19 results on '"Jan Wölz"'
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2. How flood events affect rainbow trout: Evidence of a biomarker cascade in rainbow trout after exposure to PAH contaminated sediment suspensions
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John P. Giesy, Henner Hollert, Michelle Chinoraks, Jan Wölz, Andreas Schäffer, Catrina Cofalla, Holger Schüttrumpf, Markus Brinkmann, Steve Wiseman, Jochen Kuckelkorn, Ulrike Kammann, Markus Hecker, Michael Patrick Hennig, and Sebastian Hudjetz
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Chrysene ,Geologic Sediments ,Ecology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Metabolite ,Temperature ,Sediment ,Biota ,Context (language use) ,Environmental Exposure ,Environmental exposure ,Aquatic Science ,Survival Analysis ,Floods ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Oncorhynchus mykiss ,Environmental chemistry ,Animals ,Pyrene ,Rainbow trout ,Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ,Biomarkers ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Increasing frequency and intensity of flood events are major concerns in the context of climate change. In addition to the direct hydrological implications of such events, potential ecotoxicological impacts are of increasing interest. It is vital to understand mechanisms of contaminant uptake from suspended particulate matter (SPM) and related effects in aquatic biota under realistic conditions. However, little is known about these processes. Due to recent changes in climate, during summer temperatures of German rivers frequently exceed 25°C. Effects of re-suspension of sediments on biota under elevated temperature regimes are likely to differ from those under lower temperature regimes. To elucidate this differential response of aquatic vertebrates, rainbow trout were exposed to suspensions of sediment from the Rhine River that was spiked with a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The experiments were conducted under two different temperature regimes (24°C or 12°C). Physicochemical parameters, including concentration of PAHs in SPM, and biomarkers in fish (biliary PAH metabolites, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO), mRNA expression of some genes and micronuclei) were measured over the course of a 12d study. Concentrations of pyrene and phenanthrene decreased over time, while no decrease was observed for chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene. The biomarker cascades, more specifically the temporal dynamics of biomarker reactions, did not only show quantitative differences (i.e. different induction intensity or rate of biomarker responses) at the two temperatures but also qualitative differences, i.e. different biomarker responses were observed. A slight significant increase of biliary metabolites in fish was observed in un-spiked sediment at 24°C. In bile of fish exposed to PAH spiked sediment concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene and 1-hydroxyphenanthrene increased significantly during the first two days, and then decreased. At 12°C uptake of PAHs was slower and maximum metabolite concentrations in bile were less than in fish exposed at 24°C. Following a latency of two days, concentrations of PAH metabolites in bile of fish exposed at 24°C were followed by a peak in LPO. PAHs spiked into sediments under laboratory conditions were significantly more bioavailable than the PAHs that were already present in un-spiked field-collected sediments.
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- 2013
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3. Endocrine disrupting, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects of upper Danube River sediments using effect-directed analysis
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Thomas-Benjamin Seiler, John P. Giesy, Werner Brack, Eric Higley, Tobias Schulze, Hanno Zielke, Paul D. Jones, Urte Lübcke-von Varel, Henner Hollert, Jan Wölz, Stefanie Grund, and Markus Hecker
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Geologic Sediments ,Embryo, Nonmammalian ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Mutagen ,Fractionation ,Chemical Fractionation ,Endocrine Disruptors ,medicine.disease_cause ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Polyaromatic hydrocarbon ,Rivers ,Salmonella ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Germany ,Toxicity Tests ,Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Bioassay ,Endocrine system ,Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ,Zebrafish ,Chemistry ,Sediment ,Environmental chemistry ,Toxicity ,Biological Assay ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Mutagens - Abstract
Effect-directed analysis (EDA) can be useful in identifying and evaluating potential toxic chemicals in matrixes. Previous investigations of extracts of sediments from the upper Danube River in Germany revealed acute nonspecific and mechanism-specific toxicity as determined by several bioassays. In the present study, EDA was used to further characterize these sediments and identify groups of potentially toxic chemicals. Four extracts of sediments were subjected to a novel fractionation scheme coupled with identification of chemicals to characterize their ability to disrupt steroidogenesis or cause mutagenic and/or teratogenic effects. All four whole extracts of sediment caused significant alteration of steroidogenesis and were mutagenic as well as teratogenic. The whole extracts of sediments were separated into 18 fractions and these fractions were then subjected to the same bioassays as the whole extracts. Fractions 7 to 15 of all four extracts were consistently more potent in both the Ames fluctuation and H295R assays. Much of this toxicity could be attributed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sterols, and in fraction 7-naphthoic acids. Because the fraction containing polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorodibenzodioxin/furan, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and several organophosphates did not cause any observable effects on hormone production or a mutagenic response, or were not detected in any of the samples, these compounds could be eliminated as causative agents for the observed effects. These results demonstrate the value of using EDA, which uses multiple bioassays and new fractionation techniques to assess toxicity. Furthermore, to our knowledge this is the first study using the recently developed H295R assay within EDA strategies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1053–1062. © 2012 SETAC
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- 2012
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4. A combined hydraulic and toxicological approach to assess re-suspended sediments during simulated flood events—part II: an interdisciplinary experimental methodology
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Jan Wölz, Andreas Schäffer, Sebastian Roger, Catrina Cofalla, Henner Hollert, Holger Schüttrumpf, Roy M. Frings, Markus Brinkmann, Sebastian Hudjetz, Markus Hecker, Burkhard Schmidt, and Ulrike Kammann
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Hydrology ,Lead (geology) ,Flood myth ,Stratigraphy ,Sediment contamination ,Environmental science ,Climate change ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
Purpose Flood events are expected to increase both in intensity and frequency due to climate change in the near future. From an environmental toxicology perspective, there is concern that such flood events could lead to the remobilization of contaminated sediment layers in rivers. The aim of this pilot study was to establish a novel and interdisciplinary framework combining methods of hydrodynamic engineering and ecotoxicological assessment to enable investigation of the potential risks associated with such remobilization events.
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- 2012
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5. Estrogen receptor mediated activity in bankside groundwater, with flood suspended particulate matter and floodplain soil – An approach combining tracer substance, bioassay and target analysis
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Dirk Kühlers, Lothar Erdinger, Henner Hollert, K. Grosshans, Michael Fleig, Andrew Rastall, Tobias Schulze, Werner Brack, Jan Wölz, Thomas Braunbeck, and Georg Streck
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Environmental Engineering ,Floodplain ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Aquifer ,Soil ,Rivers ,Germany ,Groundwater pollution ,Environmental Chemistry ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,European union ,Groundwater ,media_common ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Estrogens ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Analgesics, Non-Narcotic ,Pollution ,Floods ,Water resources ,Carbamazepine ,Water Framework Directive ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Particulate Matter ,Water quality ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Bankside groundwater is widely used as drinking water resource and, therefore, contamination has to be avoided. In the European Union groundwater protection is explicit subject to Water Framework Directive. While groundwater pollution may originate from different sources, this study investigated on impacts via flood events. Groundwater was sampled with increasing distance to the river Rhine near Karlsruhe, Germany. Samples were HPLC-MS-MS analyzed for the river contaminant carbamazepine to indicate river water infiltration, giving permanent presence in 250 m distance to the river (14-47 μg L⁻¹). Following a flood event, concentrations of about 16-20 μg L⁻¹ could also be detected in a distance of 750 m to the river. Furthermore, estrogenic activity as determined with the Yeast Estrogen Screen assay was determined to increase up to a 17β-ethinylestradiol equivalent concentration (E-EQ)=2.9 ng L⁻¹ near the river, while activity was initially measured following the flood with up to E-EQ=2.6 ng L⁻¹ in 750 m distance. Detections were delayed with increasing distance to the river indicating river water expansion into the aquifer. Flood suspended matter and floodplain soil were fractionated and analyzed for estrogenic activity in parallel giving up to 1.4 ng g⁻¹ and up to 0.7 ng g⁻¹, respectively. Target analysis focusing on known estrogenic active substances only explained < 1% of measured activities. Nevertheless, river water infiltration was shown deep into bankside groundwater, thus, impacting groundwater quality. Therefore, flood events have to be in the focus when aiming for groundwater and drinking water protection as well as for implementation of Water Framework Directive.
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- 2011
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6. Toxizität und Risk Assessment fluvialer Sedimente und Schwebstoffe: Eine kurze Übersicht bisheriger und neuerer Entwicklungen
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Jan Wölz, Henner Hollert, Sebastian Roger, Markus Brinkmann, Sabine Ulrike Gerbersdorf, Catrina Cofalla, Holger Schüttrumpf, Arnold V. Hallare, Thomas-Benjamin Seiler, Steffen Keiter, and Sebastian Hudjetz
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Suspended solids ,Water Framework Directive ,Environmental engineering ,Environmental science ,Sediment ,Water quality ,Risk assessment ,Water resource management ,Water pollution ,Pollution ,Surface water ,Aquatic organisms - Abstract
Background In recent years, sediments have become a central topic of scientific and public discussion as an important factor for determining water quality. While the quality of surface waters in Germany has significantly improved during the past years, highly contaminated sediments still create a considerable threat to the quality of several European catchment areas. Main features Here, we summarize different concepts and methods for the assessment of sediment quality and report on some novel integrative test methods for assessing sediment toxicity including contaminant re-mobilization during simulated re-suspension events. Results and discussionCurrently, different approaches for assessment of sediment pollution exist. While instrumental chemical analyses are not suitable to accurately describe sediment toxicity, combinations of biological and chemical test procedures and integrated approaches, for example weight-of-evidence studies and effect-directed analysis (EDA), have the potential to identify key contaminants. Inter-disciplinary studies combining hydrodynamic and toxicological aspects coupled to real exposure of aquatic organisms to contaminants are currently being developed. ConclusionsMonitoring and assessment of sediment quality are of increasing importance, not only for national legislation but also for the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Integrated approaches for the determination of sediment stability play a key role in the appropriate sediment-monitoring strategies.
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- 2010
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7. A combined hydraulic and toxicological approach to assess re-suspended sediments during simulated flood events. Part I–multiple biomarkers in rainbow trout
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Markus Hecker, Holger Schüttrumpf, Xiaowei Zhang, John P. Giesy, Sebastian Roger, Sebastian Hudjetz, Jan Wölz, Catrina Cofalla, Henner Hollert, Ulrike Kammann, Markus Brinkmann, and Steve Wiseman
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Pollution ,Pollutant ,Flood myth ,Stratigraphy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sediment ,Aquatic animal ,medicine.disease_cause ,Environmental chemistry ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Ecotoxicology ,Rainbow trout ,Genotoxicity ,Earth-Surface Processes ,media_common - Abstract
One of the central issues related to global changes in weather is the increasing occurrence of flood events that can result in the re-suspension of contaminated sediments in rivers. Here, we report on a proof-of-concept study combining hydraulic engineering and ecotoxicology in a new interdisciplinary approach to assess the toxicity of re-suspended polluted sediments after a simulated flood event. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed for 5 days under simulated flood conditions in an annular flume with artificial sediments that were spiked with a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) at environmentally relevant concentrations. Specifically, the objective of this study was to bridge the gap between the physical re-suspension of pollutants and resulting toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms. A suite of different molecular, biochemical and histological markers was used to test the hypothesis that re-suspension of sediments can lead to re-mobilization of PAHs and subsequently to effects on aquatic organisms. The micronucleus frequency was significantly 4.3-fold elevated after exposure. There was no significant indication of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling (no EROD induction or increased CYP1A protein content, only slight induction of CYP1A gene expression). Biliary metabolite concentration was the most sensitive marker of PAH exposure. Results for other biomarkers (glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and lipid peroxidation) were inconclusive. In combination with chemical analyses of suspended matter, the presented approach will be used to improve understanding of the re-mobilization of pollutants from sediments in support of environmental risk assessment.
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- 2010
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8. Investigation on soil contamination at recently inundated and non-inundated sites
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Dirk Kühlers, Henner Hollert, Tobias Schulze, Michael Fleig, Jan Wölz, Georg Reifferscheid, Urte Lübcke-von Varel, Werner Brack, and Thomas Braunbeck
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Pollution ,geography ,Topsoil ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Soil test ,Floodplain ,Stratigraphy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sediment ,Context (language use) ,Contamination ,Soil contamination ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Earth-Surface Processes ,media_common - Abstract
This study was carried out to determine hazards of particle-bound contaminants in rivers to retention areas close to public well fields in the context of flood events. The focus was on the assessment of soil contamination at a planned retention area. Soil core samples were chemically and biologically analyzed. Samples were fractionated to identify and compare contaminant loads and biological effects of soil and flood suspended particulate matter (SPM). Soil cores were sampled at inundated and non-inundated sites at a planned retention area. Soil was analyzed for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The highest inducing soil sample was fractionated applying a recently developed automated fractionation method to receive further insight into contaminant loads in soil at inundated sites. Impacts on biological scale were assessed using in vitro biotests for xenometabolic activity (7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) assay) as well as for mutagenic activity (Ames fluctuation assay). EROD induction was calculated as biological equivalent concentration (bio-TEQ), and mutagenic potentials were given as no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and maximum induction factor (IFmax). Soil core samples of each site induced EROD activity. However, extracts of soil sampled at a ground swale was by far the highest inducing (topsoil bio-TEQ = 41,000 pg/g). Further, chemical analysis yielded relative increases in concentration in particular: HCB (0.05 mg/kg), PCBs (0.19 mg/kg), and EPA-PAHs (39 mg/kg). Extracts of soil samples caused no mutagenic effects. PAHs caused the bulk of EROD activity (bio-TEQ = 32,000 pg/g) with ground swale topsoil fractions. Further, fractions containing moderately polar and polar substances gave elevated effects (bio-TEQ = 8,200 pg/g). Mutagenic potentials were shown with most fractions. However, highest induction was observed with fractions containing moderately polar to polar substances reflected by a NOEC ≥0.03 mg/ml and an IFmax ≤29. Soil contamination at floodplains is heterogeneous but may reach elevated levels with soil swales giving highest chemical concentrations and biological effects with total sample extracts and fractions. The origin of floodplain soil contamination can be evaluated using lines of evidence which may result in identification of contaminant transport path from sediment, via flood SPM to soil. Taking hazard assessment of floodplain soil forward to risk evaluation may indicate a concern which highlights the need to further investigate on hazards caused by eroded sediment in flood events to avoid conflicts of interest when planning and operating retention basins.
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- 2010
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9. Impact of contaminants bound to suspended particulate matter in the context of flood events
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Werner Brack, Sibylle Maletz, Michael Fleig, Tobias Schulze, Urte Lübcke-von Varel, Henner Hollert, Georg Reifferscheid, Jan Wölz, Thomas Braunbeck, and Dirk Kühlers
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Pollution ,Public well ,Flood myth ,Stratigraphy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Context (language use) ,Fractionation ,Hexachlorobenzene ,Particulates ,Contamination ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Earth-Surface Processes ,media_common - Abstract
The presented study investigated on contamination of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in rivers that was sampled long-term and with higher frequency during a flood event at the river Rhine. It was conducted to determine in vitro biological effects as well as to identify and quantify compound classes and effective contaminants. Research was part of investigation on hazards of contaminants bound to SPM to inundated sites and retention areas that are inundated during flood events. SPM was sampled in 2006 and more frequently in a flood event (August, 2007) at the river Rhine barrage of Iffezheim, Germany. SPM was GC-MS analyzed for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), several polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Flood samples were fractionated applying a recently developed automated fractionation method to receive further insight into contaminant loads in flood SPM. Impacts on biological scale were assessed using in vitro biotests for xenometabolic 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) assay as well as for mutagenic activity (Ames fluctuation assay). EROD induction was calculated as biological equivalent concentrations (bio-TEQs) and mutagenic potentials were shown as NOECs and maximum induction factors. Chemical analysis gave low concentrations of PCBs (2006 and 2007) and HCB (2006). HCB concentrations increased during the flood in 2007 (maximum, 110 µg/kg SPM). Concentrations of PCBs were only initially elevated in the flood (maximum, 67 µg/kg SPM). EROD induction bio-TEQs ranged from 1,160 to 6,640 pg/g SPM in 2006 and showed maximum bio-TEQ at the peak discharge in 2007. There was no mutagenic activity with SPM of both years. Fractionation indicated highest EROD induction in PAH fractions with prioritized (EPA-) PAHs contributing to less than 1% to the fractions total bio-TEQ but also fractions containing more polar-to-polar substances were shown to contribute minor. Furthermore, more polar fractions were mutagenic active with SPM sampled after the peak of discharge (IFmax = 14.7). Contaminants bound to flood SPM can be hazardous to inundated retention areas. Concentrations can be assumed to be increasing correlated with discharge and, thus, with more extreme flood events. Furthermore, biological effects are elevated or first place appearing with SPM from floods. Hazards have to be expected not only from persistent and non-polar substances but alike from less persistent and more polar ones that, furthermore, are more relevant evaluating hazards to drinking water resources from public well fields.
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- 2010
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10. Contaminant transport to public water supply wells via flood water retention areas
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Henner Hollert, Dietrich Maier, Jan Wölz, Matthias Maier, Michael Fleig, Ekkehart Bethge, Boris Lehmann, Gudrun Hillebrand, Ulf Mohrlok, and Dirk Kühlers
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Groundwater flow ,Water supply ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,ddc:690 ,Flood water ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,Buildings ,Water pollution ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,Pollutant ,Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,business.industry ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ,Environmental engineering ,Contamination ,lcsh:Geology ,lcsh:G ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,business ,Water well - Abstract
The essential processes and mechanisms of the transport of contaminants from a river to a well field via a flood water retention area are presented. The transport is conceptualized as a succession of three phases: (1) contaminant entry into the retention area, (2) passage through the soil zone and (3) transport with the groundwater flow. Depending on the conditions of a given location and on the properties of the contaminants of interest, processes within each transport phase may reduce the concentration of the contaminants at the well field. For the Kastenwoert-Rappenwoert study area, the results of the described processes are shown by chemical and ecotoxicological analyses as well as by numerical modelling. Based on the results of the analyses, it is predicted that some contaminants in the study area will be completely detained along the transport path, while others will be transported as far as the well field, although in significantly reduced concentrations.
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- 2009
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11. Ecotoxicological characterization of sediment cores from the western Baltic Sea (Mecklenburg Bight) using GC–MS and in vitro biotests
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Henner Hollert, Jan Wölz, Gesine Witt, and Doerthe Borck
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Pollutant ,Pollution ,Total organic carbon ,Chemistry ,Stratigraphy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sediment ,Aquatic animal ,Contamination ,Industrial waste ,Environmental chemistry ,Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Earth-Surface Processes ,media_common - Abstract
The Mecklenburg Bight (Western Baltic Sea) near Luebeck, Germany was historically used to dump industrial waste at sea and, thus, sediments in some regions are highly polluted at present. While earlier studies identified hot spots of chemical pollution, little is known about biological activities and impacts on exposed marine organisms. This study aimed to assess the pollution in the Mecklenburg Bight to determine the degree of contamination with sediment-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as biological activities. Sediment cores with a depth of 30 cm were sampled at a dumping site and at a reference site, sliced in distinct layers, freeze-dried, and processed using the accelerated solvent extraction method. Sediment was characterized measuring total organic carbon (TOC) and soot contents. Concentrations of the 16 EPA-PAHs were determined with chemical analysis (gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy) in each sediment slice and referred to the determined TOC content. Further on, in vitro biotests were applied to determine toxic effects of contaminants in the sediment. The acute neutral red retention assay indicated no specific cytotoxic effects. Arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activities were measured using the mechanism-specific 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction assay. Both biotests were performed with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cells (RTL-W1). Analyzed compound concentrations and biological activities were given in toxicological equivalent concentrations (chem- and bio-TEQs) to determine shares of analyzed EPA-PAHs to the overall activity. TOC and soot contents indicated a significant alteration through the sediment core at the dumping site. EPA-PAH concentrations were referred to TOC and indicated elevated concentrations at the dumping site. Maximum PAH concentrations (14 to 16 cm depth; 5.44 µg/g TOC) were 300-fold increased at the dumping site, compared to the reference site (4 to 6 cm depth; 0.017 µg/g TOC). Cytotoxicity as determined in the neutral red retention assay was elevated in some layers at the dumping site (maximum in 4 to 6 cm depth; NR50 = 14 mg/ml), but not correlated with TOC or soot contents. Ah receptor agonist activities were clearly elevated in highly PAH-loaded layers at both sites. At the dumping site, maximum activities were determined reflected by a bio-TEQ of 223,000 pg/g (19 to 22 cm), in contrast to a bio-TEQ of 41,000 pg/g (6 to 8 cm) at the reference site. Further on, shares of EPA-PAHs to the overall activity were determined and contributed >40% at the dumping site and between 4% and 17% at the reference site. Chem-TEQs were found to exceed bio-TEQs in a depth of 11 to 22 cm, indicating the presence of Ah receptor antagonistic or inhibitive compounds. Sediments from the dumping site were determined to be highly contaminated and caused toxic effects in depths that are known to be influenced by dumping activities. In contrast, the reference sediment indicated only near to surface layers to be minor contaminated. In comparison with highly polluted sediments from other marine sites, the contamination of the dumping site could be ranked as elevated. Chem-TEQs exceeding bio-TEQs in a depth of 11 to 22 cm seem to be caused by AhR antagonistic compounds in the dumped material. Furthermore, particle-bound PAH concentrations assessed in this study were discussed against freely dissolved concentrations in interstitial water, as determined in a different study with the same sediment core. Sediments in the inner Mecklenburg Bight could be shown to be highly contaminated, at least with PAHs, causing articulate increased Ah receptor-mediated activities. Marine organisms may be exposed to these contaminants, in particular when inhabiting the sediment. Further research activities should extend the range of chemically analyzed pollutants and applied biotests and endpoints. Monitoring should close the gap between analytical methods in the laboratory and the field to determine possible impacts on organisms at site.
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- 2009
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12. Strategien zur Sedimentbewertung – ein Überblick
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Lothar Erdinger, M. Ernst, Wolfgang Ahlf, Thomas Kosmehl, Thomas Braunbeck, M. Dürr, Henner Hollert, Stefanie Grund, Jan Wölz, Thomas-Benjamin Seiler, and Steffen Keiter
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Gynecology ,Weight of evidence ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Aquatic environment ,Political science ,medicine ,Pollution - Abstract
Hintergrund Sedimente sind als wichtiger Faktor bei der Beurteilung der Gewasserqualitat in den letzten Jahren starker in die wissenschaftliche und offentliche Diskussion geraten. Wahrend sich die Wasserqualitat in den letzten Jahren deutlich verbessert hat, werden zum Teil hoch kontaminierte Sedimente in vielen europaischen Einzugsgebieten die Gewasserqualitat noch fur viele Jahrzehnte nachhaltig beeinflussen. Monitoring und Bewertung der Sedimentqualitat kommen daher nicht nur im Rahmen nationalen Rechts, sondern auch bei der Umsetzung der europaischen Wasserrahmenrichtlinie grose Bedeutung zu. Ziel In diesem Beitrag soll ein Uberblick uber verschiedene Konzepte zur Bewertung von Sedimenten gegeben werden. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt des Beitrages, der in einem Sonderheft anlasslich der Emeritierung von Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Volker Storch erscheint, liegt auf der exemplarischen Vorstellung von Fallstudien zur Sedimenttoxikologie, die jeweils im Heidelberger Umfeld entstanden sind. Ergebnisse und Diskussion In diesem Ubersichtsartikel werden zunachst die Vor- und Nachteile von chemischer Analytik und Biotestverfahren hinsichtlich der Sedimentbewertung dargestellt. Wahrend jede Methodik fur sich gesehen nur begrenzte Aussagekraft hat, ermoglicht deren Kombination eine umfassende Charakterisierung des Sedimentzustandes. In diesem Kontext werden Stufenverfahren und integrierte Sedimentbewertungen mittels Weight-of-Evidence-Studien vorgestellt. Als zusatzliches Konzept wird die Effekt-dirigierte Analyse prasentiert, bei der uber die Kombination aus Fraktionierungen, biologischen Wirktests und nachfolgenden chemischen Analysen letztendlich die biologisch problematischen Substanzklassen oder gar Substanzen identifiziert werden konnen. Weiterhin wird dargestellt, dass bei der weiteren Umsetzung der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie auch die Sedimentmobilitat fur die Risikoanalyse von teils hochbelasteten Altsedimenten eine Rolle spielen wird. Ausblick An verschiedenen Fallbeispielen wird in dem Artikel verdeutlicht, dass insbesondere das Konzept der Effekt-dirigierten Analysen, der kombinierte Einsatz von akuten und Mechanismus-spezifischen Biotestverfahren, In-situ-Untersuchungen in Weight-of-Evidence-Studien sowie die kombinierte Untersuchung von Sedimentbelastung und -mobilitat ein groses Potenzial fur die Kausalanalyse von komplexen Umweltproblemen in aquatischen Systemen und fur die Masnahmenprogramme in den Bewirtschaftungsplanen chemisch belasteter Flusse besitzen.
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- 2009
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13. In search for the ecological and toxicological relevance of sediment re-mobilisation and transport during flood events
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Henner Hollert, Sebastian Roger, Andreas Schäffer, Holger Schüttrumpf, Markus Brinkmann, Catrina Cofalla, Jan Wölz, Markus Hecker, Burkhard Schmidt, Ulrike Kammann, Sebastian Hudjetz, and Gottfried Lennartz
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Pollution ,Flood myth ,Ecology ,Hydraulic engineering ,Stratigraphy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Climate change ,Aquatic organisms ,Environmental science ,Ecosystem ,Environmental impact assessment ,Sediment transport ,Earth-Surface Processes ,media_common - Abstract
In response to increasing concerns about the potential toxicological impacts of (extreme) flood events, scientists from several disciplines have joined to form the interdisciplinary research project named FLOODSEARCH. FLOODSEARCH is one of the recent Pathfinder Projects supported by the German Excellence Initiative via the Exploratory Research Space at RWTH Aachen (ERS). FLOODSEARCH aims to combine methodologies of hydraulic engineering and ecotoxicology in a new interdisciplinary approach to assess the risks associated with the re-mobilisation of particulate bound contaminants often observed after severe flood events. Impacts of extreme flood events and aspects of re-mobilisation of sediment-bound toxic compounds will be characterised and evaluated in controlled experiments fusing flood simulation technologies with biological effects assessment. The overall goal is to establish a novel and more realistic approach towards flood event testing that can be applied to a number of different questions and species. Specifically, model aquatic species such as rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) will be exposed to particle-bound contaminants in flood-like conditions in a specifically designed annular flume that permits monitoring of both physical/chemical and biological parameter. Ultimately, this approach will assist to further our understanding of the potential biological risks associated with increasingly frequent extreme flood events, e.g., as a consequence of climate change, by bridging the gap between the physical (re-)mobilisation of contaminants and resulting toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms. Thus, it is the objective of the project to derive relationships between the hydrodynamic parameters such as velocities and turbulences, the parameters associated to sediment transport such as sediment concentration and grain sizes and the biological parameters.
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- 2008
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14. Changes in toxicity and Ah receptor agonist activity of suspended particulate matter during flood events at the rivers Neckar and Rhine — a mass balance approach using in vitro methods and chemical analysis
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Henner Hollert, Thomas Braunbeck, Jan Wölz, Sibylle Maletz, Magnus Engwall, Bert van Bavel, Roland Weber, Helena Olsman Takner, Ulrike Kammann, and Martin Klempt
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Geologic Sediments ,Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins ,Floodplain ,Climate ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins ,Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ,Fresh Water ,Fractionation ,Dioxins ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Rivers ,Germany ,Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ,Environmental Chemistry ,Ecotoxicology ,Pollutant ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Flood myth ,Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Pollution ,Carbon ,Floods ,Congener ,Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental Pollutants ,Particulate Matter - Abstract
As a consequence of flood events, runoff and remobilized sediments may cause an increase of ecotoxicologically relevant effects from contaminant reservoirs. Aquatic and terrestrial organisms as well as cattle and areas of settlement are exposed to dislocated contaminants during and after flood events. In this study, the impacts of two flood events triggered by intense rain at the rivers Neckar and Rhine (Southern Germany) were studied. Effects in correlation to flood flow were assessed at the river Neckar using samples collected at frequent intervals. River Rhine suspended particulate matter (SPM) was sampled over a longer period at normal flow and during a flood event. Three cell lines (H4L1.1c4, GPC.2D.Luc, RTL-W1) were used to compare Ah receptor agonist activity in different biotest systems. Multilayer fractionation was performed to identify causative compounds, focusing on persistent organic contaminants. Native water and SPM of flood events were collected at the river Neckar and at the monitoring station (Rheinguetestation, Worms, Germany) of the river Rhine. Water samples were XAD-extracted. SPM were freeze-dried and Soxhlet-extracted using acetone and finally dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Resulting crude extracts were analyzed for cytotoxicity with the neutral red assay. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist activity was measured in a set of biological test systems (DR-CALUX, GPC.2D, and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay) and different cell lines. In addition, crude extracts were fractionated using a combined method of multilayer (sequence of acidified silica layers) and carbon fractionation. Fractions from the multilayer fractionation contained persistent organic compounds (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs)); fractions from the carbon fractionation were separated into a PCDD/F and a PCB fraction. Dioxin-like activity of multilayer and carbon fractions was determined in the EROD assay and expressed as biological toxicity equivalency concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (bio-TEQs). The calculation of chemical equivalency concentrations (chem-TEQs) and comparison to bio-TEQ values allowed the determination of the contribution of the analyzed persistent compounds to the total biological effects measured. Soluble compounds in native and extracted water samples resulted in no or minor activity in the toxicity tests, respectively. Filter residues of native water caused increased AhR-mediated activity at the peak of the flood. Activities of SPM of the river Neckar correlated well with the flow rate indicating a flood-dependent increase of toxicity culminating at the peak of flow. River Rhine SPM showed a decrease of activity regarding an SPM sample of the flood event compared to a long-term sample. Excellent correlations with AhR agonistic activity were determined for DR-CALUX and EROD assay, while the GPC.2D assay did not correlate with both other biotests. The activity of persistent dioxin-like acting compounds in multilayer and carbon fractionated PCDD/F and PCB fractions was low if compared to corresponding crude extracts. The congener pattern of PCDD/F revealed that the contaminations mainly originated from products and productions of the chlorine and organochlorine industries. Native and extracted water samples could be shown to contain little or no cytotoxic or AhR agonistic compounds. In contrast, particle-bound compounds were shown to be the relevant effect-causing fraction, as indicated by the activities of filter residues of native water and SPM. Compounds other than fractionated persistent PCBs and PCDD/Fs were more relevant to explain AhR-mediated activities of crude flood SPM at both rivers assessed. Biologically detected activities could at least in part be traced back to chemically analyzed and quantified compounds. The calculation of the portion of persistent PCBs and PCDD/Fs in multilayer fractions causing the high inductions in the EROD assay in combination with chemical analysis provides a suitable tool to assess dioxin-like activity of persistent compounds in SPM sampled over the course of flood events. Depending on the catchment area and annual course of flood events, end points may either indicate an increase or a decrease of activity. In order to determine the ecological hazard potential of mobilized contaminants during flood events, the focus should be set on particle-bound pollutants. Furthermore, PCDD/Fs and PCBs, commonly expected to be the most relevant pollutants in river systems, could be shown to contribute only to a minor portion of the overall AhR-mediated activity. However, they might be most relevant for human exposure when considering persistence and bioaccumulation–biomagnification in the food chain. As a consequence of climate change, flood events will increase in frequency and intensity at least in some regions such as Central Europe. Thus, it is crucial to identify the potential hazard of (re-)mobilized contaminants from reservoirs dislocated via floods and threatening especially aquatic organisms and cattle grazing in flood plains. Since other less persistent compounds seem to be more relevant to explain AhR-mediated activities in flood SPM, nonconventional PAHs and more polar compounds also need to be considered for risk assessment. Effect-directed analysis using broad-range fractionation methods taking into account compounds from polar to nonpolar should be applied for identification of pollutants causing biological effects, thus integrating biological and chemical parameters.
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- 2008
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15. Effect-directed analysis of Ah receptor-mediated activities caused by PAHs in suspended particulate matter sampled in flood events
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Henner Hollert, T. Braunbeck, Werner Brack, Jan Wölz, Evelyn Claus, and C. Moehlenkamp
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Environmental Engineering ,biology ,Liver cell ,Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins ,Fraction (chemistry) ,Fractionation ,Particulates ,Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ,Pollution ,Floods ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hydrocarbon ,chemistry ,Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon ,Environmental chemistry ,biology.protein ,Environmental Chemistry ,Polycyclic Compounds ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Polychlorinated dibenzofurans ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) sampled during a flood event in the year 2004 at the rivers Neckar and Rhine (Southwest Germany) was assessed for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activities using EROD induction in the rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1. All EROD inductions were normalized to the positive control TCDD and given as bio-TEQ values. Since all samples indicated elevated AhR-mediated toxicities, an effect-directed analysis (EDA) was applied to identify substances causing the effects. In three primary fractions (F1 to F3) non-polar aliphatics, non-polar aromatic substances and more polar substances were separated. Fraction F2, co-eluting with non-polar polyaromatic substances (PACs) including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) gave highest AhR-agonistic effects and, thus, were sub-fractionated into seven secondary fractions (F2-1 to F2-7). Fraction F2-1, co-eluting with PCBs and PCDD/Fs, did not cause AhR-agonist activities. F2-2 to F2-4 containing PACs of less than 16 aromatic C-atoms produced minor activities. Highest inductions were detected with fraction F2-5 to F2-7, containing substances of more than 16 aromatic C-atoms (bio-TEQs up to approximately 4500 pg/g). Concentrations and relative potencies (REPs) of priority EPA-PAHs allowed the calculation of chemical toxicity equivalent concentrations (chem-TEQ values). Based on the chem-TEQs, EPA-PAHs explained between 5 and 58% of crude extract bio-TEQs from both rivers. Whereas fractions F2-1 to F2-4 indicated no biological activities, EPA-PAHs in fraction F2-5 to F2-7 accounted for 2 to 137% of AhR-related activities.
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- 2009
16. Weight-of-Evidence-Studie zur Sedimentbelastung des Tietê River in Brasilien
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Volker Storch, Henner Hollert, Melanie Böttcher, Thomas Braunbeck, Thomas-Benjamin Seiler, Steffen Keiter, Ana Lúcia Brandimarte, Carolina Fioriollo Mariani, Paula Suares Rocha, Jan Wölz, Marcelo Luiz Martins Pompêo, and Thomas Kosmehl
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Weight of evidence ,Forestry ,Miljövetenskap ,Pollution ,Environmental Sciences - Abstract
Der Fluss Tier& im stidlichen Brasilien hat eine Gesamtl~inge von 1150 km und durchquert den gesamten Bundesstaat Sao Paulo. Der H6henunterschied zwischen Quelle und Mtindung betr~igt etwa 860 m und wird mittels einer Reihe wm Stauhaltungen zur Stromerzeugung genutzt. Sowohl hinsichttich seiner organischen ats auch der anorganischen Schadstofffrachten gilt der Tiet~ ats stark betastet. Bereits fi;mf Kilometer nach der Quelie beginnr die Verunreinigung des Tiet8 nnd erreicht ihren H6henpunkt in S~o Pauto. Dort gleicht der Tiet6 einem vollst~indig verschmutzren und stinkenden Abwasserkanal, m dem selbst Autos und M6belstticke umher treiben. Nach weiteren 300 km, nahe der Kleinstadt Barra Bonita, ist die Wasserqualit5t bereits deutlich verbessert.
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- 2006
17. RIMAX-Verbundprojekt HoT : Spannungsfeld Hochwasserrückhaltung und Trinkwasserversorgung: Vermeidung von Nutzungskonflikten
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Dirk Kühlers, Matthias Maier, Henner Hollert, Dietrich Maier, Gerhard H. Jirka, Gudrun Hillebrand, Hans Helmut Bernhart, Jan Wölz, Boris Lehmann, Heinz-Jürgen Brauch, Michael Fleig, Ekkehart Bethge, and Ulf Mohrlok
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Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Pollution - Published
- 2005
18. Flood Retention and Drinking Water Supply – Preventing Conflicts of Interest
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Gudrun Hillebrand, Boris Lehmann, Matthias Maier, Gerhard H. Jirka, Michael Fleig, Henner Hollert, Ekkehart Bethge, Dietrich Maier, Heinz-Jürgen Brauch, Ulf Mohrlok, Hans Helmut Bernhart, Jan Wölz, and Dirk Kühlers
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Flood myth ,business.industry ,Stratigraphy ,Water supply ,Environmental science ,business ,Water resource management ,Earth-Surface Processes - Published
- 2006
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19. Changes in toxicity and Ah receptor agonist activity of suspended particulate matter during flood events at the rivers Neckar and Rhine - a mass balance approach using in vitro methods and chemical analysis.
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Jan Wölz, Engwall, Magnus, Maletz, Sibylle, Olsman Takner, Helena, Van Bavel, Bert, Kammann, Ulrike, Klempt, Martin, Weber, Roland, Braunbeck, Thomas, and Hollert, Henner
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FLOODS ,STREAMFLOW ,RUNOFF ,RAINFALL ,ANALYTICAL chemistry ,TOXICITY testing - Abstract
The article presents a study on the changes in toxicity and Ah receptor agonist activity of suspended particulate matter during flood flow events at the Neckar and Rhine rivers in Southern Germany. The study primarily discusses the impacts of two flood events triggered by intense rain on both rivers, assessing its effects in correlation to flood flow. Details and results of the study are included, showing AhR-mediated activity to be most relevant for human exposure when considering persistence and bioaccumulation-biomagnification in the food chain.
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- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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