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Tissue changes and the enlargement of the prostate, whether benign or malignant, are among the most common groups of diseases that affect men and can have significant impacts on length and quality of life. The prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) increases significantly with age and affects nearly all men as they grow older. Other than skin cancers, prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the United States. Imaging is an essential component in the diagnosis and management of these conditions. Multiple modalities are available for prostate imaging, including several novel imaging modalities that have changed the landscape of prostate imaging in recent years. This review will cover the data relating to commonly used standard-of-care prostate imaging modalities, advances in newer technologies, and newer standards that impact prostate gland imaging.

Molecular imaging of prostate cancer continues to grow, with recent inclusion of several positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers into the recent National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines and the US Food and Drug Administration approval of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radiotracers. While much of the work for many of these radiotracers is focused on systemic staging and restaging in both newly diagnosed high-risk prostate cancer and biochemically recurrent disease patients, the potential role of molecular imaging for the detection of localized prostate cancer has not yet been fully established. The primary aim of this article will be to present the potential role for molecular imaging in the detection of localized prostate cancer and discuss potential advantages and disadvantages to utilization of both PET/computed tomography (CT) and PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for this clinical indication of use.

Although relatively rare in the United States, penile squamous cell carcinoma is encountered worldwide at a higher rate. Initial diagnosis is often made on clinical exam, as almost all of these lesions are externally visible and amenable to biopsy. In distinction to other types of malignancies, penile cancer relies heavily on clinical nodal staging of the inguinal lymph node chains. As with all cancers, imaging plays a role in the initial staging, restaging, and surveillance of these patients. The aim of this manuscript is to highlight the applications, advantages, and limitations of different imaging modalities in the evaluation of penile cancer, including ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography.