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Background Despite early surgical debridement and application of systemic antifungal drugs, invasive fungal infections by mucor spp. are still associated with a very poor prognosis in immunocompromised patients. Due to their lack of immune defense, targeted treatment strategies reversing the hyporesponsiveness of the immune system by immune checkpoints might improve patients’ outcome. Until today, a successful recovery of mucormycosis after receiving anti-PD-1 antibody is only described once for a polytrauma patient. Therefore, we here describe the first immunosuppressed patient treated with nivolumab for invasive mucormycosis with aspergillus coinfection. Materials and Methods A 51-year-old woman from Germany with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) relapse after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was treated with azacitidine and lenalidomide. She acquired an invasive fungal infection with mucor species Lichtheimia ramosa combined with Aspergillus fumigatus in functional pancytopenia. Three surgical pansinusrevisions were performed and high dose i.v. antifungal treatment with liposomal amphotericin B and isavuconazole was initiated. Due to missing treatment response with daily mucor progression nivolumab 240 mg was administered and complemented by interferon γ (100µg s.c. 5 doses). Administration was repeated every 2 weeks (in total 4 doses of nivolumab, but only 10 doses of interferon γ due to recurrent fever episodes) and simultaneously i.v. antifungal treatment was deescalated. Blood samples were collected before (baseline treatment (BT)) as well as 2 weeks (under treatment (UT) 1) and 5 weeks (UT2) after treatment initiation with nivolumab. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and flow cytometry analyses of lymphocytic subsets were performed. Results Ten days after first dose of nivolumab, long-term local hemostasis was achieved. Local symptoms disappeared, sinusitis complaints improved, and inflammation values decreased significantly. Sixteen days after treatment initiation a CT scan revealed a partial remission of mucormycosis invasion. Follow-up CT scans showed a stable disease. Expression of PD-1 on T cells was monitored as proof of concept from BT on and showed a significant reduction from 34.7% to 3.3% (UT1) and 1.38% (UT2). Both activation markers CD86 and CD69 showed an increase from BT to UT1. T cells showed high maturation markers throughout monitoring, while B cell maturation increased from BT to UT1/2. Nine weeks after diagnosis and despite long-term neutropenia the patient was still clinically stable under nivolumab treatment and discharged with continued deescalated antimycotic treatment. A bone marrow biopsy revealed a further progression of AML relapse. After 3 weeks during follow-up mucormycosis was still clinically stable. Ten days later the patient developed fever up to 39.5°C, but refused to seek medical attention due to unfavorable prognosis of AML and died two days later from septic shock combined with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Conclusions In immunocompromised hematological patients with invasive fungal infections, immune checkpoint inhibition is capable of reversing an infection-induced immunosuppressive phenotype. Therefore, it might complement the treatment of invasive fungal infections and should be evaluated in future clinical trials. Disclosure Information N. Mueller: None. J. Banck: None. S. Mellinghoff: None. H. Schlosser: None. M. Thelen: None. P. Koehler: None. F. Schrotzlmair: None. O. Cornely: None. L.H. Lindner: None. M. von Bergwelt-Baildon: None.

Background Clinical integration of systems biology approaches is gaining in importance in the course of digital revolution in modern medicine. We present our results of the analysis of an extended mathematical model describing abnormal human hematopoiesis. The model is able to describe the course of an acute myeloid leukemia including its treatment. In first-line treatment of acute myeloid leukemia, the induction chemotherapy aims for a rapid leukemic cell reduction. We consider combinations of cytarabine and anthracycline-like chemotherapy. Both substances are widely used as standard treatment to achieve first remission. In particular, we compare two scenarios: a single-induction course with 7 days cytarabine and 3 day of anthracycline-like treatment (7 + 3) with a 7 + 3 course and a bone marrow evaluation that leads, in case of insufficient leukemic cell reduction, to the provision of a second chemotherapy course. Three scenarios, based on the leukemias growth kinetics (slow, intermediate, fast), were analyzed. We simulated different intensity combinations for both therapy schemata (7 + 3 and 7 + 3 + evaluation). Results Our model shows that within the 7 + 3 regimen a wider range of intensity combinations result in a complete remission (CR), compared to 7 + 3 + evaluation (fast: 64.3% vs 46.4%; intermediate: 63.7% vs 46.7%; slow: 0% vs 0%). Additionally, the number of simulations resulting in a prolonged CR was higher within the standard regimen (fast: 59.8% vs 40.1%; intermediate: 48.6% vs 31.0%; slow: 0% vs 0%). On the contrary, the 7 + 3 + evaluation regimen allows CR and prolonged CR by lower chemotherapy intensities compared to 7 + 3. Leukemic pace has a strong impact on treatment response and especially on specific effective doses. As a result, faster leukemias are characterized by superior treatment outcomes and can be treated effectively with lower treatment intensities. Conclusions We could show that 7 + 3 treatment has considerable more chemotherapy combinations leading to a first CR. However, the 7 + 3 + evaluation regimen leads to CR for lower therapy intensity and presumably less side effects. An additional evaluation can be considered beneficial to control therapy success, especially in low dose settings. The treatment success is dependent on leukemia growth dynamics. The determination of leukemic pace should be a relevant part of a personalized medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-019-0684-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.