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Consistency of meeting dietary goals is important in dietary intervention studies. In this study, healthy women participating in a 12-week dietary intervention study (N = 36) were taught how to follow a low-fat diet by daily monitoring of fat intake in grams. The goal fat intake was 15% of energy from fat. Dietary intakes from the week 7 self-monitoring records and the week 8 4-day food records were analyzed using the Nutrition Data System nutrient analysis software. Fat intake calculated from 4-day food records kept during week 8 was 31.3 g/d, and this was slightly above the goal of 27.6 g/d. The self-tally of fat intake during self-monitoring was slightly lower at 26.7 g/d. Nutrient analysis of the self-monitoring food records, however, indicated a mean fat intake of 35 g/d, which was significantly higher than the goal intake and the intake by self-tally. The underestimation of fat intake by 8.3 g/d using self-tally is a sizable percentage of the goal intake, and this has implications for dietary counseling strategies.

Dietary patterns that involve a decrease in fat and an increase in fruit and vegetable (FV) intake have been suggested to decrease cancer risks. In this study, intervention methods to selectively modify dietary fat and/or FV intakes were developed. Compliance to the diets and the effects on body weight are shown, because both of these dietary changes can impact on and be confounded by changes in energy intake. A total of 122 women with a family history of breast cancer were randomized onto one of four diets for 12 mo. Counseling methods were devised to increase amount and variety of FV consumed with or without a decrease in fat intake using modified exchange list diets. Women on the low-fat and combination low-fat/high-FV diet arms decreased their fat intakes to approximately 16% of energy. Women on the high-FV and the combination low-fat/high-FV diet arms increased FV intakes to approximately 11 servings/day. Despite counseling efforts to maintain baseline energy intakes, mean body weight increased significantly by 6 pounds in women in the high-FV diet arm and decreased significantly by 5 pounds in women in the low-fat diet arm. Percent body fat also was increased in the high-FV diet arm and decreased in the low-fat diet arm. Body weight and percent body fat in the combination diet arm did not change significantly. Control of energy intake, therefore, appears to have been achieved only when the addition of FV to the diet was balanced by a decrease in fat intake and both dietary components were enumerated daily. Maintenance of energy intake, therefore, did not appear to be attained intrinsically when individuals were counseled to make changes in the composition of their diets.

Background Dietary intervention research with free-living subjects relies on the ability of study participants to meet their dietary goals within the study timeframe. Little is known about underlying factors affecting compliance. Method Here, we examined whether motivation to enrol in a trial of low-fat and/or energy-reduced diets influenced the ability of healthy women to reach their dietary goals quickly. Results Of the women who had energy-reduction goals (n=43), the 18 with an altruistic reason for participation had a much higher energy reduction success rate at 4 weeks (83%) than the 25 who gave self-rewarding reasons (48%). Conclusions Education, body weight, family history of cancer and previous diet experience did not appreciably affect dietary outcomes. This observation suggests that the societal importance of the research should be stressed in strategies that seek to affect rapid reduction of energy intake in clinical trials.

The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is commonly utilized for assessment of dietary fat intake, but its validity among individuals following a low-fat diet is unclear. We evaluated the agreement of nutrient estimates derived from FFQ, 24-h recall, and 3-day food records obtained from 104 participants in a randomized trial of a low-fat dietary intervention for women at elevated breast cancer risk. Comparisons were made for total calories, percent calories from fat, and total fat after 1 yr. Correlation was assessed using standard methods based on a null hypothesis of no agreement between instruments as well as by a methodology based on a null hypothesis that the instruments should be in agreement. With the use of standard methods, FFQ estimates for women on the low-fat diet were significantly correlated to records only for percent calories from fat (r = 0.39), whereas recall and record estimates were significantly correlated for all three dietary variables. Using the new method, we found no significant correlation between FFQ and either recalls or records for women following a low-fat diet but significant correlation between recall and record estimates for total calories (r = 0.67). Traditional correlation testing may overestimate the extent of agreement in dietary instruments among women on a low-fat diet. We found empirical support for the nontraditional method.

Objective We examined the relationship between intakes of specific foods—namely, meats, vegetables, and fruits—with levels of oxidative DNA damage in women consuming their own usual diet or a diet low in fat. Design Blood was obtained from women who had been assigned randomly to a low-fat or nonintervention diet for 3 to 24 months. Levels of 5-hydroxymethyluracil, a type of oxidative DNA damage, were determined. Diet data were obtained from 3-day food records. Subjects/setting The 21 women were participating in an outpatient clinic. All the women were healthy but had a first-degree relative with breast cancer. Intervention The intervention was a self-selected diet with a goal of 15% of energy from fat. Main outcome measures Existing data on oxidative DNA damage levels were evaluated for possible relationships to foods eaten. Intakes of raw and cooked vegetables were examined separately. Meat intake was examined by type of meat (pork, beef, fish, chicken) and by cooking temperature. Statistical analyses Initial univariate analyses relied on Spearman rank correlations of each food item with DNA damage. Further analyses of the data were performed with univariate and multivariate weighted least squares regression models. Results The model that best explained DNA damage levels was a bivariate regression model that included the intake of cooked vegetables and the sum of beef and pork intake. This model accounted for 85% of the variation in DNA damage levels among women. Preliminary results are suggestive of a positive association of DNA damage with beef and pork intake and a negative association with cooked vegetable intake. Application These observations, if confirmed in larger studies, suggest specific dietary changes to reduce oxidative DNA damage levels and possibly cancer risk. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:524–528 .

To compare the effects of low-fat, low-energy and combination low-fat/low-energy intervention on changes in six anthropometric measures in Caucasian and African-American free-living women.The effects of dietary counseling strategies for fat and/or energy reduction were examined on anthropometric measures in 86 pre-menopausal women, average BMI of 28 kg/m2, who participated in a 12-week intervention trial called the Women's Diet Study. The dietary goals were 15% of energy from fat and/or 25% reduction in energy intake, relative to reported baseline intake, using a 2 x 2 factorial design. Analysis of covariance models were constructed to evaluate changes in anthropometric measures over the 12 weeks of study.The biggest difference by race was in women who were relatively heavier at baseline, in which case African-American women lost significantly less weight but decreased their waist:hip ratio to a significantly greater extent than Caucasian women. With regard to the effects of diet arm, weight loss varied depending on baseline weight, and in women with higher baseline weights, the combination low-fat/low-energy diet resulted in the most weight loss (6.7 kg, p0.05). Decreases in the other anthropometric measures at week 12 were more uniform across diet arms and did not depend on baseline values. After controlling for previous weight history and race, the decreases in BMI, percent body fat and waist circumference after 12 weeks were statistically equivalent with the low-fat, low-energy or combination low-fat/low-energy diets. The relatively greater decreases in percent body fat and waist circumference with the combination diet versus the low-fat or low-energy diets were not statistically significant.The low-fat, low-energy and combination diets all resulted in similar and statistically significant decreases in BMI, percent body fat and waist circumference over 12 weeks of intervention. The extent of weight loss, however, varied depending on baseline weight, and the combination diet was the only intervention to result in significant weight loss for women who were heavier at baseline. This indicates that, although there may be an advantage for reducing dietary fat in initially heavier women, any of these counseling strategies could be effective for improving anthropometric predictors of health risks associated with overweight status. This is useful since flexibility in dietary choices may facilitate adherence to dietary counseling in some individuals.

Long-term (1 y) effects of dietary fat intake on lipoprotein metabolism were determined in 72 healthy women receiving either a 15%-fat diet (n = 34) or usual diet (n = 38). Every three months food records, weight, waist-hip ratio (W:H), percent body fat, fasting plasma triglyceride, cholesterol (C), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), HDL2-C, and HDL3-C; apolipoprotein B and A-I, and postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase activities were determined. In one year, the low-fat-diet (LFD) group had 17% and the non-intervention-diet group had 36% dietary fat. The LFD group showed decreases in cholesterol: 7% TC, 13% low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and 8% HDL. Apolipoprotein A-I, decreased early. Apolipoprotein B did not change. Plasma triglyceride correlated with weight. Percent body fat and W:H correlated with the total and LDL-C. Changes in HDL-C and/or HDL2-C and LPL correlated directly with the changes in dietary fat and inversely with dietary carbohydrate. Changes in total-C or LDL-C correlated with the changes in weight and W:H, but not with the changes in nutrient intake.

In this ongoing research study the independent and interactive effects of dietary fat and calories on a putative intermediate marker of cancer risk, oxidative DMA damage, are being examined. Subjects are healthy women between the ages of 25 and 50, with no history of cancer and not receiving hormone therapy. Subjects are being randomized to one of 4 dietary plans: control, low-fat (LF), low-calorie (LC), and low-calorie/low-fat (LCLF). The LF 4 LCLF diets are a modified version of the Low-Fat Eating Plan developed by the University of Minnesota and limit fat intake to 15% of total calories. Except for the control group, all the diets utilize ADA Lists for Meal Planning to assist participants in monitoring their caloric intakes and achieving caloric goals. The goal for the LF diet is to maintain baseline caloric intake. The goal for the LC and LFLC diets is a 25% reduction in caloric intake. Subjects meet with a registered dietitian bi-weekly, and keep daily food records for 12 weeks. Thus far, 17 subjects have completed the study and eventually 120 women will be studied. Preliminary data indicate good compliance. The LF group of women went from 36% of calories from fat at baseline to 17% at study's ,end with largely no change in caloric intake. The LC group decreased caloric intake by 36% but kept % calories from fat relatively constant. The LCLF group decreased caloric intake by 31% and decreased fat to 19% of calories. The control group kept both calories and fat at usual levels. These data indicate it is possible to selectively manipulate dietary fat and/or calories over a 12-week period, which makes research on the relative effects of these nutrients on biomarkers of cancer risk feasible in humans. This study is supported by grant CA60812 from the NCI.