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7. Verification and Validation of Extended-Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling of Disruption Mitigation

Author

Brendan C. Lyons, Kim C.C., McClenaghan J., Bonfiglio D., Hoelzl M., Hu D., Nardon E., Ferraro N.M., Jardin S.C., Lao L.L., Hawkes N., Szepesi G., Kim J., M3D-C1 Team, NIMROD Team, JOREK Team, DIII-D KSTAR, and JET Contributors

Subjects
ITER, Extended-Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling, Disruption Mitigation
Abstract

Future tokamaks will require robust disruption-mitigation systems (DMS) to prevent damage from extreme heat loads, electromagnetic stresses, and runaway electrons. The leading-candidate DMS is shattered-pellet injection (SPI) of impurities, which is being tested experimentally on several tokamaks and will be used on ITER. Sophisticated, predictive models that have been well-validated against experiment are need to project the performance of these essential systems on future devices. We present an overview of the verification and validation of SPI simulations from three 3D, nonlinear, extended-MHD codes: M3D-C1, NIMROD, and JOREK. Each has been coupled to models for impurity ionization, radiation, and pellet ablation. First, we will look at verification benchmarks between the codes. M3D-C1 and NIMROD, both coupled to a time-dependent coronal impurity model, have found excellent agreement in 2D nonlinear simulations of core impurity deposition. JOREK simulations of the same found a twice-longer thermal quench due to the use of a coronalequilibrium model, motivating the ongoing development of a more-sophisticated impurity model in JOREK. M3D-C1 and NIMROD have also been engaging in two 3D, nonlinear benchmarks, one with core impurity deposition and the other with an injected, ablating pellet. Initial results indicate good qualitative agreement but suggest that details of the initial non-axisymmetries can play an important role in the quantitative disruption dynamics. The conditions under which current spikes are found in each code during large MHD activity will be explored. Second, the use of several codes permits parallel efforts to validate against disruption-mitigation experiments worldwide. NIMROD modeling has found good qualitative agreement in trends with pellet composition in DIII-D. Furthermore, NIMROD has shown that reducing viscosity in these simulations decreases the damping and increases linear growth rates, shortening the thermal quench and modifying current-quench dynamics. M3D-C1 simulations with different pellet compositions have also found good qualitative agreement with NIMROD and DIII-D. Initial M3D-C1 and NIMROD simulations of JET and KSTAR will be explored as well, focusing on radiation asymmetries in JET plasmas with different stored energies. Finally, JOREK simulations of JET are also investigating the effect of pellet composition and aiming at validating with synthetic diagnostics (e.g. bolometry, interferometry, and magnetics).

Published
2020

9. Results of NSTX heating experiments

Author

Mueller, D., Ono, M., Bell, M.G., Bell, R.E., Bitter, M., Bourdelle, C., Darrow, D.S., Efthimion, P.C., Fredrickson, E.D., Gates, D.A., Goldston, R.J., Grisham, L.R., Hawryluk, R.J., Hill, K.W., Hosea, J.C., Jardin, S.C., Ji, H., Kaye, S.M., Kaita, R., Kugel, H.W., Johnson, D.W., LeBlanc, B.P., Majeski, R., Mazzucato, E., Medley, S.S., Menard, J.E., Park, H.K., Paul, S.F., Phillips, C.K., Redi, M.H., Rosenberg, A.L., Skinner, C.H., Soukhanovskii, V.A., Stratton, B., Synakowski, E.J., Taylor, G., Wilson, J.R., Zweben, S.J., Dorland, W.D., Peng, Y.K.M., Barry, R., Bigelow, T., Bush, C.E., Carter, M., Maingi, R., Menon, M., Ryan, P.M., Swain, D.W., Wilgen, J., Sabbagh, S.A., Paoletti, F., Bialek, J., Zhu, W., Raman, R., Jarboe, T.R., Nelson, B.A., Maqueda, R.J., Wurden, G.A., Pinsker, R.I., Schaffer, M., Ferron, J., Lao, L., Stutman, D., Finkenthal, M., Wampler, W., Kubota, S., Peebles, W.A., Gilmore, M., Mau, T.K., Lee, K.C., Domier, C.W., Deng, B.H., Johnson, M., Luhmann, N.C., Jr., Bonoli, P., Bers, A., Ram, A., Akers, R., Takase, Y., Ejiri, A., Ono, Y., Shiraiwa, S., Nishino, N., Mitarai, O., Nagata, M., Yang, J.G., Na, H., and Pacella, D.

Subjects
Fusion reactors, Business, Chemistry, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, is designed to assess the potential of the low-aspect-ratio spherical torus concept for magnetic plasma confinement. The plasma has been heated by up to 7 MW of neutral beam injection (NBI) at an injection energy of 100 keV and up to 6 MW of high harmonic fast wave (HHFW) at 30 MHz. NSTX has achieved [[beta].sub.T] of 32%. A variety of MHD phenomena have been observed to limit [beta]. NSTX has now begun addressing [T.sub.E] scaling, [beta] limits, and current drive issues. During the NBI heating experiments, a broad [T.sub.i] profile with [T.sub.i] up to 2 keV, [T.sub.i] > [T.sub.e] and a large toroidal rotation were observed. Transport analysis suggests that the impurity ions have diffusivities approaching neoclassical. For L-Mode plasmas, [T.sub.E] is up to two times the ITER97L H-Mode scaling and exceeds the ITER98pby2 H-Mode scaling in some cases. Transitions to H-Mode have been observed which result in an approximate doubling of [T.sub.E] after the transition in some conditions. During HHFW heating, [T.sub.e] > [T.sub.i] and [T.sub.e] up to 3.5 keV were observed. Current drive has been studied using both coaxial helicity injection with up to 390 kA of toroidal current and HHFW. HHFW has produced H-modes with significant bootstrap current fraction at low [I.sub.p], high q, and high [[beta].sub.p]. Index Terms--Fusion reactors, plasma confinement, tokamaks.

Published
2003

12. Shattered pellet penetration in low and high energy plasmas on DIII-D

Author

Raman, R., primary, Sweeney, R., additional, Moyer, R.A., additional, Eidietis, N.W., additional, Shiraki, D., additional, Herfindal, J.L., additional, Sachdev, J., additional, Hollmann, E.M., additional, Jardin, S.C., additional, Baylor, L.R., additional, Wilcox, R., additional, Carlstrom, T., additional, Osborne, T., additional, Eldon, D., additional, Menard, J.E., additional, Lunsford, R., additional, and Grierson, B., additional

Published
2020
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29. Excitation of high frequency pressure driven modes by non-axisymmetric equilibrium at high {beta}{sub pol} in PBX-M

Author

Sesnic, S., primary, Kaita, R., additional, Kaye, S., additional, Okabayashi, M., additional, Takahashi, H., additional, Bell, R.E., additional, Bernabei, S., additional, Chance, M.S., additional, Hatcher, R.E., additional, Jardin, S.C., additional, Kessel, C.E., additional, Kugel, H.W., additional, LeBlanc, B., additional, Manickam, J., additional, Ono, M., additional, Paul, S.F., additional, Sauthoff, N.R., additional, Holland, A., additional, Asakura, N., additional, Duperrex, P.A., additional, Fonck, R.J., additional, Gammel, G.M., additional, Greene, G.J., additional, Jiang, T.W., additional, Levinton, F.M., additional, Powell, E.T., additional, Roberts, D.W., additional, and Qin, Y., additional

Published
1993
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35. Ideal MHD stability of very high beta tokamaks

Author

Chance, M.S., primary, Jardin, S.C., additional, Kessel, C., additional, Manickam, J., additional, Monticello, D., additional, Peng, Y.K.M., additional, Holmes, J.A., additional, Strickler, D.J., additional, Whitson, J.C., additional, Glasser, A.H., additional, Sykes, A., additional, and Ramos, J.J., additional

Published
1990
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38. Progresses in 3D Nonlinear Numerical Simulation of Tokamak Disruptions

Author

Paccagnella R., Strauss H., Breslau J., Vadim Y., Sugiyama L., and Jardin S.C.

Abstract

In this paper numerical simulations of tokamak disruptions in the framework of 3D single fluid visco-resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in full toroidal geometry are presented. The progresses achieved in the last few years by employing the M3D code will be summarized and reviewed. Similari- ties and differences between simulations and the experimental behavior in existing devices will be also outlined. New simulations relevant for the ITER device will be presented. In particular the problem of the mode and halo current slow rotations during the current quench phase will be addressed for its implications to the stresses transmitted on the ITER mechanical structure that could be possibly amplified by resonant effects. Moreover, open critical issues, such as the Lundquist number or wall penetration time scaling of the simulations to ranges of values fully relevant for the ITER device, the necessity or not of a detailed simulation of the thermal quench phase and the correctness and relevance of various normal velocity boundary conditions will be addressed. New directions in disruptions simulations and also, if possible, new strategies for disruptions control and mitigation will be also discussed.

Published
2014

46. Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions

Author

Hender, T.C, primary, Wesley, J.C, additional, Bialek, J, additional, Bondeson, A, additional, Boozer, A.H, additional, Buttery, R.J, additional, Garofalo, A, additional, Goodman, T.P, additional, Granetz, R.S, additional, Gribov, Y, additional, Gruber, O, additional, Gryaznevich, M, additional, Giruzzi, G, additional, Günter, S, additional, Hayashi, N, additional, Helander, P, additional, Hegna, C.C, additional, Howell, D.F, additional, Humphreys, D.A, additional, Huysmans, G.T.A, additional, Hyatt, A.W, additional, Isayama, A, additional, Jardin, S.C, additional, Kawano, Y, additional, Kellman, A, additional, Kessel, C, additional, Koslowski, H.R, additional, Haye, R.J. La, additional, Lazzaro, E, additional, Liu, Y.Q, additional, Lukash, V, additional, Manickam, J, additional, Medvedev, S, additional, Mertens, V, additional, Mirnov, S.V, additional, Nakamura, Y, additional, Navratil, G, additional, Okabayashi, M, additional, Ozeki, T, additional, Paccagnella, R, additional, Pautasso, G, additional, Porcelli, F, additional, Pustovitov, V.D, additional, Riccardo, V, additional, Sato, M, additional, Sauter, O, additional, Schaffer, M.J, additional, Shimada, M, additional, Sonato, P, additional, Strait, E.J, additional, Sugihara, M, additional, Takechi, M, additional, Turnbull, A.D, additional, Westerhof, E, additional, Whyte, D.G, additional, Yoshino, R, additional, Zohm, H, additional, and Group, the ITPA MHD, Disruption and Magnet, additional

Published
2007
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47. The national spherical torus experiment (NSTX) research programme and progress towards high beta, long pulse operating scenarios

Author

Synakowski, E.J, primary, Bell, M.G, additional, Bell, R.E, additional, Bigelow, T, additional, Bitter, M, additional, Blanchard, W, additional, Boedo, J, additional, Bourdelle, C, additional, Bush, C, additional, Darrow, D.S, additional, Efthimion1, P.C, additional, Fredrickson, E.D, additional, Gates, D.A, additional, Gilmore, M, additional, Grisham, L.R, additional, Hosea, J.C, additional, Johnson, D.W, additional, Kaita, R, additional, Kaye, S.M, additional, Kubota, S, additional, Kugel, H.W, additional, LeBlanc, B.P, additional, Lee, K, additional, Maingi, R, additional, Manickam, J, additional, Maqueda, R, additional, Mazzucato, E, additional, Medley, S.S, additional, Menard, J, additional, Mueller, D, additional, Nelson, B.A, additional, Neumeyer, C, additional, Ono, M, additional, Paoletti, F, additional, Park, H.K, additional, Paul, S.F, additional, Peng, Y.-K.M, additional, Phillips, C.K, additional, Ramakrishnan, S, additional, Raman, R, additional, Roquemore, A.L, additional, Rosenberg, A, additional, Ryan, P.M, additional, Sabbagh, S.A, additional, Skinner, C.H, additional, Soukhanovskii, V, additional, Stevenson, T, additional, Stutman, D, additional, Swain, D.W, additional, Taylor, G, additional, Halle, A. Von, additional, Wilgen, J, additional, Williams, M, additional, Wilson, J.R, additional, Zweben, S.J, additional, Akers, R, additional, Barry, R.E, additional, Beiersdorfer, P, additional, Bialek, J.M, additional, Blagojevic, B, additional, Bonoli, P.T, additional, Budny, R, additional, Carter, M.D, additional, Chang, C.S, additional, Chrzanowski, J, additional, Davis, W, additional, Deng, B, additional, Doyle, E.J, additional, Dudek, L, additional, Egedal, J, additional, Ellis, R, additional, Ferron, J.R, additional, Finkenthal, M, additional, Foley, J, additional, Fredd, E, additional, Glasser, A, additional, Gibney, T, additional, Goldston, R.J, additional, Harvey, R, additional, Hatcher, R.E, additional, Hawryluk, R.J, additional, Heidbrink, W, additional, Hill, K.W, additional, Houlberg, W, additional, Jarboe, T.R, additional, Jardin, S.C, additional, Ji, H, additional, Kalish, M, additional, Lawrance, J, additional, Lao, L.L, additional, Lee, K.C, additional, Levinton, F.M, additional, Luhmann, N.C, additional, Majeski, R, additional, Marsala, R, additional, Mastravito, D, additional, Mau, T.K, additional, McCormack, B, additional, Menon, M.M, additional, Mitarai, O, additional, Nagata, M, additional, Nishino, N, additional, Okabayashi, M, additional, Oliaro, G, additional, Pacella, D, additional, Parsells, R, additional, Peebles, T, additional, Peneflor, B, additional, Piglowski, D, additional, Pinsker, R, additional, Porter, G.D, additional, Ram, A.K, additional, Redi, M, additional, Rensink, M, additional, Rewoldt, G, additional, Robinson, J, additional, Roney, P, additional, Schaffer, M, additional, Shaing, K, additional, Shiraiwa, S, additional, Sichta, P, additional, Stotler, D, additional, Stratton, B.C, additional, Takase, Y, additional, Tang, X, additional, Vero, R, additional, Wampler, W.R, additional, Wurden, G.A, additional, Xu, X.Q, additional, Yang, J.G, additional, Zeng, L, additional, and Zhu, W, additional

Published
2003
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48. Nonlinear simulation studies of tokamaks and STs

Author

Park, W, primary, Breslau, J, additional, Chen, J, additional, Fu, G.Y, additional, Jardin, S.C, additional, Klasky, S, additional, Menard, J, additional, Pletzer, A, additional, Stratton, B.C, additional, Stutman, D, additional, Strauss, H.R, additional, and Sugiyama, L.E, additional

Published
2003
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49. Overview of the initial NSTX experimental results

Author

Ono, M., primary, Bell, M.G., additional, Bell, R.E., additional, Bigelow, T., additional, Bitter, M., additional, Blanchard, W., additional, Darrow, D.S., additional, Fredrickson, E.D., additional, Gates, D.A., additional, Grisham, L.R., additional, Hosea, J.C., additional, Johnson, D.W., additional, Kaita, R., additional, Kaye, S.M., additional, Kubota, S., additional, Kugel, H.W., additional, LeBlanc, B.P., additional, Maingi, R., additional, Maqueda, R., additional, Mazzucato, E., additional, Menard, J., additional, Mueller, D., additional, Nelson, B.A., additional, Neumeyer, C., additional, Paoletti, F., additional, Paul, S.F., additional, Peng, Y.-K.M., additional, Ramakrishnan, S., additional, Raman, R., additional, Ryan, P.M., additional, Sabbagh, S.A., additional, Skinner, C.H., additional, Stevenson, T., additional, Stutman, D., additional, Swain, D.W., additional, Synakowski, E.J., additional, Taylor, G., additional, Halle, A. Von, additional, Wilgen, J., additional, Williams, M., additional, Wilson, J.R., additional, Zweben, S.J., additional, Ackers, R., additional, Barry, R.E., additional, Bers, A., additional, Bialek, J.M., additional, Bonoli, P.T., additional, Carter, M.D., additional, Chrzanowski, J., additional, Davis, W., additional, Doyle, E.J., additional, Dudek, L., additional, Efthimion, P.C., additional, Ellis, R., additional, Ferron, J.R., additional, Finkenthal, M., additional, Fredd, E., additional, Gibney, T., additional, Goldston, R.J., additional, Hatcher, R.E., additional, Hawryluck, R.J., additional, Hayashiya, H., additional, Hill, K.W., additional, Jarboe, T.R., additional, Jardin, S.C., additional, Ji, H., additional, Kalish, M., additional, LaMarche, P., additional, Lao, L.L., additional, Lee, K.C., additional, Levinton, F.M., additional, Luhmann, N.C., additional, Majeski, R., additional, Manickam, J., additional, Marsala, R., additional, Mau, T.K., additional, McCormack, B., additional, Medley, S.S., additional, Menon, M.M., additional, Mitarai, O., additional, Nagata, M., additional, Nishino, N., additional, Oliaro, G., additional, Park, H.K., additional, Parsells, R., additional, Pearson, G., additional, Peebles, T., additional, Phillips, C.K., additional, Pinsker, R., additional, Porter, G.D., additional, Ram, A.K., additional, Robinson, J., additional, Roney, P., additional, Roquemore, A.L., additional, Rosenberg, A., additional, Schaffer, M., additional, Shiraiwa, S., additional, Sichta, P., additional, Stotler, D., additional, Stratton, B.C., additional, Takase, Y., additional, Wampler, W.R., additional, Wurden, G.A., additional, Xu, X.Q., additional, Yang, J.G., additional, Zeng, L., additional, and Zhu, W., additional

Published
2001
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50. Ohmic flux consumption during initial operation of the NSTX spherical torus

Author

Menard, J.E, primary, LeBlanc, B.P, additional, Sabbagh, S.A, additional, Bell, M.G, additional, Bell, R.E, additional, Fredrickson, E.D, additional, Gates, D.A, additional, Jardin, S.C, additional, Johnson, D.W, additional, Kaye, S.M, additional, Kugel, H.W, additional, Maingi, R, additional, Maqueda, R.J, additional, Mueller, D, additional, Ono, M, additional, Paoletti, F, additional, Paul, S.F, additional, Skinner, C.H, additional, Stutman, D, additional, and Team, NSTX Research, additional

Published
2001
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