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A significant element of the “memory of the discipline” consists of shorter texts written on the occasion of a life milestone or the death of important personalities, above all biographical portraits, obituaries and commemorative texts – that is, genres of scholarly discourse which are typically placed in journals in the sections with titles such as “Notices” (and the like). This contribution focuses on the biographical portraits and obituaries written by Vladimír Šmilauer, Karel Hausenblas and Alexandr Stich, and further on the countless texts written about them by other authors. Attention is devoted first to the characteristic features and means of these genres: text titles, composition, rhetoric, and evaluative, figurative and playful expressions. Following the description of these genres is a characterization of Šmilauer, Hausenblas, and Stich, three outstanding scholars and teachers: what they had in common, where they differed, how they spoke and wrote. Their human characteristics (e.g., personal selflessness) emerge very clearly, especially from the commemorative texts, often informal and emotional, published by their students, colleagues and friends.

Emotions are an indelible part of both doing sport and watching sports events. The expression of them is one factor enabling the communicative sphere to fulfil its societal entertainment function. The research for the present paper is based on data from live sports commentaries and the accompanying Internet-based fans’ discussions, with the aim of indicating certain distinctions. Expressions of emotion differ between commentators and fans, and also depend on the relationship between these subjects, individual types of sporting events (national teams, club teams, the Olympics, World and European Championships, football Masters’ League or the European League, the tennis Fed Cup or Grand Slam tournaments, domestic football and hockey leagues), as well as critical situations (scoring or missing a goal, the final scores of the events, losing or winning matches). Significant features of electronic communication also contribute to the expression of emotions, with the varying profiles of individual Internet forums playing a role here, too. This high-profile emotionality leads to the use of both evaluative (positive and negative) and expressive means (including vulgarisms), not only linguistic, but also non-verbal ones

This article is a primarily a stylistic analysis of a conversation taking place between colleagues working together. Emphasis is placed also on sociolinguistic factors (e.g., the asymmetry of the conversation and the distribution of the social roles of the two interlocutors) that result in the use of specific linguistic features (especially first-, second- and third-person singular and plural pronouns and verb forms such as the indicative, imperative and conditional moods and also the use of the infinitive) and a specific degree of “politeness” expressed in the conversation by one of the interlocutors. Methods of interactive linguistics are used to analyse repetition as an important conversational discourse strategy, and various types of repetition (e.g., intentional/unintentional, identical/modified, intensifying, confirmatory, corrective: “self-corrections” and corrections of the interlocutor) are distinguished with regard to prosody and sequential context. A detailed analysis of a short section of the conversation highlights the role played by gestures and facial expressions (also with regard to repetitions) in maintaining mutual intelligibility between the interlocutors and in coordinating their shared work.

This páper attempts to interrelate culture (as a set of values produced and received by a specific community, including its artistic and literary production) and language/speech culture/cultiva on. Its point of departure is the classic hierarchy of styles, the differentiation between high style (which is associated with cultivated, and in Czech, exclusively standard language expression), middle and low style. Low style is characterized by the use of non-standard. slang and expressive means and vulgarisms, and currently extends into Czech literatuře; the style characteristics o f which, in addition to the non-standard means listed above, are contributed to by a significant amount of English loanwords, trendy words and phi ases (often from the media and advertising spheres). The use of all means of low style by the younger generation o f Czech authors is motivated by cnrical attitudes towards the contemporary consumption-oriented society. This is documented in the páper through examples irom two playwrights (David Drábek, Petr Kolečko) and two poets (Karel Škrabal, Jan Tesnohlídek, Jr.). The critical orientation of the authors is directed toward the lifestyle of the society - it is, of course, a question, how to evaluate their work from the perspective of language culture/cultivation.

The first part of this study is an attempt to summarize Czech theories which develop the topic of reported speech (forms of presenting speech) and reported thought in literary works, that is, the use of direct speech/thought, indirect speech/thought, free direct speech/thought and free indirect speech/thought. Special attention is devoted to the internal monologue (the “reproduction” of unspoken utterances which only occurs as thoughts), most often based upon the alternation of free direct speech/thought and free indirect speech/thought, and how it is made into dialogue. This theoretical summary is based mainly on the works of L. Dole el, but on other authors as well (J. Haller, J. Hoffmannová, R. Adam, D. Hodrová, J. Koten and others). In the second part, these theories are applied in an analysis of texts by the young Czech author Petra Soukupová. In her individual works, we demonstrate coinciding as well as differing ways of subjectivizing the narrative: the narrator’s identification with the characters, the use of ich-forms, various forms of reproduction speech and thoughts (including hypothetical utterances) and the dialogized construction of internal monologues. The final part of the text focuses on the way in which typical elements of spoken Czech, above all syntactic ones, are utilized in the reproduction/reporting of the speech as well as the thoughts, reflections, and feelings of Petra Soukupová’s characters. On the one hand, there are linguistic means used to achieve reduction: the minimalization of expressions, concision and fragmentation (ellipsis, mainly the omission of the finite verb, parceling, in- dependent sentence elements, list structures, infinitive constructions). On the other hand, there is juxtaposition, which enables the free addition of syntactic units, which is often used for the associative construction of the internal monologue.

The monthly magazine Časostroj (Time Machine), published in the Czech Republic since 2011, is meant to enable “a fun journey into history” for readers aged 7–15. Several years ago, this magazine took 2nd place in a competition organised by the Czech Academy of Sciences for the popularisation of science. The paper considers how this specifically-profiled popularisation of history oscillates between academic (pedagogical, didactic), everyday communicative and “entertainment” styles, as well as how the entertainment function of language and texts is promoted in contemporary communication. Attention is devoted to the fact that in this popularising discourse – probably much more than in scholarly historiography – narration merges with commentary, and historical fiction has a specific use. The selection of topics and historical events is determined witha consideration of young readers, who are transported into history and directly integrated into past events. The magazine’s authors and editors engage their intended readers in continuous dialogue and maintain live contact with them. The paper also presents the various genres which appear in the magazine (from myths, legends and fables to comics, including, e.g. “historical detective stories”). It further recalls and accents everyday life in history in this popularising discourse and its connections to the gender perspective (female perspective), among others. Emphasis is also placed on the educational function of the texts – on how young readers are encouraged to be actively interested in history and to be independent thinkers (e.g. through alternative history).

In contrast to written language, spoken utterances evince a much higher incidence of deictics, indefinite and pseudo-demonstrative pronouns, contact particles (phatic expressions), specific conjunctions and other connectives, interjections, fillers and hesitation sounds. Corpus-based data should make it possible to attempt a new typology of such expressions (of a broad category of “discourse markers”), independent of the traditional categorization of the parts of speech. The research of spoken Czech syntax must take into account these groups of lexical means that are innate to spoken discourse, i.e. this important area where lexis and syntax meet. Such words as the Czech jako, teda, jakoe, jakoby seem to be semantically vague or empty, but they have a special effect on the connectedness and cohesion of spoken discourse. Moreover, the syntax of spoken discourse has to be investigated in terms of its dialogic and processual nature, inevitably respecting the relationships between utterances and dialogue turns; that is why special attention must be given to “small words” employed at the beginning or end of various types of turns. Their participation in the turn-taking mechanismus, as well as other functions, demonstrates that the “small words” in most cases cannot be regarded as redundant expressions, and that they contribute to the style of spoken discourse.

The study is based on Czech (and not only Czech) theories of reported speech in literary works, mainly on the studies of L. Doležel, but on other authors as well (J. Haller, J. Hoffmannová, R. Adam, D. Hodrová, J. Koten and others). These theories are applied in an analysis of texts by some contemporary Czech authors (mainly Petra Soukupová and Jan Němec). Special attention is devoted to the internal monologue (the “reproduction” of unspoken utterances which only occur as thoughts), and to the alternation of direct speech/thought, indirect speech/thought, free direct speech/thought and free indirect speech/thought. In the novels by P. Soukupová and J. Němec, we demonstrate differing ways of subjectivizing the narrative: the narrator’s identification with the characters, the use of ich-forms, various forms of reported speech and thoughts (including hypothetical utterances) and the dialogized construction of internal monologues. In the novel by J. Němec, we give attention particularly to the use of “du-form” (as the constant representation of the narrator).

Background: Mainstream forms of media frequently portray "wild" or "epic" images of lifestyle sport activities showing the participants as "modern-day gladiators". This research set out to explore how closely aligned these stereotypes are with individual experiences. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze factors which may contribute to a selected lifestyle sport activity becoming firmly rooted in an individual's life course. Methods: Data were collected through focus groups, individual interviews, lifeline method, and participant observation within focus groups. The sample included performance freeskiers, freestyle snowboard riders and instructors (N = 19). Grounded theory was used for analysis and interpretation of data. Results: Results from this research indicate traditional deterministic images of a sport career in freeskiing and freestyle snowboarding do not match the views and beliefs of the actual participants in these activities. Conclusions: The study examines the careers of long-term participants in freeskiing and freestyle snowboarding and extends existing knowledge of lifestyle sports through the implementation of the lifespan approach. Recommendations for future research include extending the analysis to include sports recently considered mainstream as the distinction (between mainstream and lifestyle sports) is becoming increasingly complicated.

The paper discusses the style o f conversation in a Czech talk show called “Všechnopárty”, and the negotiation of positions in this type of media dialogue. It compares different distribution o f positions in three talk shows of Czech television and tries to define some more or less fixed features of this genre (such as asymmetry, or the dominant function of entertainment). A special attention is given to the role of the variety of Czech that is used by the hosts and guests in positioning: it seems that the talk show is a type of a private conversation w ith the participants using particularly colloquial Czech. Nevertheless, different sociolects of the interlocutors (who belong to different generations and professional groups) are an important component of the positioning and permanent negotiation.

In our article we deal with the problematics of focus groups and their implementation in kinantropological research. The primary target of an analysis of electronic information resources of the Palacky University was to look up research projects built upon the of focus group metodology. The analysis of accessible articles put forward that particularly in the field of kinantropological research, the method is used scarcely. The main objective of our article was to introduce the focus group as a valuable research method and outline the potential applications in kinantropology. On the basis of the summarized information on focus groups research we concluded that the focus groups may represent an effective tool for capturing such phenomenons as the affect of social environment, subcultural aspects, or self efficacy on development of attitudes to lifelong learning in the context of motor activity. The confirmation of the outlined possibilities will be the subject of our further research.

Auf Grund der eigenen Erfahrungen, wie auch der theoretischen Arbeiten von· verschiedenen Autoren, kann man einen umfangreichen Komplex der Charakteristiken zusammenstellen, die gewohnlich den schriftlichen Texten auf der einen und den milndlichen Texten auf der anderen Seite, zugeschrieben werden. Diese Charakteristiken werden aber nur mit extremen, "reinen" Fiillen der mtindlichen und schriftlichen Texte verknilpft; die meisten Texte dagegen kombinieren diese Charakteristiken in unterschied­lichen Proportionen, bewegen sich in dem Raum zwischen mtindlichen und schriftlichen Texten, wo sich diese Eigenschaften kreutzen. In einigen Texten oder Textabschnitten werden diese Charakteristiken, diese typischen Zilge - meist absichtlich - aus den schriftlichen Texten in die milndlichen Texte tibergetragen und umgekehrt; hier sprechen wir vorliiufig uber Allusionen, bzw. Zitate, oder eher Quasizitate (d.h. Zitationen des "Gesprochenen" im schriftlichen Text und des "Geschriebenen" im mtindlichen Text). Diese speziellen Typen von Allusionen (Zita ten) versuchen wir nach folgenden Kriterien zu klassifizieren und zu beschreiben: 1) was wird ibergetragen (aus den mtindlichen in die schriftlichen Texte z.B. ·Dialogizitat, Umnittelbarkeit, Emotionalitiit, auffállige Ausdrucksmittel wie Wiederholung, Rektifikationen, verschiedene Kontaktmittel; aus den schriftlichen in die mtin­dlichen Texte z.B. Kondensation, syntaktische Kompliziertheit usw.); 2)warum diese Eigenschaften und Mittel tibergetragen werden: aus den mundlichenin die schriftlichen Texte z.B. mit dem Ziel, die Authentizitat, Nattirlichkeit des gesprochenen Textes zu erhalten, den Adressaten stiirker zu beeinflussen; die "Zitation des Geschriebenen" in dem mtindlichen Text kann z.B. mit der Ironie, oder mit der Achtung vor dem Geschriebenen motiviert werden; 3) wo und wann (in welchen Situationen und Texttypen) werden diese Transpositionenverwirklicht; 4)wie werden diese Allusionen realisiert, wie werden sie in unterschiedlichen Kontextintegriert (mittels Anfiihrungszeichen, Kommentare usw.).