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Afghan refugees child labourers face many challenges as they are labelled as refugees. In an attempt to explore these challenges, the present study was conducted in Tehran with a qualitative approach. The present qualitative research was conducted using a conventional content analysis approach with 25 Afghan child labourers in 2022 in Tehran. Child labourers were selected through purposive and snowball sampling and interviewed in a semi-in-depth interview. The data were analysed based on Granheim and Lundman's criteria, as well as those of Guba and Lincoln, to further enrich the findings. A total of 3 categories, 13 sub-categories, and 183 initial codes were extracted from the data analysis, including: "psychological challenges" (history of harassment and abuse, negative effects, high-risk behaviours, and family detachment); "health challenges" (physical problems, inappropriate accommodation, medical/therapeutic problems, and health threats); and "social challenges" (neglected childhood, dual identity, educational limitations, inadequate social support, social isolation, and social humiliation). At the individual level, it is possible to meet the child labourers' health needs and make them aware of the hazards of working in the streets through physical examination at certain intervals and holding training workshops on harassment prevention, anger control, prevention of high-risk behaviours, prevention of infectious diseases such as hepatitis, and strengthening self-confidence to improve health. Also, the Afghan child labourers' work could be intervened at the social and familial level by providing accommodation in more suitable neighbourhoods, providing health insurance for child labourers, creating the chances of studying in schools, preventing dropouts, and strengthening social relations in order to improve children's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Age stereotypes, as common social beliefs about the aging process and the age groups, can have a considerable impact on the physical and mental health. Considering the lack of a reliable tool in Iran to measure age stereotypes, the present study was aims to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the age stereotypes questionnaire. Methods & Materials This is a descriptive-cross-sectional study. Participants were 360 elderly people over 60 years old in Kermanshah, Iran, who were selected based on the inclusion criteria using a convenience sampling method. Participants completed the Persian versions of Kornadt and Rothermund's age stereotypes questionnaire and Kaspar et al.'s awareness of age-related changes (AARC) questionnaire. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS software, version 26 and AMOS version 24. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean age of participants was 67.66±5.88 years. Participants were 175(48.6%) males and 185(51.4%) females. In assessing internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha for the subscale of family and partnership was obtained 0.871; for the friends and acquaintances subscale, 0.842; for religion and spirituality subscale, 0.747; for leisure activities and social or civic commitment subscale, 0.774; for personality and way of living subscale, 0.809; for financial situation and dealing with money-related issues, 0.846; for work and employment subscale, 0.859; and for physical and mental fitness, health and appearance, 0.874. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the eight-factor model had a very good fit. The results of Pearson's correlation test showed that the subscales of the age stereotypes questionnaire had a positive and significant correlation with the two subscales of the AARC questionnaire. Conclusion The Persian version of the age stereotypes questionnaire has good validity and reliability for older adults. It can be used in future studies in Iran to examine the relationship between age stereotypes and other important variables related to old age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused new conditions such as nationwide quarantine, a dramatic decrease in‐person interaction and an increase in death anxiety for governments and people. The pandemic of an unpredictable disease with no definite treatment can pose physical and psychological risks to individuals. The present study aimed to investigate the state of anxiety, coping styles, and hopelessness of people in the lockdown period and reopening in Iran. Methods: In this national population‐based cross‐sectional study, a total of 1191 people who had access to social networks from all over Iran completed the anxiety, hopelessness, and coping style questionnaires online using the snowball sampling method. Analysis was conducted using Stata software version 12 (Stat Corp). The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The results of the study suggested that women experienced higher levels of anxiety than men, and, in stressful situations, women were more likely to use emotion‐focused coping styles, while men frequently used problem‐focused coping styles. The majority of participants reported moderate levels of anxiety and low levels of hopelessness (64.04%). The results of multiple linear regression show any level of anxiety mild (ß = 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.32–0.85), moderate (ß = 0.72, 95% CI: 1.36–1.08), and severe (ß = 2, 95% CI: 1.36–2.56) relative to the none anxiety significantly increase the hopelessness, Furthermore, showing a negative significant adjusted association with the problem‐focused coping style (ß = −0.06, 95% CI: −0.07 to −0.04), and a significant positive association with the emotion‐focused coping style (ß = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02–0.06). Conclusion: Our findings could be used to prevent psychological damage in societies and suggested addressing problem‐focused coping style, especially during a crisis, and providing people with preprepared mental health protocols at this pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Suicide is recognized as one of the most significant concerns in healthcare and a serious psychological health issue in many countries throughout the world. Suicide attempts occur in all social sectors and demographics. It is important to know what are the causes for people to try to commit suicide for an effective prevention and control. The aim of this review was to find out the levels and predictors of suicide attempts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical research looked for suicide attempt reported cases at Dr. Moaven Hospital in Sahneh, Iran, during the 2016-2021 period. Data was collected via checklists completed by supervisors during referrals and subsequently analyzed using the SPSS Statistics software tool (version 24). Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test were used. A significance threshold of 0.05 was used. RESULTS: A total of 1,059 cases of suicide attempts were found. The highest prevalence rate was reported in the group ages 16-25. Males had higher rates of cases (57.4%), which were twice more prevalent in cities and more common in lower-socioeconomic-status families Furthermore, the most common method used (79.5%) was medication intake. There was also a significant association between marital status, job, and suicide-attempt rates (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Suicide attempts are among the most important issues in terms of psychosocial healthcare in all countries and communities, and their prevalence rates may be determined by a variety of factors, such as mental health status, family and living conditions, financial problems and unemployment rate. Preventive control of these factors can contribute to reducing the prevalence of these acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death. Female smokers bear a greater risk of experiencing an ST-segment elevation myocardial elevation (STEMI) than male smokers. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate gender and smoking-related survival differences one-year post-STEMI. Methods: This registry-based cohort study included all STEMI patients of Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran. All eligible adult patients with STEMI were enrolled. Baseline data and one-year post-STEMI data were collected. Cox proportional models were used to estimate crude and full-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). All analyses were performed using Stata. Results: During 2080.9 person-years, 22 patients were lost to follow-up (success rate = 99%). There were 2,279 STEMI patients (22.99% women) during the study period. Men were younger than women (58.50 ± 12.22 vs. 65.26 ± 11.56 years, P < 0.001). In men, smoking was a protective factor against in-hospital mortality in the unadjusted model (HR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.31 -- 0.78, P = 0.002), but was not a protective factor after adjusting for age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, creatine kinase-MB, body-mass index, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, glomerular filtration rate, anterior wall MI/LBBB, left ventricular ejection fraction and reperfusion therapy (HR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.34 -- 1.25, P = 0.198). Conclusions: Although male smokers with STEMI had a lower in-hospital mortality rate, this difference did not persist in the adjusted model. Thus, the smokers' paradox phenomenon was not proven. The better outcomes of men with STEMI compared to women are probably related to their younger age and fewer risk factors at the time of presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]