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This document describes the design and implementation of the TREE2 panel survey. The document is published simultaneously with the second release (2023) of scientific use data on the TREE2 cohort (TREE, 2023). TREE2 is the panel survey following up the second cohort of the TREE study (Transitions from Education to Employment), a large multi-cohort longitudinal survey conducted among Swiss youth after they have completed compulsory school in 2016 (i.e., starting at the end of lower secondary schooling at average age 15-16). Like its predecessor TREE1 that started in 2000 (see TREE’s multi-cohort design in the following chapter), it draws on a baseline survey assessing students’ skills at the end of compulsory school in three language regions of Switzerland (German, French, Italian)

Das Steuersystem und daraus finanzierte Sozialleistungen bilden den Kern des Wohlfahrtsstaates. In der Schweiz wird die soziale Ungleichheit vor allem durch den Umverteilungseffekt von Sozialleistungen reduziert. Ein geringerer Teil ist auf die Steuern zurückzuführen. In Zukunft sollte das Augenmerk der Armutsbekämpfung vermehrt auf der Familienpolitik liegen.

Coefficients from logistic regression are affected by noncollapsibility, which means that the comparison of coefficients across models may be misleading. Several strategies have been proposed in the literature to respond to these difficulties, the most popular of which is to report average marginal effects (on the probability scale) rather than odds ratios. Average marginal effects (AMEs) have many desirable properties but at least in part they throw the baby out with the bathwater. The size of an AME strongly depends on the marginal distribution of the dependent variable; for events that are very likely or very unlikely the AME necessarily has to be small because the probability space is bounded. Logistic regression, in contrast, estimates odds ratios which are free from such flooring and ceiling effects. Hence, odds ratios may be more appropriate than AMEs for comparison of effect sizes in many applications. Yet, logistic regression estimates conditional odds ratios, which are not comparable across different specifications. In this paper, we aim to remedy the declining popularity of the odds ratio by introducing an estimand that we term the "marginal odds ratio"; that is, logit coefficients that have properties similar to AMEs, but which retain the odds ratio interpretation. We define the marginal odds ratio theoretically in terms of potential outcomes, both for binary and continuous treatments, we develop estimation methods using three different approaches (G-computation, inverse probability weighting, RIF regression), and we present an example that illustrates the usefulness and interpretation of the marginal odds ratio.

This paper is an update to Jann (2018). It contains a comprehensive discussion of the -colorpalette- command, including various changes and additions that have been made to the software since its first publication. Command -colorpalette- provides colors for use in Stata graphics. In addition to Stata's default colors, -colorpalette- supports a variety of named colors, a selection of palettes that have been proposed by users, numerous collections of palettes and colormaps from sources such as ColorBrewer, Carto, D3.js, or Matplotlib, as well as color generators in different color spaces. The command also provides features such as color interpolation or color vision deficiency simulation.

ColrSpace is a class-based color management system implemented in Mata. It supports a wide variety of color spaces and translations among them, provides color generators and a large collection of named palettes, and features functionality such as color interpolation, grayscale conversion, or color vision deficiency simulation. ColrSpace requires Stata 14.2 or newer.

Dans notre article, nous associons des données fiscales à d’autres données administratives pour analyser la manière dont la collecte des impôts directs et le versement de transferts sociaux ont des répercussions sur l’inégalité des revenus dans les six cantons suisses d’Argovie, de Berne, de Lucerne, de Saint-Gall, de Genève et du Valais. Les résultats montrent que l’inégalité des revenus du marché est réduite de 26%, passant de 37,4 points de Gini à 27,6, grâce au système fiscal et de transferts sociaux. L’essentiel de cette réduction est due à des transferts sociaux tels que les prestations sous condition de ressources et les rentes (71% de l’effet total). L’effet associé à la progressivité de l’impôt est significativement plus faible (29%). En comparaison internationale, le faible effet redistributif des impôts directs en Suisse est frappant. Ce phénomène s’explique, entre autres, par l’organisation fédérale du pays. Nous constatons également des disparités entre les cantons en matière de niveau d’inégalité, d’ampleur et de composition de la redistribution.

In unserem Beitrag analysieren wir anhand einer Verknüpfung von Steuerdaten mit weiteren Administrativdaten, wie sich die Erhebung direkter Steuern und die Auszahlung von Sozialleistungen auf die Einkommensungleichheit in den sechs Schweizer Kantonen Aargau, Bern, Luzern, St. Gallen, Genf und Wallis auswirken. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Ungleichheit der Markteinkommen innerhalb der Bevölkerung in Erwerbshaushalten durch das Steuer- und Sozialleistungssystem von 37.4 Gini-Punkten auf 27.6 und damit um 26% reduziert wird. Ein grösserer Anteil dieser Reduktion ist auf Sozialleistungen wie Bedarfsleistungen und Renten zurückzuführen (71% des Gesamteffektes). Deutlich kleiner ist der mit der Steuerprogression verbundene Effekt (29%). Im internationalen Vergleich fällt in der Schweiz der tiefe Umverteilungseffekt von direkten Steuern auf, der unter anderem mit der föderalen Organisation der Schweiz erklärt werden kann. Zwischen den Kantonen finden wir denn auch Unterschiede im Niveau der Ungleichheit sowie im Ausmass und der Komposition der Umverteilung., Dans notre article, nous associons des données fiscales à d’autres données administratives pour analyser la manière dont la collecte des impôts directs et le versement de transferts sociaux ont des répercussions sur l’inégalité des revenus dans les six cantons suisses d’Argovie, de Berne, de Lucerne, de Saint-Gall, de Genève et du Valais. Les résultats montrent que l’inégalité des revenus du marché est réduite de 26%, passant de 37,4 points de Gini à 27,6, grâce au système fiscal et de transferts sociaux. L’essentiel de cette réduction est due à des transferts sociaux tels que les prestations sous condition de ressources et les rentes (71% de l’effet total). L’effet associé à la progressivité de l’impôt est significativement plus faible (29%). En comparaison internationale, le faible effet redistributif des impôts directs en Suisse est frappant. Ce phénomène s’explique, entre autres, par l’organisation fédérale du pays. Nous constatons également des disparités entre les cantons en matière de niveau d’inégalité, d’ampleur et de composition de la redistribution.

Entropy balancing is a popular reweighting technique that provides an alternative to approaches such as, for example, inverse probability weighting (IPW) based on a logit or probit model. Even if the balancing weights resulting from the procedure will be of primary interest in most applications, it is noteworthy that entropy balancing can be represented as a simple regression-like model. An advantage of treating entropy balancing as a parametric model is that it clarifies how the reweighting affects statistical inference. In this article I present a new Stata command called -ebalfit- that estimates such a model including the variance-covariance matrix of the estimated coefficients. The balancing weights are then obtained as model predictions. Variance estimation is based on influence functions, which can be stored for further use, for example, to obtain consistent standard errors for statistics computed from the reweighted data.

Dans notre article, nous associons des donn��es fiscales �� d���autres donn��es administratives pour analyser la mani��re dont la collecte des imp��ts directs et le versement de transferts sociaux ont des r��percussions sur l���in��galit�� des revenus dans les six cantons suisses d���Argovie, de Berne, de Lucerne, de Saint-Gall, de Gen��ve et du Valais. Les r��sultats montrent que l���in��galit�� des revenus du march�� est r��duite de 26%, passant de 37,4 points de Gini �� 27,6, gr��ce au syst��me fiscal et de transferts sociaux. L���essentiel de cette r��duction est due �� des transferts sociaux tels que les prestations sous condition de ressources et les rentes (71% de l���effet total). L���effet associ�� �� la progressivit�� de l���imp��t est significativement plus faible (29%). En comparaison internationale, le faible effet redistributif des imp��ts directs en Suisse est frappant. Ce ph��nom��ne s���explique, entre autres, par l���organisation f��d��rale du pays. Nous constatons ��galement des disparit��s entre les cantons en mati��re de niveau d���in��galit��, d���ampleur et de composition de la redistribution.

In this article, I discuss the method of relative distribution analysis and present Stata software implementing various elements of the methodology. The relative distribution is the distribution of the relative ranks that the outcomes from one distribution take on in another distribution. The methodology can be used, for example, to compare the distribution of wages between men and women. The presented software, reldist, estimates the relative cumulative distribution and the relative density, as well as the relative polarization, divergence, and other summary measures of the relative ranks. It also provides functionality such as location and shape decompositions or covariate balancing. Statistical inference is implemented in terms of influence functions and supports estimation for complex samples.

Good teachers are the backbone of a successful education system. Yet, in developing countries, teachers��� content knowledge is often inadequate. This study documents that primary school math teachers in the department of Morazan in El Salvador only master 47 percent of the curriculum they teach. In a randomized controlled trial with 175 teachers, we further evaluate a computer-assisted learning (CAL) approach to address this shortcoming. After a five months in-service training combining CAL-based self-studying with monthly workshops, participating teachers outperformed their peers from the control group by 0.29 standard deviations, but this effect depreciated by 72 percent within one year. Our simulations show that the program is unlikely to be as cost-effective as CAL interventions directly targeting students.

Im internationalen Vergleich ist die Schweiz ein Land mit einer unterdurchschnittlichen Einkommensungleichheit – aber auch mit einer unterdurchschnittlichen Umverteilung.