are similar to seismic tsunamis. However, their generation and propagation mechanisms are not well understood. The current result indicates that a combination of muography and trans-bay or trans-lake underwater tunnels will offer an additional tool to measure meteotsunamis at locations where tide gauges are unavailable.

Funding Information: This work has been supported in part by the EU INTERREG for the Baltic Sea programme within the BSUIN project, and by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Grant no. Funding Information: This work has been supported in part by the EU INTERREG for the Baltic Sea programme within the BSUIN project, and by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Grant no. 3988/INTERREG BSR/2018/2). Publisher Copyright: © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons. Preliminary results from a 349-day run (live time) with a 565 kg Pb target and a 166-day background measurement are presented. Three minor anomalies were detected in muon-suppressed neutron multiplicity spectra. The multiplicities of these small excesses match the outcome of an earlier, similar but independent measurement. The nature of the anomalies remains unclear, but, in principle, they may be a signature of self-annihilation of a Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) with a mass around 10 GeV/c2. If our interpretation is correct, the expected cross section would be of the order of 10-42 cm2 for Spin Dependent and 10-46 cm2 for Spin Independent interactions. Analysis of the event rate, based on the statistical uncertainty, indicates that cross-section limits for Dark Matter (DM) mass range of approximately 3-40 GeV/c2 can be investigated with an upgraded NEMESIS setup.

Globally there are more than 75 identified scientific underground facilities or laboratories. Underground laboratories or underground research mines are related to 400.000 scientific publications in the Web of Science since 1975. Underground laboratories are commonly located in operational or closed mines, tunnel systems, or built for this specific purpose. It is clear that a wide variety of disciplines and research units apply these facilities. However, it is unclear what is the thematic distribution in research by laboratories at a global scale, or what is the geographic distribution of the scientific communities applying the facilities? In practice, do, e.g. political borders or distance play a role in this?Understanding prevailing and potential market areas of underground laboratories and research mines for research communities applying these facilities are key elements in developing the use and utilisation of such facilities. Again, it is important to get a better knowledge of the structures, networks, and thematic emphasise of these research communities to understand their requirements and expectations for the underground research infrastructures. This study aims to deepen the knowledge in this field by geocoding teams and units published research, which applied underground facilities. Geographic information systems (GIS) and geocoding functions are applied to build a network between underground laboratories and research teams using all recognised underground research from the web of knowledge. Preliminary analysis indicates that underground laboratories may have a large global scientific user network, but the relatively active network of a few key partner institutes.The research is supported by the Interreg Baltic Sea programme funded Empowering Underground Laboratories network usage – EUL and the Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network (BSUIN) projects.

Callio Lab is a unique research infrastructure operating at the Pyhäsalmi Mine in Finland [1]. It is coordinated by the University of Oulu Kerttu Saalasti Institute (KSI) [2]. Callio Lab is a key component of the larger CALLIO -Mine for Business concept aiming at repurposing the mine area into an economically feasible multidisciplinary operating environment [3]. Underground mining ends in autumn 2021 after which CALLIO continues to host activities at the mine-site until at least 2025. Callio Lab has provided unique environments for fields of research ranging from physics and geosciences to underground food production and construction. As of spring 2021, Callio Lab has served as the host site for numerous international projects such as MINETRAIN, Goldeneye, and BSUIN. The MINETRAIN project developed intensive training courses for mining professionals through a holistic approach to the mine lifecycle [4]. Goldeneye is creating an artificial intelligence platform to improve safety, efficiency and profitability of mine sites in Europe [5]. BSUIN was headed by KSI and it piloted a method of thorough geophysical, structural, organizational and natural background radiation (NBR) characterization, making underground laboratories (UL’s) more accessible for new and current users [6]. Opportunities in the fields of plant-based mineral exploration, geopolymers, circular economy, muography research as well as fire and blasting test sites are also being explored. Launched in 2018, the Callio SPACELAB initiative is dedicated to studies in space and planetary sciences. [1] We have detailed knowledge of the overall geological structures, rock mechanics, and characteristics of the Callio Lab underground environments. This is due to the characterization activities performed during the BSUIN project, collected data materials from previous research, and the extensive microseismic network. Understanding the characteristics of the UL’s is key in understanding the possibilities for R&D and science. [1,6]Callio Lab currently houses seven underground laboratories at different depths ranging from a shallow 75 meters underground all the way to the Main level and bottom of the mine at 1440 meters. There are two routes of access via the incline tunnel or the elevator shaft. The operating environment has good existing infrastructure and facilities, including electrical workshops, maintenance halls, a restaurant, offices, secure high-speed internet access, a logistically ideal single location, as well as the ability to provide innovation support and managing processes. In-depth understanding of underground risk management and the conditions of the working environment make Callio Lab a safe operating environment with vast opportunities and potential to grow into an internationally recognized research institute. [1][1] Callio Lab – Underground Center for Science and R & D, www.calliolab.com, 8 Jan 2021[2] Kerttu Saalasti Institute, www.oulu.fi/ksi-eng, 8 Jan 2021[3] Mine for Business – Callio – Pyhäjärvi, Finland , www.callio.info, 8 Jan 2021[4] MINETRAIN, www.minetrain.eu, 8 Jan 2021[5] GoldenEye EU H2020 funded project, www.goldeneye-project.eu, 8 Jan 2021[6] Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network, www.bsuin.eu, 8 Jan 2021

Underground experimental sites and laboratories are rare and offer unique opportunities for research, development, innovation, education and training, among other usages due to their special boundary conditions. Each underground facility is highly unique in its geological and geophysical characteristics. These sites can be either dedicated infrastructures built for specific usage or mines and parts of mines freed from underground extraction. Since they are usually isolated from environmental influences and, conversely, shield experiments as far as possible from the environment, they offer unique research conditions and possibilities compared to surface laboratories.However, the sustainable operation of such underground experimental sites is not an easy task. Hence, to foster and accommodate the use, scientific collaboration and interdisciplinary scientific research among European underground research facilities, a specialized association has been set up by a number of European partners under the name European Underground Laboratories Association EUL.This association defines its purpose by forming a network between the underground laboratories and client organizations from business, science and administration sectors. The goal is to bundle and develop existing competencies, and thus providing a common platform for members and prospective researchers and costumers on order to share and exchange information and experience, and in turn to contribute to the development and implementation of new research projects. As an Europe-wide and internationally active association comprising EU members and non-members, EUL also supports and promotes European integration and international cooperation.This paper provides an overview over the structure and the organisation of EUL, its member institutions and associated underground research laboratories as well as the possibilities the association may offer for its members and interested partners in the fields of:providing a comprehensive overview of the research possibilities and conditions at the different underground sites to clients and the public infrastructure development at the research locations and improvement of research conditions in each underground facility execution of joint research proposals and respective project planning setting up and extending the spread of advertising materials and publications education and training of students, researchers and professionals, enabling the exchange of researchers, professionals and/or students among partnering facilities

Callio Lab, the host of Callio SpaceLab, is a unique underground infrastructure located at the depths of the Pyhäsalmi mine, Finland. It is one of the cornerstones of the ‘Callio – Mine for business’ concept. The Callio concept aims to create and maintain an economically feasible environment for all mine re-purposing activities at the mine site. [1,2].The Pyhäsalmi mine is one of the deepest base metal mines in Europe with a depth of 1.4 km. The underground mining operations are ending in 10/2021. While the mine is closing, new doors open for various underground re-use activities with access 24/7 to underground facilities. With mine-wide optical network access, the re-use activities can be remotely monitored securely online. The mine infrastructure, including its underground facilities, offers a unique testing and analogue simulation environment, for example, for the future Lunar and planetary missions. Such a habitat environment can be used, for example, to develop and test instrumentation (e.g., detectors, drills, tools, and rovers), construction, maintenance, and food, energy and mineral resource production technologies, as well as to study solutions and psychological impacts related to architecture, underground lighting, crew interaction, and team performance. The multidisciplinary University of Oulu, Finland, supports the scientific work at the site. The scientific activities are coordinated by the Kerttu Saalasti Institute of the same university [3]. Currently, six underground laboratories are operational, including cosmic ray monitoring, underground food production (insect -farming, hydroponic greenhouses), underground safety and rescue training, intelligent and biodynamic underground lighting, and isotope analysis facility.The Pyhäsalmi Mine is situated in a volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit formed ca. 1.9 Ga and offers excellent possibilities for testing and simulating resource extraction for future Lunar and planetary missions in a safe and effective manner. Due to the origins of the ore deposit, most wall rocks along the tunnels represent submarine mafic volcanic rocks. Moreover, the rocks contain some ancient saline water pockets. The water samples analysis has shown traces of Firmicute, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria species common in deep subsurface environments. The water pockets are sealed and equipped with valves for future analyses. [4].In our talk, the possibilities and development plans of the Callio SpaceLab are discussed in further detail. [1] Callio Lab – Underground Center for Science and R & D, www.calliolab.com, 8 Jan 2021[2] Mine for Business – Callio – Pyhäjärvi, Finland, www.callio.info, 8 Jan 2021[3] Kerttu Saalasti Institute, www.oulu.fi/ksi-eng, 8 Jan 2021[4] Miettinen H., Kietäväinen R., Sohlberg E., Numminen M., Ahonen L. & Itävaara M.. Microbiome composition and geochemical characteristics of deep subsurface high-pressure environment, Pyhäsalmi mine Finland, Frontiers in Microbiology, p. 1203, Vol 6, 2015.

Being at the phase of entering the new digital era, the mining industry is constantly facing challenges utilizing the introduction of data-oriented and multi-criteria decision-making concepts, demand for real-time solutions and need for experienced staff. Hence, lifelong updating of knowledge and skills of mining experts has become increasingly important and recognized worldwide as a challenge for developing a sustainable mining sector. It is also well acknowledged that an interdisciplinary understanding of mining professionals over the integrated mine value chain is expected to optimize the efficiency of operations and in turn, enhance the feasibility of mining projects. Given also the nature of the vast majority of mining activities, practical know-how is of great importance. There are, however, very few opportunities around the world for hands-on training in real mining conditions, and even less so at actual mine sites.Hence, the idea of transforming abandoned or closing mines into training facilities is becoming more and more attractive among mining industry professionals, academics and researchers. Nevertheless, the theory is far from practice, and such an endeavour is by no means easy. In this concept, the Pyhäsalmi Cu-Zn Mine, in northern Finland is shortly to cease its operations. New activities are being investigated for the post-usage of the mine site. This in mind, Callio has been established as an umbrella organization to offer opportunities for business, development and research projects in the existing unique mine environment. Accordingly, the MINETRAIN project was launched in 2018 to investigate the possibility of utilization of the Pyhäsalmi Mine site for the education of mining experts and students. As a training and educational facility, the Pyhäsalmi mine will provide a globally unique environment, with training possibilities covering topics over the entire Mine Life Cycle; from exploration to mine closure.To test the feasibility of Pyhäsalmi mine as an educational and training site, two pilot training courses have been developed during the last two years in the context of MINETRAIN, namely Mine Life Cycle and Digital Life of a Mine. The participation was tremendous, and the feedback received from the trainees has been highly positive; the obtained worldwide attraction strongly implies a great interest among mining professionals in practical education. Hence, in this paper, the challenges faced and the lessons learnt from the organization of these pilot courses are discussed with respect to the viable transition of Pyhäsalmi mine to an educational and training underground facility.

We present the results of measuring the gamma-ray background performance of Pyhasalmi mine, the deepest one in Europe. Two underground facilities in Lab 2 (1440 m) and Lab 5 (1410 m) were investigated. Based on measurements made in Lab 2 with a low-background HPGe spectrometer, we determined the integral gamma-ray background count rate in the energy range of 40 keV to 2.7 MeV to be 0.095 s–1 kg–1. The minimum detectable activities of some natural and artificial nuclides were less than 0.071 Bq/kg (226Ra), 0.77 Bq/kg (40K) and 0.012 Bq/kg (137Cs). The specific activities of natural nuclides in the shotcrete covering the walls of the Lab 2 were higher than those in the rock: 100.3 Bq/kg (232Th), 161.7 Bq/kg (226Ra) and 1171 Bq/kg (40K) in the shotcrete covering and 47.6 Bq/kg (232Th), 83.1 Bq/kg (226Ra) and 1513 Bq/kg (40K) in the rock. The measurements showed that the gamma-ray background level in Lab 5 is significantly lower than that in Lab 2. The integrated gamma-ray background count rate for the energy range of 40 keV to 2.7 MeV was 0.028 s–1 kg–1 for Lab 5. Purging the measuring chamber of the gamma spectrometer with nitrogen gas at a rate of 0.15 L/h allowed to further improve this parameter to 0.021 s–1 kg–1. In general, the results of this study confirm that the level and energy spectrum of background gamma radiation in the underground facility within the studied energy range is defined mainly by the composition of the walls of the Labs.

We present the calibration strategy for the 20 kton liquid scintillator central detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO). By utilizing a comprehensive multiple-source and multiple-positional calibration program, in combination with a novel dual calorimetry technique exploiting two independent photosensors and readout systems, we demonstrate that the JUNO central detector can achieve a better than 1% energy linearity and a 3% effective energy resolution, required by the neutrino mass ordering determination. [Figure not available: see fulltext.], 0, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Neutron-induced interactions contribute to the signal-mimicking background in deep-underground searches for exotic phenomena such as Dark Matter, neutrino-less double beta decay, proton decay, etc. Apart from radioactive decay, the primary source of neutrons underground are high-energy muons from cosmic showers. While the maximum number of fission neutrons is around six and energies around one MeV, muon-induced interactions may generate hundreds of neutrons, also with high energies. Furthermore, these processes are not yet reproduced in numerical simulations with sufficient reliability. The main goal of the NEMESIS experiment is to improve our knowledge and understanding of cosmic muon-induced neutron production in high-Z targets. NEMESIS (New Emma MEasurementS Including neutronS) is taking data at a depth of 210 m.w.e. in Callio Lab in the Pyhäsalmi mine, Finland. nonPeerReviewed

Muography uses muons naturally produced in the interactions between cosmic rays and atmosphere for imaging and characterization of density differences and time-sequential changes in solid (e.g. rocks) and liquid (e.g. melts ± dissolved gases) materials in scales from tens of metres to up to a few kilometres. In addition to being useful in discovering the secrets of the pyramids, ore prospecting and surveillance of nuclear sites, muography successfully images the internal structure of volcanoes. Several field campaigns have demonstrated that muography can image density changes relating to magma ascent and descent, magma flow rate, magma degassing, the shape of the magma body, an empty conduit diameter, hydrothermal activity and major fault lines. In addition, muography is applied for long-term volcano monitoring in a few selected volcanoes around the world. We propose using muography in volcano monitoring in conjunction with other existing techniques for predicting volcanic hazards. This approach can provide an early indication of a possible future eruption and potentially the first estimate of its scale by producing direct evidence of magma ascent through its conduit in real time. Knowing these issues as early as possible buy critically important time for those responsible for the local alarm and evacuation protocols.

Globally there are various underground facilities or laboratories, which are commonly located in active or closed mines, in tunnel systems or they are built for this specific purpose. There are also a vast number of study groups and researches within several disciplines utilising resources of these facilities. The Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network (BSUIN) develops six such facilities, all having unique characteristics and operational settings. In developing underground laboratories, understanding characteristics, needs and accessibility of research communities applying these facilities is crucial. Aim of this study is to product new knowledge in this field, by analysing research published by this community. Geographic information systems (GIS) is applied to scrutinise the metadata of scientific literature databases. There is a great deal of published research having connection to underground facilities. For example, between years 2009-2018, Scopus database covers over 13,000 articles by over 40,000 authors. Preliminary analysis indicates that a wide variety of disciplines, such as engineering, earth and planet sciences, environmental sciences, physics and astronomy, as well as energy, material, computer and social sciences, are active within underground themes. In the analysis, publication specific data are compiled from literature databases, research units located globally by geocoding and data is organised for geographic and temporal analysis. By discipline information and indexed research fields and themes, patterns of global research trends within underground studies are explored. Results will indicate how distribution of study fields is organised, visualise the strength and activity of different disciplines and show the key temporal elements in development of research. This data enables also to extend the analysis to cover also the networked characteristics of research and researchers within underground laboratories.

The Baltic Sea region hosts numerous underground facilities or underground laboratories (Uls). The Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network (BSUIN) there are six such facilities, all unique in their characteristics and operational settings, e.g. located in existing or historical mines, research tunnel networks or as a dedicated underground laboratory for a specific purpose. BSUIN project concentrates on the making the Uls more accessible for current and new users, helping the Uls to understand their infrastructural challenges and possibilities, and through joint marketing to attract a broader spectrum of users into their facilities.The underground laboratories participating in BSUIN are Callio Lab (Pyhäjärvi Finland), ÄSPÖ Hard Rock Laboratory (Oskarshamn, Sweden), Ruskela Mining Park (Ruskeala, Russia), Educational and research mine Reiche Zeche (Freiberg, Germany), Underground Low Background Laboratory of the Khlopin Radium Institute (St.Petersburg, Russia) and the Conceptual Lab development co-ordinated by KGHM Cuprum R&D centre (Poland).We will present the overview of the project, key outcomes, findings and recommendations for underground laboratories in general. The key outcomes of the project for the individual underground laboratories consist of characterisation of the structural, geological and operational environments together with information on the governing legislation and authorities for the underground sites. Underground risks and challenges in the underground working environment have been documented to help the further development of the individual underground laboratories. Service designs were developed together with the ULs to enhance user support and to attract a broader spectrum of users. To help users with innovation and innovation management the variety of the innovation services was documented to be used as bases for the future operational development of the ULs. To support the marketing, coordinate activities and develop the cooperation an umbrella organisation European Underground Laboratories association (EUL) will be established to carry on the work started in BSUIN.The Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network, BSUIN, is funded by the Interreg Baltic Sea Region Programme.

A new low-background laboratory has been constructed in the Pyhasalmi mine in central Finland and was commissioned in the beginning of 2017. The underground experimental hall is located at a depth of 1436 m corresponding to about 4100 m of water equivalent (m.w.e.). We describe the equipment of the laboratory and the backgrounds arising from the natural rock radioactivity and the flux of cosmic ray muons at the experimental hall location. The high-sensitivity experiments operating at the low-background laboratory are briefly described.

The new cosmic-ray experiment EMMA operates at the depth of 75 m (50 GeV cutoff energy for vertical muons; 210 m.w.e.) in the Pyhasalmi mine, Finland. The underground infrastructure consists of a network of eleven stations equipped with multi-layer, position-sensitive detectors. EMMA is designed for cosmic-ray composition studies around the energy range of the knee, i.e., for primary particles with energies between 1 and 10 PeV. In order to yield significant new results EMMA must be able to record data in the full configuration for about three years. The key to the success of the experiment is the performance of its tracking stations. In this paper we describe the layout of EMMA and construction of the two main detector types used for muon tracking: the high-resolution drift chambers and fast scintillation detector arrays. We also show the measured tracking efficiencies, position and angular resolutions, and sensitivity of drift chambers to the air pressure. The measured angular muon distributions are well reproduced by CORSIKA simulations folded with the known density distribution of the overburden. The single muon flux at the depth of 210 m.w.e. is (1.29 ± 0.06) m − 2 s − 1 . This value was determined from the reconstructed tracks registered by a six-layer array of position-sensitive drift chambers.

A setup for measuring natural-radioactivity backgrounds and ultralow concentrations of the isotope 14C in samples of a liquid organic scintillator was created at the low-background laboratory of the Baksan Neutrino Observatory (Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences) at a depth of 4900 mwe. The concentration of the radiocarbon 14C in a sample of a scintillator based on domestically produced linear alkylbenzene was measured, and it was found that 14C/12C (3.3 ± 0.5) × 10−17.

At the Baksan Neutrino Observatory (Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) deployed in the Caucasus mountains, it is proposed to create, at a depth corresponding to 4760 mwe, a large-volume neutrino detector on the basis of a liquid scintillator with a target mass of 10 kt. The detector in question is intended for recording natural fluxes of neutrinos whose energy may be as low as 100MeV. Neutrino fluxes from various sources are considered in the present study, and the expected effect in the proposed detector is estimated. The detector hat is being developed at the Baksan Neutrino Observatorywill become part of the world network of neutrino detectors for studying natural neutrino fluxes.

The results of measuring the gamma background radiation in Lab 5 of the underground facility in the Pyhasalmi Mine at a depth of 1410 m are presented. The background integral count rate per kg of germanium of the HPGe-detector was 0.028 s-1 × kg-1. After purging the measuring chamber with nitrogen gas at a rate of 0.15 L/h the count rate was reduced to 0.021 s-1 × kg-1.

The BSUIN (Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network) aims to enhance the accessibility of the underground laboratories in the Baltic Sea region for innovation, business and science. One of the BSUIN project activities is characterization of natural background radiation (NBR) in underground facilities. In this talk results from NBR measurements performed in Callio Lab, Pyhäsalmi, Finland, at the depth of 4100 m w.e. will be presented. The in-situ gamma spectra were collected with the use of HPGe semiconductor spectrometer, whereas the concentration of radon were measured with RAD7 electronic detector. In addition, the water and rock samples were taken for laboratory analysis in Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Poland. The concentration radioisotopes in water samples were performed by using a liquid scintillation α/β counter (LSC) and α-particle spectrometry, while the concentration of radioisotopes in rock samples were performed by using laboratory gamma ray spectrometry and also α-particle spectrometry.

Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network, BSUIN, consist of six participating Underground Laboratories (ULs) located in countries surrounding the Baltic Sea [http://bsuin.eu]. The BSUIN is a three-year project funded by the EU Interreg Baltic Sea Region Programme. The aim of the BSUIN project is that the participating ULs will find new or expand the current use of underground laboratories to enhance the power of innovation and regional development. The project focus on the characterisation of the geological and technical settings of the ULs, health and safety issues, and various aspects to build and support innovation and the formation of a permanent network of Underground Laboratories.The BSUIN ULs consist of old mines or purpose-built underground facilities. The ULs are used for research concerning e.g. environmental, geoenergy, geotechnology, physics, material science and natural sciences. Education, events, tourism and farming is also activities hosted by ULs.We will present the underground laboratories of the BSUIN network:Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Oskarshamn, Sweden [http://www.skb.com/research-and-technology/laboratories/the-aspo-hard-rock-laboratory/], Forschungs- und Lehrbergwerk - Research and Eduction Mine "Reiche Zeche", Freiberg, Germany [http://www.besucherbergwerk-freiberg.de/], Callio Lab in Pyhäsalmi mine, Pyhäjärvi, Finland [calliolab.com/callio-lab], KGHM S.A. mining company, Poland, together with their research organisation KGHM CUPRUM which proposes the construction of ULs located in one of the KGHM’s deep copper [http://www.cuprum.wroc.pl/], The Low-Background underground laboratory of Khlopin Institute, St Petersburg, Russia [http://www.khlopin.ru/en/], Ruskeala Marble quarry and Geopark in Sortavala, Karelia, Russia. [http://ruskeala.info/en].

High-multiplicity data, collected with a segmented scintillator array of the cosmic-ray experiment EMMA (Experiment with Multi-Muon Array), is presented for the first time. The measurements were done at the depth of 75 meters (210 m.w.e.) in the Pyhäsalmi mine in Finland. EMMA uses two types of detectors: drift chambers and plastic scintillation detectors. The presented data were acquired over the period between December, 2015 and April, 2018 using 128-800 plastic scintillator pixels probing the fiducial area of ˜100 m2. The results are being interpreted in terms of CORSIKA simulations. Several events with densities in excess of 10 muons per m2 were observed. At the next stage of the analysis, the high-multiplicity events will be matched with precision tracking data extracted from the multi-layer drift chambers of EMMA. Observation of high-density muon bundles was first reported by the LEP experiments: DELPHI, L3+C, and ALEPH. More recently, the ALICE experiment at CERN has provided new cosmic-ray results together with improved interpretation benefiting from the updated cross section values extracted from LHC results. While the tracking performance of ALICE is superior to EMMA, the duration of ALICE cosmic-ray measurements is very limited. Over the period of 2010–2018 the total exposure was only 93 days while EMMA, having a similar overburden provides a larger footprint and collects data continuously.

Underground laboratories provide a unique environment for various industries and are the perfect place for developing new technologies for mining, geophysical surveys, radiation detection as well as many other studies and measurements. Unfortunately working in underground excavations is associated with exposure to many hazards not encountered in the laboratories located on the surface. Water inflow, gas burst, roof fall and even seismic hazards translate into high accident rates in the underground mining industry across the globe. Therefore, to minimise the risk of serious accidents, a lot of research investigations related to the development of effective risk assessment procedures are being carried out. One of the initiatives aimed at improving the work safety in underground laboratories in the Baltic Sea Innovation Network project implemented under the Interreg Baltic Sea Region Programme. This study presents the process of compiling a database on hazards within underground laboratories. Finally, a proposal of unification of the procedure for risk assessment, including methods for determining the likelihood and potential impact of unwanted events has been developed.

High energy particles reaching the Earth’s atmosphere are known as cosmic rays. As a result of interactions with nuclei of air molecules, cosmic rays induce showers of secondary particles, which can be divided into 3 components: electromagnetic, hadronic and muonic components. The Experiment with Multi Muon Array (EMMA), located at the depth of 75 m in the Pyhäsalmi mine in Finland, investigates the muonic component of the Extensive Air Showers (EAS) to deduce the direction, energy, and the mass of the primary cosmic ray particles. In this paper we give a concise description and methodology used by EMMA followed by a brief review of the C14 experiment. Finally, we review the feasibility to host in the Pyhäsalmi mine a future large-scale liquid-based neutrino detector and implement a novel concept of acoustic detection of neutrinos in bedrock utilizing the network of many kilometers of boreholes surrounding the now-exploited ore body. Pеферат Жер атмосферасы арқылы өтетін жоғары энергия бөлшектерінің ағыны ғарыштық сәулелер ретінде белгілі. Жоғары энергетикалық ғарыш сәулесі бөлшектерінің ядролық өзара әрекеттесуі нәтижесінде екінші реттік бөлшектер өндіреді, оларды 3 құрамдас бөлікке бөлуге болады: электромагниттік, адрондық және мюондық. Финляндиядағы Пюхясалми шахтасында 75 м тереңдікте орналасқан мульти-мюон массиві (EMMA) бар Эксперимент бастапқы ғарыш сәулесі бөлшектерінің бағытын, энергиясын және массасын шығару үшін кең әуе нөсерлерінің (EAS) мюондық құрамын зерттейді. Бұл мақалада біз Эмма қолданатын қысқаша сипаттама мен әдіснаманы, содан кейін C14 экспериментіне қысқаша шолу береміз. Ақырында, біз шахтада болашақ ірі көлемді сұйық нейтринді детекторды Пюхясалми орналастыру мүмкіндігін қарастырамыз және қазіргі қолданыстағы кең көлемі көптеген километрлік ұңғымалар желісін пайдалана отырып, жартастағы жыныстардағы нейтриноны акустикасын анықтаудың жаңа тұжырымдамасын іске асырамыз.

Herein, we measured the natural gamma-ray background in a new underground laboratory facility within Pyhasalmi Mine in Finland at a depth of 1430 m (~4100 m.w.e). The radionuclide compositions of the rocks in the walls along with the shotcrete on the walls were investigated. The specific activities of the natural radionuclides in these materials were calculated. The measured spectra of the natural gamma-ray background and calculated minimal detected activities of several natural and artificial radionuclides are presented.

In operating mines, as well as in deep locations for planned scientific activities, it is essential to recognize the natural background radiation from the point of view of both occupational hazard and experimental background. Callio Lab, located in the Pyhasalmi Mine, Finland, is one of the underground laboratories participating in the Baltic Sea Underground Innovation Network (BSUIN). The characterization of the natural background radiation was done at the Lab 2, which is the deepest located in Callio Lab. It involved in-situ gamma spectrometry, thermal neutron flux measurements, radon concentration determination, and α ∕ β laboratory spectrometry of water and rock samples. At a depth of 1436 m ( ∼ 4000 m w.e.) within the felsic volcanic bedrock occurs a volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, wherein a thermal neutron flux of (1.73 ± 0.10) × 10−5 cm−2s−1, a gamma-ray flux of 12.7 ± 1.5 cm−2s−1, a gamma-ray dose of 0.158 ± 0.029 μ Sv/h and a radon concentration of 213.3 Bq/m3 ± 11% were determined.

This paper describes the design, construction principles and operations of the distillation and stripping pilot plants tested at the Daya Bay Neutrino Laboratory, with the perspective to adapt these processes, system cleanliness and leak-tightness standards to the final full scale plants to be used for the purification of the liquid scintillator of the JUNO neutrino detector. The main goal of these plants is to remove radio impurities from the liquid scintillator while increasing its optical attenuation length. Purification of liquid scintillator will be performed with a system combining alumina oxide, distillation, water extraction and steam (or N 2 gas) stripping. Such a combined system will aim at obtaining a total attenuation length greater than 20 m @430 nm, and a bulk radiopurity for 238U and 232Th in the 10−15 ÷ 10−17 g/g range. The pilot plants commissioning and operation have also provided valuable information on the degree of reliability of their main components, which will be particularly useful for the design of the final full scale purification equipment for the JUNO liquid scintillator. This paper describes two of the five pilot plants since the Alumina Column, fluorescent material mixing and the Water Extraction plants are being developed by the Chinese part of the collaboration.

We propose to utilize bedrock as a medium for acoustic detection of particle showers following interactions of ultra-high energy neutrinos. With the density of rock three-times larger and the speed of sound four-times larger compared to water, the amplitude of the generated bipolar pressure pulse in rock should be larger by an order of magnitude. Our preliminary simulations confirm that prediction. Higher density of rock also guarantees higher interaction rate for neutrinos. A noticeably longer attenuation length in rock reduces signal dissipation. The Pyh\"asalmi mine has a unique infrastructure and rock conditions to test this idea and, if successful, extend it to a full-size experiment., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, proceedings of workshop: ARENA 2018 - Acoustic and Radio EeV Neutrino Detection Activities

Residual flux and angular distribution of high-energy cosmic muons have been measured in two underground locations at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) using a dedicated Muon Monitor. The instrument consists of three layers of fast scintillation detector modules operating as 352 independent pixels. The monitor has flux-defining area of 1 m${}^{2}$, covers all azimuth angles, and zenith angles up to $80^\circ$. The measured integrated muon flux is $(5.26 \pm 0.21) \times 10^{-3}$ m${}^{-2}$s${}^{-1}$ in the Hall A of the LAB2400 and $(4.29 \pm 0.17) \times 10^{-3}$ m${}^{-2}$s${}^{-1}$ in LAB2500. The angular dependence is consistent with the known profile and rock density of the surrounding mountains. In particular, there is a clear maximum in the flux coming from the direction of the Rioseta valley., Comment: 5 pages, 8 figures

Today monuments of industrial history attract more attention than they did decades ago; however, former mining workings are still out of cultural context. Due to evident gaps in the system of Russian subsoil use legislation, as well as the lack of methodological basis for reorganization and operation of former mining workings, the issue of studying the possibilities and constraints of this activity stays topical. Tourist routes arranged based on former mining workings enjoy great popularity, but the number of such sites in Russia ranks below the similar index in Poland and Germany. Analyzing the experience of organizing scientific and educational activities in former mining workings in Russia, the authors have come to a conclusion that further development of this course is in direct relationship to the elaboration level of regulatory and legal framework of using such sites, the efficiency of mechanisms for cooperation between authorities, business and population. The article presents western approaches to solving the legal regulation issues of using out-of-operation mining workings as exemplified by the policies of Germany, Poland and Finland. конспект Сегодня памятники промышленной истории привлекают к себе больше внимания, чем десятилетия назад, однако бывшие горные выработки и сегодня по-прежнему остаются вне культурного контек-ста. Одним из основных препятствий их использования для целей, не связанных с добычей полезных ископаемых, выступает слабое разви-тие национального законодательства о пользовании недрами. В насто-ящей статье рассматривается законодательное регулирование вопро-сов туристического использования бывших горных выработок в Рос-сии и приводится аналогичный опыт Германии, Польши и Финляндии.