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In a series of activities/labs, designed in a building block approach, whereas each subsequent lab builds into the next, students will explore the reactivity and production of oxygen in various biological and chemical systems. Through student-constructed analyses, participants will optimize oxygen-generating systems for the colonization of Mars, wherein their system will be used as part of a narrative to construct a livable habitat for future astronauts. Use of remote access technology to a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with elemental analysis capabilities allows students to investigate their oxygen reaction via formation of iron oxide, resulting in rich multidimensional and contextualized scientific exploration in the chemistry classroom.

A new class of water-soluble C60 transfecting agents has been prepared using Hirsch-Bingel chemistry and assessed for their ability to act as gene-delivery vectors in vitro. In an effort to elucidate the relationship between the hydrophobicity of the fullerene core, the hydrophilicity of the water-solubilizing groups, and the overall charge state of the C60 vectors in gene delivery and expression, several different C60 derivatives were synthesized to yield either positively charged, negatively charged, or neutral chemical functionalities under physiological conditions. These fullerene derivatives were then tested for their ability to transfect cells grown in culture with DNA carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene. Statistically significant expression of GFP was observed for all forms of the C60 derivatives when used as DNA vectors and compared to the ability of naked DNA alone to transfect cells. However, efficient in vitro transfection was only achieved with the two positively charged C60 derivatives, namely, an octa-amino derivatized C60 and a dodeca-amino derivatized C60 vector. All C60 vectors showed an increase in toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Increased levels of cellular toxicity were observed for positively charged C60 vectors relative to the negatively charged and neutral vectors. Structural analyses using dynamic light scattering and optical microscopy offered further insights into possible correlations between the various derivatized C60 compounds, the C60 vector/DNA complexes, their physical attributes (aggregation, charge) and their transfection efficiencies. Recently, similar Gd@C60-based compounds have demonstrated potential as advanced contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thus, the successful demonstration of intracellular DNA uptake, intracellular transport, and gene expression from DNA using C60 vectors suggests the possibility of developing analogous Gd@C60-based vectors to serve simultaneously as both therapeutic and diagnostic agents.

The effects of four types of fullerene compounds (C60, C60-OH, C60-COOH, C60-NH2) were examined on two model microorganisms (Escherichia coli W3110 and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1). Positively charged C60-NH2 at concentrations as low as 10 mg/L inhibited growth and reduced substrate uptake for both microorganisms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed damage to cellular structures. Neutrally charged C60 and C60-OH had mild negative effects on S. oneidensis MR-1, whereas the negatively charged C60-COOH did not affect either microorganism's growth. The effect of fullerene compounds on global metabolism was further investigated using [3-13C]L-lactate isotopic labeling, which tracks perturbations to metabolic reaction rates in bacteria by examining the change in the isotopic labeling pattern in the resulting metabolites (often amino acids).1-3 The 13C isotopomer analysis from all fullerene-exposed cultures revealed no significant differences in isotopomer distributions from unstressed cells. This result indicates that microbial central metabolism is robust to environmental stress inflicted by fullerene nanoparticles. In addition, although C60-NH2 compounds caused mechanical stress on the cell wall or membrane, both S. oneidensis MR-1 and E. coli W3110 can efficiently alleviate such stress by cell aggregation and precipitation of the toxic nanoparticles. The results presented here favor the hypothesis that fullerenes cause more membrane stress 4-6 than perturbation to energy metabolism.7.

We report the functionalization of individual ultra-short (20–80 nm lengths) single-walled carbon nanotubes (US-tubes) via in situ Bingel cyclopropanation. Upon chemical reduction (K°/THF) of bundled US-tubes, the bundling forces are electrostatically overcome to yield single, negatively charged US-tubes in solution. These single US-tubes can then be functionalized with malonic acid bis-(3-tert-butoxycarbonylaminopropyl) ester using Bingel chemistry (CBr4/DBU) to yield 4–5 adducts nm−1, as determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The derivatized US-tubes remain as individuals after functionalization and charge quenching. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and solid-state NMR spectroscopy confirmed covalent attachment of the adducts and indicated tight wrapping of the adduct arms about the US-tubes. The resulting debundled and derivatized US-tubes serve as a prototype single-molecule-like 'capsule' for the containment and delivery of medically-useful payloads.

The first fullerene (C60) immunoconjugates have been prepared and characterized as an initial step toward the development of fullerene immunotherapy (FIT).