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Interactive digital technologies result in significant managerialchallenges for the largest global advertising agency networks. This paper,based on original data from in-depth case research in three of the largest globaladvertising networks, investigates how advertising agency networks managethe change from mass communication to digital interactivity by applyingtheory of dynamic capabilities to assess challenges and solutions. Relatedly,the paper analyses the change agent role ascribed to the Chief Digital Officersmandated to solve the digital interactivity challenges. The findings uncover thecognitive, structural, operational and process changes needed to develop digitalinteractivity, thereby highlighting important managerial implications.

Hospitals across the globe are prone to numerous wicked problems. Wicked problems are difficult to solve and continue to negatively influence hospital systems. The proponents of the networked governance approach suggest that a new governance mode embracing a collaborative innovation approach to solving wicked problems has emerged. In the context of hospitals, collaborative innovation refers to mobilising patients for, in collaboration with staff members and other stakeholders, solving wicked hospital problems. The claims put forward by proponents of networked governance have not been assessed in the context of hospitals. This paper reduces this research gap by conducting an analysis of the extent to which Danish hospitals have implemented a collaborative innovation approach involving patients as an innovation asset in a systematic manner. The paper shows that the use of new collaborative innovative techniques involving patients have been embraced, but not for solving wicked problems and not in a systematic manner. The paper suggests that hospitals need to embrace collaborative innovation endeavours and patient involvement in a systematic manner for solving wicked problems.

Studies on the spatial organisation of film industries have grown steadily during the last decade. This has resulted in a highly valuable stream of research concerned with the clustering of the film industry. This literature has, however, neglected to pay attention to the specificities of the challenges faced by small countries aimed at building up a film industry in the context of global dominance by media conglomerates located in major audio-visual hubs such as Hollywood, New York and Paris. The conventional cluster and regional innovation systems-literature highlight respectively reduced transaction costs, cluster-based learning and knowledge externalities, tax incentives and systemic effects in explaining the spatial distribution of film activities. These factors are all supply factors. We illustrate how the supply factor based explanations need to integrate demand side factors for explaining emergence of film clusters located in small countries. Based on an original case study on the emergence of the Copenhagen film cluster, we document how the co-evolution of cluster externalities and shared branding (i.e. demand side) paved the way for its successful transformation emergence in the context of a small country. The findings unveil factor specific to smaller nations.

Part 1: The business model of industrial districts and clusters in the knowledge-based view and in the social network analysis perspective 1. The international fragmentation of the industrial districts value chain between relocation and global integration Fiorenza Belussi and Alessia Sammarra 2. Situated business networks facing globalisation: a critical assessment Fiorenza Belussi and Silvia Sedita 3. Boundary spanning strategies of industrial districts: the impact of absorptive capacity Tine Aage Part 2: Industrial districts and clusters in the global value chains. A taxonomical exercise on the path-dependent avenue of Marshallian/Satellite/Evolutionary/Science districts 4. Industrial districts and clusters in the global value chain: the cases of Saonara, Pistoia and Boskoop Fiorenza Belussi and Silvia Rita Sedita 6. The evolution of the Montebelluna sportswear district through knowledge creation, ICT adoption, and international commercial nets Fiorenza Belussi 7. A "low road" to competitiveness in the global apparel industry: the case of the Vibrata Valley district Alessia Sammarra 8. From proximity advantages to organisational advantages through the global extension of an industrial district: the case of the footwear district of Verona Fiorenza Belussi 9. Facing globalisation through inward and outward investments and international research collaboration: evidence from the biomedical district of Mirandola Fiorenza Belussi and Alessia Sammarra 10. Moving immigrants into western industrial districts: the "inverse" delocalisation of the leather tanning district of Arzignano Fiorenza Belussi and Silvia Rita Sedita 11. The clustering R&D through the institutional mechanisms in the Paris Region Najoua Boufaden, Sofiene Lourimi and Andre Torre 12. Transferring entrepreneurialship: the making of the cluster of Timisoara Fiorenza Belussi 13. How deeply embedded is the "footwear agglomeration" in Timisoara? Simona Montagnana 14. The Evolution of External Linkages and Relational Density in the Tuscan Leather Industry Lorenzo Bacci and Mauro Lombardi and Sandrine Labory 15. Local development and innovation policies in China: the experience of Guangdong specialised towns Annalisa Caloffi 16. Industrial Clusters in the Brazilian Ceramic Tile Industry and the New Challenges of the Competition in the Global Value Chain Renato Garcia and Gabriela Scur 17. The localisation of multinationals in Italian clusters between Marshallian and urban externalities Nicoletta Tessieri

Based on interviews with immigrants to Denmark, meetings with stakeholders and with experts in the field, this article addresses issues regarding the underground economy in Denmark. What circumstances and factors characterise specific sectors or breaches to the ones in which undocumented immigrants participate in underground economic activities? Is the underground economy a pull factor for irregular/undocumented migration?

In this chapter, we investigate the four types of organizational paradoxes of lean and the different types of strategies for dealing with these paradoxes in three organizations (Financial, Healthcare and Garments). The study of various types of paradoxes in lean has enabled companies to better understand the causes of resistance to lean implementation and, in consequence, take effective actions for facilitating lean implementation. For instance, in dealing with the learning paradox, the garment manufacturer in Bangladesh introduced a range of initiatives to foster the skills development of its workforce including machine operators, line supervisors and middle managers. Similarly, the financial company in Denmark attempted to reduce the tensions emerging from the paradox as employees had stronger attachment to their work identity. Dealing with the paradox often required various sessions of coaching, mentoring and group discussions in order to achieve a new level of understanding and the acceptance of the new role among the employees.