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Version 1.0 - Final The CERISE-SG project (Combining Energy and Geo information standards as enabler for Smart Grids) focuses on interoperability with a special interest in the information exchanges between smart grids and their surroundings. We hereby focus on the exchange of information to and from smart grids, the government domain and the geo domain. Within the fast changing smart grid world acquiring reliable information from different sources is invaluable. The information required comes from different sources that all use their own (often different) definitions for the data they control. The national registration of buildings for instance contains different data with different definitions from the data source of energy consumption. To exchange information between these sources connections need to be made between the different areas that make sure that correct and reliable data is available. In this document we describe a process to define these mappings. First an identification of the playing field of smart grids is given and the three major domains that are involved are described i.e. (1) the utilities domain, (2) the geographic domain; and (3) the government domain. Because there are already many standardisation processing running within each domain, with different set-ups the cross domain harmonization is extra challenging. In this document we work out two solutions to the harmonization problems: - Define relationships between elements from different models - Express model elements from different models in a common model In this document we propose 'linked data' and semantic web technology as a solution for this challenge, we explain Linked Data and explain how Linked Data can be used to semantically map data models to each other. By actively harmonizing a collection of datasets that are relevant for the smart grid we prove the viability for using 'linked data' as a solution for interoperability challenges of the smart grid. We did this with the following, OTB Research, Architecture and The Built Environment

Version 1.0 - Final The CERISE-SG project (Combining Energy and Geo information standards as enabler for Smart Grids) focuses on interoperability with a special interest in the information exchanges between smart grids and their surroundings. We hereby focus on the exchange of information to and from smart grids, the government domain and the geo domain. Within the fast changing smart grid world acquiring reliable information from different sources is invaluable. The information required comes from different sources that all use their own (often different) definitions for the data they control. The national registration of buildings for instance contains different data with different definitions from the data source of energy consumption. To exchange information between these sources connections need to be made between the different areas that make sure that correct and reliable data is available. In this document we describe a process to define these mappings. First an identification of the playing field of smart grids is given and the three major domains that are involved are described i.e. (1) the utilities domain, (2) the geographic domain; and (3) the government domain. Because there are already many standardisation processing running within each domain, with different set-ups the cross domain harmonization is extra challenging. In this document we work out two solutions to the harmonization problems: - Define relationships between elements from different models - Express model elements from different models in a common model In this document we propose 'linked data' and semantic web technology as a solution for this challenge, we explain Linked Data and explain how Linked Data can be used to semantically map data models to each other. By actively harmonizing a collection of datasets that are relevant for the smart grid we prove the viability for using 'linked data' as a solution for interoperability challenges of the smart grid. We did this with the following, OTB Research, Architecture and The Built Environment

Versie 1.1 – English summary - Final, OTB Research, Architecture and The Built Environment

Linked data provide an alternative route for the dissemination of spatial information compared to the traditional SOA-based SDI approach. The traditional approach has provided a wealth of standardized and structured location data based on Geography Markup Language (GML), while linked data provides an open mechanism for sharing and combining this data with anything, once the data is available as linked data. The first part of the paper focuses on deriving linked data from GML data. In the second part, we study how more meaningful data, expressed in Resource Description Framework (RDF) can be created from GML, given the underlying information model, by transforming it from Unified Modeling Language (UML) to Web Ontology Language (OWL)., OTB, Architecture and The Built Environment

This paper investigates the state-of-the-art with respect to simulation-based planning support systems in order to draw a set of requirements and best practices for an urban planning and design framework that enables multiple stakeholders with differing perspectives to systematically explore design options, leveraging the latest analysis and simulation techniques. From these requirements and best practices, the foundations and structure of such an urban planning and design framework are developed. A number of technological and methodological challenges are identified for future investigation., Architectural Engineering +Technology, Architecture and The Built Environment

Versie 1.1 – English summary - Final, OTB Research, Architecture and The Built Environment

Linked data provide an alternative route for the dissemination of spatial information compared to the traditional SOA-based SDI approach. The traditional approach has provided a wealth of standardized and structured location data based on Geography Markup Language (GML), while linked data provides an open mechanism for sharing and combining this data with anything, once the data is available as linked data. The first part of the paper focuses on deriving linked data from GML data. In the second part, we study how more meaningful data, expressed in Resource Description Framework (RDF) can be created from GML, given the underlying information model, by transforming it from Unified Modeling Language (UML) to Web Ontology Language (OWL)., OTB, Architecture and The Built Environment

This paper investigates the state-of-the-art with respect to simulation-based planning support systems in order to draw a set of requirements and best practices for an urban planning and design framework that enables multiple stakeholders with differing perspectives to systematically explore design options, leveraging the latest analysis and simulation techniques. From these requirements and best practices, the foundations and structure of such an urban planning and design framework are developed. A number of technological and methodological challenges are identified for future investigation., Architectural Engineering +Technology, Architecture and The Built Environment

GIS technology, OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment

GIS technology, OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment

Designers interested in applying evo-devo-design methods for performance based multi-objective design exploration have typically faced two main hurdles: it’s too hard and too slow. An evo-devo-design method is proposed that effectively overcomes the hurdles of skill and speed by leveraging two key technologies: computational workflows and cloud computing. In order to tackle the skills hurdle, Workflow Systems are used that allow users to define computational workflows using visual programming techniques. In order to tackle the speed hurdle, cloud computing infrastructures are used in order to allow the evolutionary process to be parallelized. We refer to the proposed method as Evo-Devo In The Sky (EDITS). This paper gives an overview of both the EDITS method and the implementation of a software environment supporting the EDITS method. Finally, a case-study is presented of the application of the EDITS method.

Linked data provide an alternative route for dissemination of spatial information as compared to the traditional SOA-based SDI approach. Where the latter is built on predefined structuring of semantics within domains, linked data is open to linking information to any data over the Web. In this respect both are complementary. The traditional approach providing a mechanism for a basis of standardized and structured data within domains, and linked data providing an open mechanism for sharing and combining. GML as the ISO standard for exchange of service based spatial data and RDF as the linked data format are therefore related. GML provides the format in which many spatial datasets are available and exchanged. This standardization process and effort has been realized on a large scale. Why not let the web of linked data take advantage of this effort? This article will focus on the use of GML structured data as a source for deriving RDF structured data. The first part of the paper focusses on deriving linked data from GML data. The first version of GML, v1.0, was based on RDF. From version 2.0 onwards GML was based on XML and XML Schema, but the object-property structure was retained. We describe a transformation for translating any correctly structured GML to RDFS/OWL automatically, using XSLT. Because GML’s object-property structure translates very well to triples, the transformation is straightforward. Well-known GML content elements such as names and descriptions are mapped to their RDF equivalent. However, any semantics specific to the input GML data (a.k.a. the application schema) are ignored in this translation. In the second part, we study how more meaningful RDF can be created from GML, given the underlying information model, by transforming it from UML to RDFS/OWL. There exists a straightforward mapping to convert a UML model into a RDFS/OWL vocabulary. However, the re-use of existing concepts in vocabularies takes a central role in RDFS/OWL while in UML the us, OTB Research, OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment

GIS technology, OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment

GIS technology, OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment

Designers interested in applying evo-devo-design methods for performance based multi-objective design exploration have typically faced two main hurdles: it’s too hard and too slow. An evo-devo-design method is proposed that effectively overcomes the hurdles of skill and speed by leveraging two key technologies: computational workflows and cloud computing. In order to tackle the skills hurdle, Workflow Systems are used that allow users to define computational workflows using visual programming techniques. In order to tackle the speed hurdle, cloud computing infrastructures are used in order to allow the evolutionary process to be parallelized. We refer to the proposed method as Evo-Devo In The Sky (EDITS). This paper gives an overview of both the EDITS method and the implementation of a software environment supporting the EDITS method. Finally, a case-study is presented of the application of the EDITS method.

GIS technology, OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment

Linked data provide an alternative route for dissemination of spatial information as compared to the traditional SOA-based SDI approach. Where the latter is built on predefined structuring of semantics within domains, linked data is open to linking information to any data over the Web. In this respect both are complementary. The traditional approach providing a mechanism for a basis of standardized and structured data within domains, and linked data providing an open mechanism for sharing and combining. GML as the ISO standard for exchange of service based spatial data and RDF as the linked data format are therefore related. GML provides the format in which many spatial datasets are available and exchanged. This standardization process and effort has been realized on a large scale. Why not let the web of linked data take advantage of this effort? This article will focus on the use of GML structured data as a source for deriving RDF structured data. The first part of the paper focusses on deriving linked data from GML data. The first version of GML, v1.0, was based on RDF. From version 2.0 onwards GML was based on XML and XML Schema, but the object-property structure was retained. We describe a transformation for translating any correctly structured GML to RDFS/OWL automatically, using XSLT. Because GML’s object-property structure translates very well to triples, the transformation is straightforward. Well-known GML content elements such as names and descriptions are mapped to their RDF equivalent. However, any semantics specific to the input GML data (a.k.a. the application schema) are ignored in this translation. In the second part, we study how more meaningful RDF can be created from GML, given the underlying information model, by transforming it from UML to RDFS/OWL. There exists a straightforward mapping to convert a UML model into a RDFS/OWL vocabulary. However, the re-use of existing concepts in vocabularies takes a central role in RDFS/OWL while in UML the us, OTB Research, OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment

This paper describes the use of property graphs for mapping data between AEC software tools, which are not linked by common data formats and/or other interoperability measures. The intention of introducing this in practice, education and research is to facilitate the use of diverse, non-integrated design and analysis applications by a variety of users who need to create customised digital workflows, including those who are not expert programmers. Data model types are examined by way of supporting the choice of directed, attributed, multi-relational graphs for such data transformation tasks. A brief exemplar design scenario is also presented to illustrate the concepts and methods proposed, and conclusions are drawn regarding the feasibility of this approach and directions for further research., Architectural Engineering +Technology, Architecture and The Built Environment

Individuals and organisations around the world - facing extraordinary challenges and new opportunities - are together engaged in numerous projects, involving natural and built environments. Spatial information policy is at the heart of these projects. The information technologies available enable individuals to observe, measure, describe, map and portray these environments with increasing ease, flexibility and precision. In our time, individuals create digital geographic objects that reflect the ones of the real world, so that we can better understand it, sharing our understandings and managing our diverse activities. National Spatial Data Infrastructures (NSDIs) provide public information about survey points, elevation, roads, political boundaries and water bodies. Basic aerial images are widely useful, as are data about land use and land cover. The purpose of this paper is to help policy makers understand the role of policy in advancing standards that support the goals of INSPIRE, the overarching European SDI effort, and SDIs in general. To illustrate the role of policy in SDI formation, the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) executive committee in the Netherlands called Geonovum, will be examined. It has been working on behalf of the Dutch Kadaster, the Netherlands Geodetic Commission and the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment towards the establishment of a national 3D standard that aligns both the existing national 2D standards and the International OGC standard for 3D geo-information, CityGML (OGC, 2012). The Netherlands’ CityGML-based national 3D standard is an important step towards the inclusion of comprehensive 3D information about the built and natural environment within the Dutch SDI., OTB Research, Applied Sciences

Individuals and organisations around the world - facing extraordinary challenges and new opportunities - are together engaged in numerous projects, involving natural and built environments. Spatial information policy is at the heart of these projects. The information technologies available enable individuals to observe, measure, describe, map and portray these environments with increasing ease, flexibility and precision. In our time, individuals create digital geographic objects that reflect the ones of the real world, so that we can better understand it, sharing our understandings and managing our diverse activities. National Spatial Data Infrastructures (NSDIs) provide public information about survey points, elevation, roads, political boundaries and water bodies. Basic aerial images are widely useful, as are data about land use and land cover. The purpose of this paper is to help policy makers understand the role of policy in advancing standards that support the goals of INSPIRE, the overarching European SDI effort, and SDIs in general. To illustrate the role of policy in SDI formation, the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) executive committee in the Netherlands called Geonovum, will be examined. It has been working on behalf of the Dutch Kadaster, the Netherlands Geodetic Commission and the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment towards the establishment of a national 3D standard that aligns both the existing national 2D standards and the International OGC standard for 3D geo-information, CityGML (OGC, 2012). The Netherlands’ CityGML-based national 3D standard is an important step towards the inclusion of comprehensive 3D information about the built and natural environment within the Dutch SDI., OTB Research, Applied Sciences

This paper describes the use of property graphs for mapping data between AEC software tools, which are not linked by common data formats and/or other interoperability measures. The intention of introducing this in practice, education and research is to facilitate the use of diverse, non-integrated design and analysis applications by a variety of users who need to create customised digital workflows, including those who are not expert programmers. Data model types are examined by way of supporting the choice of directed, attributed, multi-relational graphs for such data transformation tasks. A brief exemplar design scenario is also presented to illustrate the concepts and methods proposed, and conclusions are drawn regarding the feasibility of this approach and directions for further research., Architectural Engineering +Technology, Architecture and The Built Environment

Uncertainties in energy demand modelling originate from both limited understanding of the real-world system and a lack of data for model development, calibration and validation. These uncertainties allow for the development of different models, but also leave room for different calibrations of a single model. Here, an automated model calibration procedure was developed and tested for transport sector energy use modelling in the TIMER 2.0 global energy model. This model describes energy use on the basis of activity levels, structural change and autonomous and priceinduced energy efficiency improvements. We found that the model could reasonably reproduce historic data under different sets of parameter values, leading to different projections of future energy demand levels. Projected energy use for 2030 shows a range of 44–95% around the best-fit projection. Two different model interpretations of the past can generally be distinguished: (1) high useful energy intensity and major energy efficiency improvements or (2) low useful energy intensity and little efficiency improvement. Generally, the first lead to higher future energy demand levels than the second, but model and insights do not provide decisive arguments to attribute a higher likelihood to one of the alternatives., Delft Center for Systems and Control, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

In 2005 a base model for geographic information in the Netherlands was published named NEN 3610. The model consist of a modeling framework (based on the ISO19100 series) and a collection of extensible base classes. In the following years many organizations have built their models in conformance to this base model (IMRO, TOP10NL, IMTOP, IMWA, IMKICH, IMKL). The implementation of the base model strongly enhances the operational aspect of a successful National Geographic Register and related services. Moreover the base model approach has prepared the Netherlands for implementation of a similar approach followed in the INSPIRE initiative. Based on the experiences and national and international developments we are renewing the base model, this will be finished in 2009. In our paper we share our experiences with the base model of the last few years and give an overview of our proposed changes. The changes come from the following three main sources: NEN 3610 users were asked for change proposals, all current NEN 3610 models were analyzed for harmonization opportunities and finally the INSPIRE specifications that will probably influence many datasets under NEN 3610 were checked. Al these proposals were discussed in a NEN 3610 Framework group resulting in a new version of base model. The most notable changes with respect to the old version are: • The introduction of design patterns as a way to harmonize data models. • How to handle the fact that all organizations have a different way of looking at the world and hence splitting the same world into different classes. • Integration of semantic decisions and implementation decisions in one model. As there are many similarities between the Dutch base model developments and the INSPIRE process we believe that conclusions from this project can be of benefit for the INSPIRE project and vice-versa., GIS Technology, OTB Research Institute

Uncertainties in energy demand modelling originate from both limited understanding of the real-world system and a lack of data for model development, calibration and validation. These uncertainties allow for the development of different models, but also leave room for different calibrations of a single model. Here, an automated model calibration procedure was developed and tested for transport sector energy use modelling in the TIMER 2.0 global energy model. This model describes energy use on the basis of activity levels, structural change and autonomous and priceinduced energy efficiency improvements. We found that the model could reasonably reproduce historic data under different sets of parameter values, leading to different projections of future energy demand levels. Projected energy use for 2030 shows a range of 44–95% around the best-fit projection. Two different model interpretations of the past can generally be distinguished: (1) high useful energy intensity and major energy efficiency improvements or (2) low useful energy intensity and little efficiency improvement. Generally, the first lead to higher future energy demand levels than the second, but model and insights do not provide decisive arguments to attribute a higher likelihood to one of the alternatives., Delft Center for Systems and Control, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

In 2005 a base model for geographic information in the Netherlands was published named NEN 3610. The model consist of a modeling framework (based on the ISO19100 series) and a collection of extensible base classes. In the following years many organizations have built their models in conformance to this base model (IMRO, TOP10NL, IMTOP, IMWA, IMKICH, IMKL). The implementation of the base model strongly enhances the operational aspect of a successful National Geographic Register and related services. Moreover the base model approach has prepared the Netherlands for implementation of a similar approach followed in the INSPIRE initiative. Based on the experiences and national and international developments we are renewing the base model, this will be finished in 2009. In our paper we share our experiences with the base model of the last few years and give an overview of our proposed changes. The changes come from the following three main sources: NEN 3610 users were asked for change proposals, all current NEN 3610 models were analyzed for harmonization opportunities and finally the INSPIRE specifications that will probably influence many datasets under NEN 3610 were checked. Al these proposals were discussed in a NEN 3610 Framework group resulting in a new version of base model. The most notable changes with respect to the old version are: • The introduction of design patterns as a way to harmonize data models. • How to handle the fact that all organizations have a different way of looking at the world and hence splitting the same world into different classes. • Integration of semantic decisions and implementation decisions in one model. As there are many similarities between the Dutch base model developments and the INSPIRE process we believe that conclusions from this project can be of benefit for the INSPIRE project and vice-versa., GIS Technology, OTB Research Institute

The aim of this paper is to provide a conceptual basis for the systematic treatment of uncertainty in model-based decision support activities such as policy analysis, integrated assessment and risk assessment. It focuses on the uncertainty perceived from the point of view of those providing information to support policy decisions (i.e., the modellers’ view on uncertainty) – uncertainty regarding the analytical outcomes and conclusions of the decision support exercise. Within the regulatory and management sciences, there is neither commonly shared terminology nor full agreement on a typology of uncertainties. Our aim is to synthesise a wide variety of contributions on uncertainty in model-based decision support in order to provide an interdisciplinary theoretical framework for systematic uncertainty analysis. To that end we adopt a general definition of uncertainty as being any deviation from the unachievable ideal of completely deterministic knowledge of the relevant system. We further propose to discriminate among three dimensions of uncertainty: location, level and nature of uncertainty, and we harmonise existing typologies to further detail the concepts behind these three dimensions of uncertainty.We propose an uncertainty matrix as a heuristic tool to classify and report the various dimensions of uncertainty, thereby providing a conceptual framework for better communication among analysts as well as between them and policymakers and stakeholders. Understanding the various dimensions of uncertainty helps in identifying, articulating, and prioritising critical uncertainties, which is a crucial step to more adequate acknowledgement and treatment of uncertainty in decision support endeavours and more focused research on complex, inherently uncertain, policy issues., Multi Actor Systems, Technology, Policy and Management

The aim of this paper is to provide a conceptual basis for the systematic treatment of uncertainty in model-based decision support activities such as policy analysis, integrated assessment and risk assessment. It focuses on the uncertainty perceived from the point of view of those providing information to support policy decisions (i.e., the modellers’ view on uncertainty) – uncertainty regarding the analytical outcomes and conclusions of the decision support exercise. Within the regulatory and management sciences, there is neither commonly shared terminology nor full agreement on a typology of uncertainties. Our aim is to synthesise a wide variety of contributions on uncertainty in model-based decision support in order to provide an interdisciplinary theoretical framework for systematic uncertainty analysis. To that end we adopt a general definition of uncertainty as being any deviation from the unachievable ideal of completely deterministic knowledge of the relevant system. We further propose to discriminate among three dimensions of uncertainty: location, level and nature of uncertainty, and we harmonise existing typologies to further detail the concepts behind these three dimensions of uncertainty.We propose an uncertainty matrix as a heuristic tool to classify and report the various dimensions of uncertainty, thereby providing a conceptual framework for better communication among analysts as well as between them and policymakers and stakeholders. Understanding the various dimensions of uncertainty helps in identifying, articulating, and prioritising critical uncertainties, which is a crucial step to more adequate acknowledgement and treatment of uncertainty in decision support endeavours and more focused research on complex, inherently uncertain, policy issues., Multi Actor Systems, Technology, Policy and Management

Document uit de collectie Chemische Procestechnologie, DelftChemTech, Applied Sciences

Document uit de collectie Chemische Procestechnologie, DelftChemTech, Applied Sciences