1. Depth of maximum of air-shower profiles at the Pierre Auger Observatory. I. Measurements at energies above1017.8 eV
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M. Ambrosio, E. Petermann, Miroslav Pech, A. van Vliet, A. Dorofeev, K. Louedec, Mariangela Settimo, K. H. Kampert, Pavel Horvath, Alexey Yushkov, Igor Katkov, Eric Mayotte, M. Ave, M. Gómez Berisso, S. Quinn, C. J.W.P. Timmermans, E. J. Ahn, V. Purrello, H. Blümer, Max Malacari, H. Schoorlemmer, R. C. Shellard, W. Docters, L. Villaseñor, Piotr Homola, A. Segreto, P. Facal San Luis, M. Josebachuili, Alex Kääpä, Günter Sigl, S. Le Coz, D. Nitz, C. L. Williams, L. Martin, O. Krömer, Marco Cilmo, Colin Baus, A. Chiavassa, A. E. Herve, K. B. Barber, Sofia Andringa, Radomir Smida, J. F. Valdés Galicia, I. De Mitri, A. Gascon Bravo, H. Schieler, H. J. Mathes, S. T. Garcia Roca, Azadeh Keivani, M. Fernandes, Antonella Castellina, V. de Souza, B. García, L. R. Wiencke, Tobias Winchen, P. Lebrun, R. López, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, M. Ludwig, S. Hartmann, Martin Erdmann, Roger W Clay, A. Gorgi, R. Mussa, J. J. Beatty, H. Dembinski, Jörg R. Hörandel, G. Garilli, J. Rodriguez Rojo, D. Nosek, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho, M. Tartare, J. W. Cronin, Johannes Schulz, K.-H. Becker, M. Pimenta, M. Videla, J. Lozano Bahilo, B. Wilczynska, A. G. Chavez, Enrique Zas, B. Zamorano, J. Maller, Corbin Covault, D. Garcia-Pinto, Leigui de Oliveira, B. Revenu, U. Fröhlich, J. R. Vázquez, D. Garcia-Gamez, P. Sanchez-Lucas, D. Harari, G. Marsella, Y. Petrov, Matías Rolf Hampel, C. Di Giulio, Fernando Contreras, P. van Bodegom, G. Toma, Jose Chinellato, E.M. Holt, A. Saleh, Maria-Teresa Dova, M. Zimbres Silva, J. Stapleton, P. Lautridou, Richard Dallier, Alberto Daniel Supanitsky, I. Al Samarai, O. Kambeitz, Lino Miramonti, N. Fazzini, Julien Aublin, Sasa Micanovic, S. Grebe, A. Widom, A. Nelles, Kai Daumiller, N. Palmieri, Yingchun Zhu, R. Alves Batista, Sarka Wykes, Markus Roth, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Lu Lu, A.M. van den Berg, L. Perrone, Jiri Chudoba, F. Salamida, V. Marin, A. Weindl, Nataliia Borodai, G. P. Guedes, A. Tepe, I. Rodriguez Cabo, Toshihiro Fujii, A. Letessier-Selvon, M. Risse, R. Meyhandan, A. Menshikov, B. Vargas Cárdenas, T. Suomijärvi, J. Pallotta, E. J. Quel, Alina Mihaela Badescu, L. Caramete, A. Shadkam, R. Squartini, G. Torralba Elipe, Eva Santos, T. Paul, Jing Zhou, R. Meissner, M. Will, A. Di Matteo, I. A. Minaya, B. Keilhauer, Thomas Harrison, T. Rossler, A. Bridgeman, J. Allen, André Schulz, S. J. Sciutto, A. F. Grillo, S. J. Saffi, B. Wundheiler, Lorenzo Cazon, Gregory R Snow, P. H. Kasper, G. Parente, G. S. Varner, R. Krause, M. Avenier, P. Pieroni, Octavian Fratu, R. Gaior, L. Valore, Amin Aminaei, N. Hollon, V. Verzi, S. Jansen, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, K. Weidenhaupt, T. Pierog, R. Bonino, Darko Veberic, Béatrice Fuchs, Niraj Dhital, P. L. Ghia, I. Valiño, M. S. A. B. Leão, David Schmidt, Carola Dobrigkeit, M. Plum, A. Lopez Agüera, M. Buscemi, F. Arqueros, Peter Hansen, F. Guarino, John Matthews, M. Blanco, Markus Lauscher, Muller, J. Phuntsok, Raul Sarmento, Peter Buchholz, F. Suarez, Thomas Hebbeker, M. Szuba, M. Urban, A. C. Rovero, P. Necesal, C. Bleve, I. Zaw, M. Oliveira, Sergio Dasso, A. Filevich, C. Hojvat, Jan Ebr, David Wittkowski, M. Palatka, I.M. Brancus, H. Glass, Marco Aglietta, J. Neuser, S. Navas, M. Melissas, D. Rogozin, J. de Oliveira, Alejandro Almela, Paul Sommers, M. Prouza, P. Abreu, R. M. Kieckhafer, M. E. Bertaina, H.O. Klages, D. Ravignani, G. Salina, Danielle LaHurd, Olivier Deligny, S. Messina, Octavian Sima, J. G. Gonzalez, D. Lebrun, Joshua A. Gordon, R. A. Vázquez, A. Filipčič, V. Pirronello, Iuri Muniz Pepe, C. Jarne, T. Huege, A. Parra, Marco Giammarchi, F. Sarazin, P. Gouffon, M. J. Cooper, A. P. Ferguson, Dusan Mandat, G. Cocciolo, F. Sánchez, Carlos Medina, M. De Domenico, G. Cataldi, Peter Schiffer, V. Scherini, Alexandra Saftoiu, I. Lhenry-Yvon, J. Rautenberg, O. Wainberg, D. Heck, W. C. Brown, G. Matthiae, J. Kleinfeller, Jeffrey Brack, Olaf Scholten, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, I. C. Mariş, S. Petrera, Marc Weber, Hernan Wahlberg, Vincenzo Rizi, D. Martello, Sutherland, M. Ziolkowski, Silvia Mollerach, O. Martínez Bravo, N. Scharf, P. Heimann, F. Gate, Daniel Kuempel, E. Kemp, Serguei Vorobiov, Carlos Escobar, D. Monnier Ragaigne, Miguel Mostafa, Antonio Bueno, Alan Watson, J. Alvarez Castillo, J. D. Swain, M. Platino, M. Monasor, M. Candusso, Peter Gorham, G. Medina-Tanco, R. R. Prado, Iván Sidelnik, A. Cordier, S. Maldera, O. A. Taborda, Ivone F. M. Albuquerque, Ke Fang, L. Tomankova, Johannes Schumacher, R. J. Lauer, H. Martinez, Maria Rita Coluccia, Bruno Daniel, T. Yapici, J. J. Masías Meza, G. Navarra, Gualberto Avila, Moritz Münchmeyer, G. C. Hill, L. Collica, Martina Bohacova, D. Maurel, Ingomar Allekotte, G. van Aar, Patrick Allison, Jan P{ ke}kala, C. A. Moura, T. Yamamoto, Brian Fick, Samo Stanič, P. Ristori, A. Insolia, M. Kleifges, D. Zavrtanik, S. Müller, Ralph Engel, J. Sorokin, J. Ridky, Angela V. Olinto, L. Nellen, F. Diogo, M. Mallamaci, R. M. de Almeida, A. Tapia, B. D. Fox, A. Porcelli, A. Stutz, H. Gemmeke, M. Unger, C. Morello, Yogendra N. Srivastava, M. I. Micheletti, Lorenzo Caccianiga, V. M. Theodoro, V. Novotny, B. Caccianiga, Rúben Conceição, J. Bäuml, Rossella Caruso, A. Lucero, Luca Latronico, S. Mathys, M. Erfani, M. L. Díaz Castro, G. Farrar, A. C. Fauth, Carla Bonifazi, Jose A. Bellido, Francesca Zuccarello, B. Tome, G. Müller, Stijn Buitink, Nicolas Martin Gonzalez, Peter L. Biermann, Maurice Stephan, B. Vlcek, Jaime Rosado, R. Cester, Paolo Privitera, A. Tonachini, K. Link, L. Molina-Bueno, D. Melo, David Walz, Miroslav Hrabovský, P.F. Gómez Vitale, D. Pakk Selmi-Dei, R. Sato, A. Haungs, J. L. Harton, S. G. Blaess, F. Werner, P. Mantsch, Z. Szadkowski, D. Maurizio, J. C. Diaz, E. Varela, N. Griffith, François Montanet, S. van Velzen, L. Ochilo, J. Stasielak, S. Coutu, C. Aramo, A. ͆miałkowski, Q. Dorosti Hasankiadeh, B. Mitrica, Heino Falcke, J. Vicha, C. Porowski, Paulo J. S. Gonçalves, I. Jandt, Denise Boncioli, Ralf Ulrich, German Ros, J. A.J. Matthews, Xavier Bertou, Marcus Niechciol, A. Zepeda, Pedro Assis, A. Etchegoyen, R. Pelayo, L. Nožka, R. Piegaia, S. Querchfeld, M. Zavrtanik, L. Niemietz, N. Pacheco, V. M. Aranda, Tim Niggemann, D. Kruppke-Hansen, Petr Schovanek, A. Aab, N. Kunka, G. Yuan, Matias Tueros, S. Riggi, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Philipp Papenbreer, Petr Travnicek, Rodríguez-Frías, E. Trovato, Alan Coleman, B. Gookin, Trent D. Grubb, D. Huber, Juan Manuel Figueira, P. H. Nguyen, Roberta Colalillo, A. G. Mariazzi, E. M. Santos, Bruce R. Dawson, P.O. Mazur, C. J. Todero Peixoto, N. Krohm, B. Sarkar, Christian Glaser, J. Espadanal, S. J. De Jong, H. Wilczyński, Pierre Billoir, A. Curutiu, L. del Peral, O. Ravel, Ugo Giaccari, D. Torres Machado, N. Awal, Paula Gina Isar, Pedro Brogueira, F. Salesa Greus, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, Esteban Roulet, Corinne Berat, D. Martraire, M. Giller, C. E. Santo, Lukas Middendorf, Christine Peters, Balázs Kégl, G. Rodriguez Fernandez, and Hernán Asorey
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Pierre Auger Observatory ,Physics ,Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Mass distribution ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Cosmic ray ,Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Standard deviation ,Computational physics ,Auger ,Air shower ,Observatory ,0103 physical sciences ,Mass spectrum ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics - Abstract
We report a study of the distributions of the depth of maximum, X-max, of extensive air-shower profiles with energies above 10(17.8) eV as observed with the fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The analysis method for selecting a data sample with minimal sampling bias is described in detail as well as the experimental cross-checks and systematic uncertainties. Furthermore, we discuss the detector acceptance and the resolution of the X-max measurement and provide parametrizations thereof as a function of energy. The energy dependence of the mean and standard deviation of the X-max distributions are compared to air-shower simulations for different nuclear primaries and interpreted in terms of the mean and variance of the logarithmic mass distribution at the top of the atmosphere.
- Published
- 2014