Search

El artículo hace una revisión histórica de la relación que tuvo el entonces candidato Andrés Manuel López Obrador con la justicia electoral desde el fallo sobre la elección presidencial de 2006, además de los resultados de los comicios presidenciales de 2012 y 2018. También analizamos la tensión que se ha presentado entre el Tribunal y la Presidencia actual a partir de varios fallos complejos, como han sido los de propaganda gubernamental por la difusión de los programas sociales, la publicidad de los informes presidenciales y los contenidos de las conferencias mañaneras. Al principio se exponen las competencias y facultades del Tribunal. El resto del trabajo está dividido en dos secciones: en la primera se presenta la descripción del procedimiento de la calificación presidencial que el Tribunal realiza, la revisión histórica de los tres comicios presidenciales en los que participó López Obrador como candidato y las coincidencias y desencuentros que el Tribunal ha tenido con la opinión pública en las últimas cuatro elecciones presidenciales; en la segunda sección, analizamos las sentencias falladas por el Tribunal Electoral que han sido fuente de polémicas. El supuesto del que partimos es que la relación del Ejecutivo con el Tribunal ha sido históricamente tensa, a pesar de la calificación presidencial de 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common chronic condition that increases the cardiovascular disease risk and is also linked to periodontitis. The study aim was to determine if a relationship exists between MetS and chronic periodontitis in adult Colombians. Methods: Participants were 220 healthy-gingivitis subjects and 431 periodontitis patients coming from the three largest Colombian cities. Periodontal status and MetS were determined in subjects. Univariate analysis and odds ratio were calculated within the 95 % confidence intervals and chi test compared the groups. Variables were compared among the clinical periodontal groups and MetS by Wilcoxon and multivariate analysis, and logistic regression was performed for MetS and periodontitis. Results: MetS had higher prevalence in periodontitis group (6.3 %) versus controls (3.2 %). In multivariate analysis, periodontitis was associated with MetS (adjusted OR = 2.72, 95 % CI 1.09-6.79), glucose intolerance with another component of MetS (adjusted OR = 1.78, 1.16 to 2.72), glucose resistance (adjusted OR = 11.46, 95 % CI 1.41-92.88), smoking (OR = 1.72, 95 % CI 1.09-2.71), and city of origin (2.69, 95 % CI 1.79-4.04). Conclusion: The study confirmed the positive association between MetS and periodontitis, being glucose sensitivity the strongly associated component. Clinical relevance: MetS must be taken into account by the dentist when evaluating risk factors for periodontitis, being useful for dentists to evaluate glycemia, lipidic profile, central obesity, and high blood pressure in patients. Interdisciplinary treatment must be recommended when a patient with MetS and periodontitis is being treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with periodontitis and exhibit a wide array of virulence factors, including fimbriae which is encoded by the FimA gene representing six known genotypes. Objetive: To identify FimA genotypes of P. gingivalis in subjects from Cali-Colombia, including the co-infection with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. Methods: Subgingival samples were collected from 151 people exhibiting diverse periodontal condition. The occurrence of P. gingivalis, FimA genotypes and other bacteria was determined by PCR. Results: Porphyromonas gingivalis was positive in 85 patients. Genotype FimA II was more prevalent without reach significant differences among study groups (54.3%), FimA IV was also prevalent in gingivitis (13.0%). A high correlation (p= 0.000) was found among P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia co-infection. The FimA II genotype correlated with concomitant detection of T. denticola and T. forsythia. Conclusions: Porphyromonas gingivalis was high even in the healthy group at the study population. A trend toward a greater frequency of FimA II genotype in patients with moderate and severe periodontitis was determined. The FimA II genotype was also associated with increased pocket depth, greater loss of attachment level, and patients co-infected with T. denticola and T. forsythia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Untreated periodontal disease seems to cause low grade systemic inflammation and blood lipid alteration leading to increased cardiovascular disease risk. To start testing this hypothesis in Colombian patients, a multicentre study was conducted including the three main state capitals: Bogotá, Medellín and Cali. Methods: In this study 192 (28.4%) advanced and 256 (37.8%) moderate periodontitis patients were investigated for socio-demographic variables, city of precedence, periodontal parameters, smoking, red complex periodontopathic bacteria, serum antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and blood lipids including total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides (TG). Those parameters were compared to 229 (33.8%) controls having periodontal health or gingivitis. Results: Advanced periodontitis had worst periodontal indexes, than moderate periodontitis and controls. Interestingly, higher HDL and TG levels were present in periodontitis. BMI > 30 and smoking were associated with increased HDL, HDL-35, LDL and TG, while glycemia >100 mg/dL associated with HDL, HDL-35 and TG. Tannerella forsythia showed a significant association with HDL-35 in bivariate analysis and serum IgG1 against P. gingivalis associated with HDL-35 and serum IgG1 against T. forsythia associated with TG and serum IgG2 against A. actinomycetemcomitans correlated with levels of HDL y HDL-35. In logistic regression the periodontitis patients from Cali presented reduced HDL levels as compared to Bogota and Medellín patients. Presence of IgG1 antibodies against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans correlated with reduced HDL levels. Conclusion: This study confirmed that untreated periodontitis generates alteration in serum lipid levels and systemic bacterial exposure against important periodontopathic bacteria could to be the biological link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Untreated periodontal disease seems to cause low grade systemic inflammation and blood lipid alteration leading to increased cardiovascular disease risk. To start testing this hypothesis in Colombian patients, a multicentre study was conducted including the three main state capitals: Bogotá, Medellín and Cali. Methods: In this study 192 (28.4%) advanced and 256 (37.8%) moderate periodontitis patients were investigated for socio-demographic variables, city of precedence, periodontal parameters, smoking, red complex periodontopathic bacteria, serum antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and blood lipids including total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides (TG). Those parameters were compared to 229 (33.8%) controls having periodontal health or gingivitis. Results: Advanced periodontitis had worst periodontal indexes, than moderate periodontitis and controls. Interestingly, higher HDL and TG levels were present in periodontitis. BMI > 30 and smoking were associated with increased HDL, HDL-35, LDL and TG, while glycemia >100 mg/dL associated with HDL, HDL-35 and TG. Tannerella forsythia showed a significant association with HDL-35 in bivariate analysis and serum IgG1 against P. gingivalis associated with HDL-35 and serum IgG1 against T. forsythia associated with TG and serum IgG2 against A. actinomycetemcomitans correlated with levels of HDL y HDL-35. In logistic regression the periodontitis patients from Cali presented reduced HDL levels as compared to Bogota and Medellín patients. Presence of IgG1 antibodies against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans correlated with reduced HDL levels. Conclusion: This study confirmed that untreated periodontitis generates alteration in serum lipid levels and systemic bacterial exposure against important periodontopathic bacteria could to be the biological link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: The knowledge of clinical features, microbial composition and susceptibility to antimicrobials of periodontal abscesses has recently improved. This descriptive clinical and microbiological study provides more information on the characteristics of periodontal abscesses. Materials and Methods: Clinical parameters and subgingival samples were examined from 54 subjects presenting 60 periodontal abscesses. Samples were cultured for anaerobic and facultative bacteria, and data were expressed as frequency detection and mean proportion of isolation for microorganisms. Selected isolates of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens were used to test susceptibility to amoxicillin, azithromycin, tetracycline and metronidazole. Statistical descriptive analysis was conducted. Results: Most periodontal abscesses were present in patients with ongoing Chronic Periodontitis. Bleeding on probing, tumefaction and suppuration were present in almost all abscesses. Affected teeth were lower anterior teeth, upper anterior teeth and lower molars. The subgingival microbiota was composed of periodontal pathogens such as Fusobacterium spp. (75%), P. intermedia/nigrescens (60%), P. gingivalis (51%) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (30%). Some periodontopathogens showed antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline, metronidazole and amoxicillin, but not to azithromycin. Conclusions: Periodontal abscesses showed typical clinical features associated with untreated periodontitis, and the organisms identified were important periodontopathic bacteria. Rationale use of antibiotic adjunctive therapy in abscess treatment should be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the used of information technology in education in Turkey through the Computer Experimental School (CES) project. Details on CES; How Turkey increased its literacy rate; Information on the General Directorate of Computer Education and Services; In-depth look at appropriate information technology.

Introduction: To identify fimA genotypes for Porphyromonas gingivalis in diabetic and non-diabetic patients to determine the most aggressive strains and their prevalence and distribution. Objective: To identify fimA genotypes for Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Methods & materials: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that determined the frequency of 6 genotypes of FimA for P. gingivalis in 100 patients with periodontitis and systemically healthy and 100 diabetic patients with periodontitis using conventional PCR. Results & discussion: Porphyromonas gingivalis was positive in 72 of the 100 systemically healthy patients, unlike in diabetic patients that were positive for 31 of the 100 patients. The most prevalent genotype was FimA II, with no statistically significant differences found between the groups. The distribution for healthy patients was: FimA II (57%), FimA I (20.8%), FimA III (5.5%), FimA Ib (23.6%) and FimA IV (8.3%). For patients with diabetes the frequency was: FimA II (18.75%), FimA I (15.6%), FimA III (15.6%), FimA Ib (12.5%) and FimA III (6.25%). There was a high correlation among positive samples for P. gingivalis and for A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. denticola and T. forsythia. Conclusions: The prevalence of P. gingivalis is high in healthy patients and low in diabetic patients, which shows the importance of the inflammatory response in diabetic patients. The distribution of the genotypes of FimA was heterogeneous. There were no statistically significant differences found. A co-infection relationship was observed between P. gingivalis, T forsythis. and T. denticola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article describes the microbiota associated with periodontal disease in Latin America. This vast territory includes 22 nations, which show great ethnic diversity, with large groups of White people, Black people, Mestizo people and Native people. Widespread poverty and limited access to education and health-care services, including periodontal care, are prominent predisposing factors for destructive periodontal disease in Latin America. Black people and Mestizo people seem to have particularly severe periodontal disease and are frequently colonized by the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The 'red complex' bacterial pathogens and A. actinomycetemcomitans predominate in chronic and aggressive periodontitis, but gram-negative enteric rods and herpesviruses can also play important periodontopathic roles in Latin America. The key to minimizing the risk of periodontal disease is control of the pathogens, and new low-cost periodontal treatments deserve serious consideration in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descriptive observational cross-sectional study to determine the AOP of the second molars (55, 65, 75, 85) and the first permanent molars (16, 26, 36 and 46) in 459 study models corresponding to six ethnic groups in Colombia, Embera indigenous of Alto Baudó (Chocó), Caucasoid mestizos of Cali (Valle del Cauca), African descent of Cali (Valle del Cauca), Misak indigenous of Silvia (Cauca), Nasa indigenous of Morales (Cauca), and indigenous of Leticia (Amazonas). There were no significant differences of AOP among the six ethnic groups except when compared to the Amazon Indians with African descent of Cali, Embera indigenous and Nasa indigenous. There was no sexual dimorphism except tooth 65 for all ethnic groups. There was bilateral symmetry except between teeth 16 and 26. The distance matrix showed that Caucasoid mestizos of Cali were grouped with microdont populations, Amazon indigenous, Embera indigenous, Misak indigenous and Nasa indigenous, and African descendants of Cali were grouped with mesodont populations. The Embera and Amazon indigenous had the highest values of OAP associated with the relative isolation and less mestizaje. Overall, there was no sexual dimorphism or bilateral asymmetry. This study coincides with the different theories about reducing the size of the teeth as evolutionary characteristic of hominids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal diseases are a group of infectious diseases that mainly include gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is the most prevalent form of periodontal disease in subjects of all ages, including children and adolescents. Less frequent types of periodontal disease include aggressive periodontitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and various diseases of herpesviral and fungal origin. This review aimed to retrieve relevant information from Latin America on the prevalence of periodontal diseases among children and adolescents of the region. Gingivitis was detected in 35% of young Latin American subjects and showed the highest frequencies in Colombia (77%) and Bolivia (73%) and the lowest frequency in Mexico (23%). The frequency of gingivitis in subjects from other Latin American countries was between 31% and 56%. Periodontitis may affect <10% of the young population in Latin America, but the data are based on only a few studies. A more precise assessment of the distribution and severity of periodontal disease in children and adolescents of Latin America may help policy makers and dentists to institute more effective public health measures to prevent and treat the disease at an early age to avoid major damage to the permanent dentition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the subgingival microbiota of distinct periodontitis patient populations, in Chile, Colombia and Spain, using identical clinical and bacteriological methods. Material and Methods: In this multicentre study, 114 chronic periodontitis patients were selected. Patients were examined using an identical clinical protocol and pooled subgingival samples were obtained from each patient. Samples were processed in the three laboratories by means of culturing under identical clinical and microbiological protocols. Total anaerobic counts and frequency of detection and proportions of nine periodontal pathogens were calculated. Variables were analysed by means ofanova, χ2, Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests. Results: The Colombian population demonstrated greater severity of periodontitis, with significantly deeper mean probing pocket depth, and had a significantly lower percentage of current smokers. When comparing samples from the three patient populations, the total counts were significantly higher in the Colombian patients. The numbers of putative pathogens differed among groups. Tannerella forsythia was found less frequently in Chilean samples, while Parvimonas micra and enteric rods differed significantly among the three population groups. Conclusion: Significant differences among Chile, Colombia and Spain existed regarding the frequency and proportions of specific periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of periodontitis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The common promoter –675 4G/5G insertion/deletion polymorphism (indel) in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1) gene has been associated with quantitative components of the metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that this polymorphism is associated with precocious pubarche (PP), a population known to be at risk for hyperinsulinaemic hyperandrogenism. Design A cross-sectional, hospital-based study. Patients A total of 115 control and 182 PP Catalan girls and young women. Measurements Subjects were genotyped for the –675 4G/5G indel in the PAI-1 gene. Insulin resistance and insulin secretion were estimated by the homeostasis model assessment. Results Genotype frequencies for the PAI-1–675 4G/5G indel (4G4G, 4G5G and 5G5G) were similar in control and PP subjects (24% vs. 27%, 50% vs. 47%, and 26% vs. 26%, respectively; P = 0·85) and these frequencies were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The 5G allele, however, was associated with insulin resistance in both postmenarcheal control and PP subjects ( P < 0·01 for pooled postmenarcheal subjects, N = 122). The coexistence with the at-risk genotype of both a low birthweight (standard deviation score, SDS < –1·0) and a high body mass index (BMI) at time of the study (SDS > +1·0) resulted in a noteworthy increase ( P < 0·001) in insulin resistance. Conclusion The common promoter –675 4G/5G indel of the PAI-1 gene is not associated with PP but, in Catalan young women, the 5G allele enhances the risk for insulin resistance imposed by the sequence of a low birth weight (LBW) and a high BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family, non-fermentative Gram negative rods and species of Candida (yeast) have been considered as unusual microorganisms in patients with periodontitis, where antimicrobial and mechanical treatment have been often ineffective to solve or control the disease progression. Objectives: To analyze the microbiological profiles in periodontally healthy individuals, and in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients; to determine the frequency of detection of unusual microorganisms and the possible associations with some periodontopathic bacteria in an oral microbiology laboratory database in Cali. Material and methods: Microbiological reports of 356 patients were analyzed in a period of 41 months. The variables were periodontal diagnosis, total colony counts, percentage of isolation of ten periodontal bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae spp; non-fermentative Gram negative rods and yeasts were also included in the analyses. Results: Reports of 202 (56.7%) patients with chronic periodontitis, 139 (39.1%) of patients with aggressive periodontitis and 15 (4.2%) of periodontally healthy individuals were found. The presence of unusual microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family was 36% and the prevalence of yeast was 7% in the periodontitis patients. Among the three clinical diagnoses no significant differences were found with respect to the presence of enteric organism and yeasts. The greatest prevalence of enteric organisms belonged to Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter and non-fermentative Gram negative rods. Significant associations were found between the presence and absence of unusual microorganisms related to Actinobacillus. actinomycetemcomitans. Discussion and conclusions: The unusual microbiota in these patients was conformed mostly by Gram negative enteric rods. These microorganisms are characterized by being opportunistic species for humans. More studies are required to establish the role of these unusual microorganisms in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family, non-fermentative Gram negative rods and species of Candida (yeast) have been considered as unusual microorganisms in patients with periodontitis, where antimicrobial and mechanical treatment have been often ineffective to solve or control the disease progression.Objectives: To analyze the microbiological profiles in periodontally healthy individuals, and in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients; to determine the frequency of detection of unusual microorganisms and the possible associations with some periodontopathic bacteria in an oral microbiology laboratory database in Cali.Material and methods: Microbiological reports of 356 patients were analyzed in a period of 41 months. The variables were periodontal diagnosis, total colony counts, percentage of isolation of ten periodontal bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae spp; non-fermentative Gram negative rods and yeasts were also included in the analyses.Results: Reports of 202 (56.7%) patients with chronic periodontitis, 139 (39.1%) of patients with aggressive periodontitis and 15 (4.2%) of periodontally healthy individuals were found. The presence of unusual microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family was 36% and the prevalence of yeast was 7% in the periodontitis patients. Among the three clinical diagnoses no significant differences were found with respect to the presence of enteric organism and yeasts. The greatest prevalence of enteric organisms belonged to Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter and non-fermentative Gram negative rods. Significant associations were found between the presence and absence of unusual microorganisms related to Actinobacillus. actinomycetemcomitans.Discussion and conclusions: The unusual microbiota in these patients was conformed mostly by Gram negative enteric rods. These microorganisms are characterized by being opportunistic species for humans. More studies are required to establish the role of these unusual microorganisms in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]