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4. Auditing the Representation of Females Versus Males in Heat Adaptation Research.

Author

Kelly, Monica K., Smith, Ella S., Brown, Harry A., Jardine, William T., Convit, Lilia, Bowe, Steven J., Condo, Dominique, Guy, Joshua H., Burke, Louise M., Périard, Julien D., Snipe, Rhiannon M.J., Snow, Rodney J., and Carr, Amelia J.

Subjects
AUDITING, ONLINE information services, PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of heat, EXERCISE physiology, ATHLETIC ability, MEDLINE, BODY temperature regulation
Abstract

The aim of this audit was to quantify female representation in research on heat adaptation. Using a standardized audit tool, the PubMed database was searched for heat adaptation literature from inception to February 2023. Studies were included if they investigated heat adaptation among female and male adults (≥18–50 years) who were free from noncommunicable diseases, with heat adaptation the primary or secondary outcome of interest. The number and sex of participants, athletic caliber, menstrual status, research theme, journal impact factor, Altmetric score, Field-Weighted Citation Impact, and type of heat exposure were extracted. A total of 477 studies were identified in this audit, including 7,707 participants with ∼13% of these being female. Most studies investigated male-only cohorts (∼74%, n = 5,672 males), with ∼5% (n = 360 females) including female-only cohorts. Of the 126 studies that included females, only 10% provided some evidence of appropriate methodological control to account for ovarian hormone status, with no study meeting best-practice recommendations. Of the included female participants, 40% were able to be classified to an athletic caliber, with 67% of these being allocated to Tier 2 (i.e., trained/developmental) or below. Exercise heat acclimation was the dominant method of heat exposure (437 interventions), with 21 studies investigating sex differences in exercise heat acclimation interventions. We recommend that future research on heat adaptation in female participants use methodological approaches that consider the potential impact of sexual dimorphism on study outcomes to provide evidence-based guidelines for female athletes preparing for exercise or competition in hot conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. Influence of acute heat mitigation strategies on core temperature, heart rate and aerobic performance in females: A systematic literature review.

Author

Convit, Lilia, Kelly, Monica K., Jardine, William T., Périard, Julien D., Carr, Amelia J., Warmington, Stuart, Bowe, Steven J., and Snipe, Rhiannon M. J.

Subjects
MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems, HEAT stroke, ICE, SPORTS, PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of heat, RUNNING, AEROBIC capacity, META-analysis, INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, BODY temperature, HEART beat, SYSTEMATIC reviews, MEDLINE, IMMERSION in liquids, COLD therapy, AEROBIC exercises, MENSTRUAL cycle, CONTRACEPTIVES, CONFIDENCE intervals, DATA analysis software, OXYGEN consumption
Abstract

This review examined the effect of acute heat mitigation strategies on physiological strain and exercise performance in females exercising in the heat. Three databases were searched for original research with an acute heat mitigation (intervention) and control strategy in active females and reporting core temperature, heart rate and/or aerobic exercise performance/capacity with ≥ 24°C wet bulb globe temperature. Hedges' g effect sizes were calculated to evaluate outcomes. Thirteen studies (n = 118) were included. Most studies that applied an acute heat mitigation strategy to females did not reduce thermal (9/10) or cardiovascular (6/6) strain or improve exercise performance/capacity (8/10). The most effective strategies for attenuating thermal strain were pre-cooling with ice-slurry (effect size = −2.2 [95% CI, −3.2, −1.1]) and ice-vests (−1.9 [−2.7, −1.1]), and pre- and per-cooling with an ice-vest (−1.8 [−2.9, −0.7]). Only pre-cooling with an ice-vest improved running performance (−1.8 [−2.9, −0.7]; ~0.43 min) whilst sodium hyperhydration improved cycling capacity at 70% V O2peak (0.8 [0.0, 1.6]; ~20.1 min). There is currently limited research on acute heat mitigation strategies in females, so the evidence for the efficacy is scarce. Some studies show beneficial effects with ice-slurry, ice-vests and sodium hyperhydration, which can guide future research to support female exercise performance in the heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. Total fermentable oligo‐, di‐, monosaccharides and polyols intake, carbohydrate malabsorption and gastrointestinal symptoms during a 56 km trail ultramarathon event.

Author

Convit, Lilia, Rahman, Shant S., Jardine, William T., Urwin, Charles S., Roberts, Spencer S. H., Condo, Dominique, Main, Luana C., Carr, Amelia J., Young, Chris, and Snipe, Rhiannon M. J.

Subjects
SELF-evaluation, FOOD consumption, LONG-distance running, DATA analysis, RESEARCH funding, MONOSACCHARIDES, SCIENTIFIC observation, RETROSPECTIVE studies, NUTRITIONAL requirements, MANN Whitney U Test, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, FERMENTATION, PRE-tests & post-tests, LONGITUDINAL method, NUTRITIONAL status, SPORTS events, STATISTICS, DIETARY carbohydrates, MALABSORPTION syndromes, COMPARATIVE studies, GASTROINTESTINAL diseases, BREATH tests
Abstract

Aims: To explore the relationship between nutritional intake, fermentable oligo‐, di, monosaccharides and polyols, and carbohydrate malabsorption, with gastrointestinal symptoms during a 56 km trail ultramarathon event and identify differences in nutritional intake between runners with severe and non‐severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods: Forty‐four ultramarathoners recorded and self‐reported dietary intake 3 days before, morning of, and during the ultramarathon with gastrointestinal symptoms obtained retrospectively and nutrient analysis via FoodWorks. Carbohydrate malabsorption was determined via breath hydrogen content pre‐ and post‐race. Spearman's rank‐order and Mann–Whitney U‐tests were used to identify relationships and differences between groups. Results: Total fermentable oligo‐, di, monosaccharides and polyols intake were not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, but weak associations were observed for lower energy (rs = −0.302, p = 0.044) and fat intake (rs = −0.340, p = 0.024) 3 days before with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and higher caffeine intake 3 days before with overall gastrointestinal symptoms (rs = 0.314, p = 0.038). Total fermentable oligo‐, di‐, monosaccharides and polyols intake and breath hydrogen were not different between those with severe versus non‐severe symptoms (p > 0.05). Although those with severe symptoms had higher caffeine (p = 0.032), and total polyols intake (p = 0.031) 3 days before, and higher % energy from fat (p = 0.043) and sorbitol intake (p = 0.026) during the race, and slower ultramarathon finish times (p = 0.042). Conclusion: Total fermentable oligo‐, di‐, and monosaccharides intake and carbohydrate malabsorption were not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Additional research on the effect of fat, caffeine, and polyol intake on exercise‐associated gastrointestinal symptoms is warranted and presents new nutritional areas for consideration when planning nutritional intake for ultramarathoners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. The Hyperhydration Potential of Sodium Bicarbonate and Sodium Citrate.

Author

Siegler, Jason C., Carr, Amelia J., Jardine, William T., Convit, Lilia, Cross, Rebecca, Chapman, Dale, Burke, Louise M., and Ross, Megan

Subjects
SODIUM bicarbonate, DRUG efficacy, HYDRATION, STATISTICS, CONFIDENCE intervals, LEAN body mass, BLOOD plasma, CITRATES, BLOOD collection, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, URINE collection & preservation, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, URODYNAMICS, STATISTICAL sampling, CROSSOVER trials, BLOOD volume, DATA analysis, BUFFER solutions
Abstract

Buffering agents have not been comprehensively profiled in terms of their capacity to influence water retention prior to exercise. The purpose of this investigation was to profile the fluid retention characteristics of sodium bicarbonate (BIC) and sodium citrate (CIT) to determine the efficacy of these buffering mediums as hyperhydrating agents. Nineteen volunteers (13 males and six females; age = 28.3 ± 4.9 years) completed three trials (randomized and cross-over design). For each trial, a baseline measurement of body mass, capillary blood, and urine was collected prior to ingestion of their respective condition (control condition [CON] = 25 ml/kg artificially sweetened water; BIC condition = CON + 7.5 g/L of sodium in the form of BIC; CIT condition = CON + 7.5 g/L of sodium in the form of CIT). The fluid loads were consumed in four equal aliquots (0, 20, 40 and 60 min; fluid intake was 1.972 ± 361 ml [CON]; 1.977 ± 360 ml [BIC]; 1.953 ± 352 ml [CIT]). Samples were recorded at 20 (body mass and urine) and 60 min (blood) intervals for 180 min. Blood buffering capacity (HCO3−) was elevated (p <.001) in both BIC (32.1 ± 2.2 mmol/L) and CIT (28.9 ± 3.8 mmol/L) at 180 min compared with CON (25.1 ± 1.8 mmol/L). Plasma volume expansion was greater (p <.001) in both BIC (8.1 ± 1.3%) and CIT (5.9 ± 1.8%) compared with CON (−1.1 ± 1.4%); whereas, total urine production was lower in BIC and CIT at 180 min (BIC vs. CON, mean difference of 370 ± 85 ml; p <.001; CIT vs. CON, mean difference of 239 ± 102 ml; p =.05). There were no increases observed in body mass (p =.9). Under resting conditions, these data suggest BIC and CIT induce a greater plasma hypervolemic response as compared with water alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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9. Pectic substances in the plant cell wall and their role in potato processing

Author

Jardine, William Gordon

Subjects
547.78
Abstract

The objective of this thesis was to characterise the chemistry of the pectin in the primary cell wall of two potato varieties, cv. Record and cv. Saturna, used in the crisp industry. The varieties chosen produce crisps with different textures. The original aim was to relate chemical characteristics of the pectin in the raw cell wall to textural differences in the crisp. A new procedure for the isolation of the cell wall, free from starch was developed. Methodologies to measure the pectic galacturonan, total ester and the extent of beta-elimination in the isolated cell wall were developed. Cell walls were isolated from raw, cold wash, hot wash, cold wash crisp and hot wash crisp samples from the 1995 and 1996 harvest. No significant differences in the pectin content or structure were found between the cell walls isolated from cv. Record and cv. Saturna. Nevertheless, the cell walls isolated following the crisping process had a reduced pectic galacturonan and methyl ester content. The neutral sugar content of the cell wall remained unchanged; however, the galactan and arabinan side chains had a greater mobility. As no significant differences between the varieties were found, the objectives were changed to monitor the pectin changes during processing. For comparison with crisping, slices of cv. Maris Piper were boiled for 2.5 minutes. Boiling resulted in pectin solubilisation (8%) with no reduction in the percentage galacturonan methyl esterification. Saponification followed by boiling caused 44% pectic galacturonan solubilisation. The pectin solubilised during cooking following saponification had a greater proportion of neutral sugars to galacturonan and had a smaller molecular-size distribution than the fraction solubilised by boiling alone. The maximum extent of beta-elimination in isolated cell walls of boiled cv. Saturna was estimated at 1%. Non-methyl esters were found at values of 14-15% in cv. Marfona and cv. Fianna. Chelation of divalent cations from the middle lamella resulted in the preferential solubilisation of a predominantly linear, non- methylated fraction of pectin. Saponification resulted in cleavage of ester crosslinks between pectic chains. Pectic chains whose anchorage in the cell wall relied on ester links were now held in the cell wall by divalent bridges. Boiling of the saponified tissue would result in the cleavage and loss of the cations into the cooking water, thus resulting in pectic solubilisation. Acid hydrolysis may have been an additional mechanism of cleavage of the pectic chain. Slices of the 1996 cv. Saturna harvest were crisped after saponification. The cffect of saponification on the quantities of pectin solubilised prior to the cooking process was reversed from boiling. Saponification prior to frying reduced the quantities of pectin solubilised due to the crisping process, 8% being solubilised from the saponified crisps and 40 % solubilised from the non-saponified crisps. Both saponification experiments resulted in solubilisation of the rhamnogalacturonan I fraction suggesting that the non-methyl esters occur within or close to the rhamnogalacturonan I fraction. The galacturonan and rhamnose units within the rhamnogalacturonan I do not provide sufficient sites for nonmethyl esterification. Ester linkages between the ester group of the homogalacturonan and the galactan side chains may provide alternative sites for ester linkages. A taste panel experiment was run on crisps following different pre-treatments. The pre-treatments that reduced the softening upon heating also conferred strength to the crisp. The crisping process involves cleavage of the methylated pectic chain due to beta-elimination in the cell wall resulting in the preferential solubilisation of a methylated homogalacturonan fraction. This mechanism of cleavage is prevented in the saponified crisp due to removal of the methyl ester groups. Anchorage of pectic chains whose ester cross links have been broken by saponification is maintained by divalent bridging. The saponified galacturonan has a greater potential for the formation of bridging due to the removal of the ester groups. There is a clear role for pectins in controlling the texture of the crisp, however, varietal differences can not yet be explained by differences in the raw cell wall.

Published
1998

12. Additional file 1 of The Relationship Between Psychological Stress and Anxiety with Gastrointestinal Symptoms Before and During a 56 km Ultramarathon Running Race

Author

Urwin, Charles S., Main, Luana C., Mikocka-Walus, Antonina, Skvarc, David R., Roberts, Spencer S. H., Condo, Dominique, Carr, Amelia J., Convit, Lilia, Jardine, William, Rahman, Shant S., and Snipe, Rhiannon M. J.

Abstract

Additional file 1: Occurrence and incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms prior to and during a 56 km Ultramarathon running race; Summary statistics for the regressions predicting gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) during a 56 km Ultramarathon running race; Gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) in the days prior to, pre-race and during a 56 km Ultramarathon running race.

Published
2021
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13. Exotic moths

Author

Duncan, James, 1804-1861, Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874, Smithsonian Libraries, Duncan, James, 1804-1861, and Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874

Subjects
(Pierre André), Latreille, P. A, Moths, Pictorial works
Published
1846

14. The natural history of Selborne /

Author

White, Gilbert, 1720-1793, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Gerstein Science Information Centre, White, Gilbert, 1720-1793, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
England, Natural history, Selborne, Selborne (England)
Published
1829

15. Amphibious carnivora /

Author

Hamilton, Robert, M.D., Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Hamilton, Robert, M.D., and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Cetacea, Péron, François, Pinnipedia
Published
1840

16. Thick-skinned quadrupeds /

Author

Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Pachyderms, Sir, Sloane, Hans, Ungulates
Published
1840

17. Fishes of the perch family /

Author

Jardine, William, 1800-1874, Hawkins, John, 1719-1789, Walton, Izaak, 1593-1683, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, Hawkins, John, 1719-1789, and Walton, Izaak, 1593-1683

Subjects
Banks, Joseph, Perch
Published
1840

18. Deer, antelopes, camels, &c. /

Author

Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Camper, Petrus, Hunter, John, Ruminants
Published
1840

19. British quadrupeds /

Author

MacGillivray, William 1796-1852, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, MacGillivray, William 1796-1852, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
1522-1605?, Aldrovandi, Ulisse, Great Britain, Mammals
Published
1840

20. Marsupialia, or pouched animals /

Author

Waterhouse, G. R. (George Robert), 1810-1888, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Waterhouse, G. R. (George Robert), 1810-1888, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Barclay, John, Marsupials
Published
1840

21. Dogs /

Author

Smith, Charles Hamilton, 1776-1859, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Smith, Charles Hamilton, 1776-1859, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Azara, Felix de, Canidae, Pallas, Peter Simon
Published
1840

22. Horses /

Author

Smith, Charles Hamilton, 1776-1859, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Smith, Charles Hamilton, 1776-1859, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Gessner, Conrad, Horses
Published
1840

23. Monkeys /

Author

Jardine, William, 1800-1874, Courier, Paul-Louis, 1772-1825, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, and Courier, Paul-Louis, 1772-1825

Subjects
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de, Monkeys
Published
1840

24. Introduction to mammalia /

Author

Smith, Charles Hamilton, 1776-1859, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Smith, Charles Hamilton, 1776-1859, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Drury, Dru, Mammals
Published
1840

25. British fishes /

Author

Hamilton, Robert, M.D., Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Hamilton, Robert, M.D., and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Fishes, Great Britain, Humboldt, Alexander von, Rondelet, Guillaume
Published
1840

26. Lions, tigers, &c. &c. /

Author

Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Baron, Cuvier, Georges, Felidae
Published
1840

27. Fishes, particularly their structure and economical uses /

Author

Bushnan, J. Stevenson (John Stevenson), 1808--188, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Bushnan, J. Stevenson (John Stevenson), 1808--188, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Fishes, Salviani, Ippolito
Published
1840

28. Whales, etc. /

Author

Hamilton, Robert, M.D., Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Hamilton, Robert, M.D., and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
(Bernard Germain Etienne de La Ville sur Illon), Cetacea, La Cépède, M. le comte de
Published
1840

29. Fishes of British Guiana /

Author

Schomburgk, Robert H. (Robert Hermann), 1804-1865, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Schomburgk, Robert H. (Robert Hermann), 1804-1865, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
(Robert Hermann), Burckhardt, John Lewis, Fishes, Guyana, Schomburgk, Robert H
Published
1840

30. Lives of eminent naturalists,

Author

Crichton, Andrew, 1790-1855, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Crichton, Andrew, 1790-1855, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Naturalists
Published
1841

31. British birds /

Author

Jardine, William, 1800-1874, University of Toronto - Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, and Jardine, William, 1800-1874

Subjects
Birds, Great Britain
Published
1843

33. American ornithology, or, The natural history of the birds of the United States

Author

Wilson, Alexander, 1766-1813, Bonaparte, Charles Lucian, 1803-1857, Gordon, John Watson-, Sir, 1788-1864, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, Lizars, W. H. 1788-1859, Ord, George, 1781-1866, Peale, Titian Ramsay, 1799-1885, Rider, A., Internet Archive, Smithsonian Libraries, Wilson, Alexander, 1766-1813, Bonaparte, Charles Lucian, 1803-1857, Gordon, John Watson-, Sir, 1788-1864, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, Lizars, W. H. 1788-1859, Ord, George, 1781-1866, Peale, Titian Ramsay, 1799-1885, and Rider, A.

Subjects
Birds, Illustrated works, Pictorial works, United States, Wilson, Alexander
Published
1832

34. Thick-skinned quadrupeds.

Author

Jardine, William, 1800-1874, Sloane, Hans, Sir, 1660-1753, Cornell University Library, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, and Sloane, Hans, Sir, 1660-1753

Subjects
Ungulates
Published
1856

36. Introduction to entomology : comprehending a general view of the metamorphoses, external structure, anatomy, physiology, and systematic arrangement of the class insects

Author

Duncan, James, 1804-1861, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, Lizars, W. H. 1788-1859, Stewart, James, 1791-1863, Westwood, J. O. (John Obadiah), 1805-1893, White, Henry Hopley, 1790-1876, Smithsonian Libraries, Duncan, James, 1804-1861, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, Lizars, W. H. 1788-1859, Stewart, James, 1791-1863, Westwood, J. O. (John Obadiah), 1805-1893, and White, Henry Hopley, 1790-1876

Subjects
De Geer, Charles, Entomology, friherre, Insects, Swammerdam, Jan
Published
1840

37. Bees /

Author

Jardine, William, Musée cantonal de zoologie, Lausanne, and Jardine, William

Published
1852

38. Beetles /

Author

Duncan, James, Jardine, William, Musée cantonal de zoologie, Lausanne, Duncan, James, and Jardine, William

Subjects
Beetles, Ray, John
Published
1852

39. Ornithology /

Author

Jardine, William, Musée cantonal de zoologie, Lausanne, and Jardine, William

Published
1853

40. Contributions to ornithology for 1848-1853 /

Author

Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Library and Archives, and Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874

Subjects
Ornithology, Periodicals
Published
1848

41. Gallinaceous-birds.

Author

Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874, National Library Board, Singapore, and Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874

Subjects
Game and game-birds, Raffles, Thomas Stamford, Sir
Published
1834

43. The natural history of game-birds.

Author

Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874, National Library Board, Singapore, and Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874

Subjects
Galliformes, Game and game-birds
Published
1834

44. Naturgeschichte des Federwildprets.

Author

Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874, National Library Board, Singapore, and Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874

Subjects
Birds, Collection and preservation, Game and game-birds
Published
1837

46. Illustrations of ornithology

Author

Jardine, William, 1800-1874, Selby, Prideaux John, 1788-1867, Lear, Edward, 1812-1888, Mitford, R. C. W. (Reginald Colville William), 1839, Field Museum of Natural History Library, Smithsonian Libraries and Archives, Jardine, William, 1800-1874, Selby, Prideaux John, 1788-1867, Lear, Edward, 1812-1888, and Mitford, R. C. W. (Reginald Colville William), 1839

Subjects
Arsenic compounds, Birds, Collection and preservation, Pictorial works
Published
1826

50. Wilson's American ornithology, with notes by Jardine. To which is added a synopsis of American birds, including those described by Bonaparte, Audubon, Nuttall, and Richardson, by T.M. Brewer.

Author

Wilson, Alexander, 1766-1813, Brewer, Thomas Mayo, 1814-1880, Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874, T. L. Magagnos & Company, Cornell University Library, Wilson, Alexander, 1766-1813, Brewer, Thomas Mayo, 1814-1880, Jardine, William, Sir, 1800-1874, and T. L. Magagnos & Company

Subjects
Birds, United States
Published
1854

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