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Introduction and aim: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. It is characterised by periods of exacerbation and remission of symptoms such as pruritus, dry skin and eczematous lesions with characteristic morphology. The aim of this study is to present the current state of knowledge on new treatments for atopic dermatitis. Review methods: The review was based on publicly available PubMed and Google Scholar databases from 2020 to 2024 using the following phrases: atopic dermatitis, treatment of atopic dermatitis, diagnosis of atopic dermatitis, epidemiology, biological treatment of atopic dermatitis, JAK inhibitors, stem cells, dermatitis. Brief description of the state of the art: Atopic dermatitis is a disease whose mechanism of origin is incompletely understood.It involves interactions between genotype, environment, and the immune system, and is largely related to the T-cell response. The main symptom is pruritus and dry skin leading to lichenification or exfoliation of the epidermis, which characterise the chronic form. Diagnosis is confirmed by clinical criteria such as skin lesions characteristic of AD, a family predisposition to allergic disease and a full history and skin tests. Treatment focuses on managing the symptoms associated with the disease and improving the patient's quality of life using mainly corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors and antihistamines. Recent studies show positive effects of treatment with biologic drugs, JAK inhibitors, stem cells and provide great hope towards the development of treatments for atopic dermatitis. Summary: The authors emphasise the need for further research towards the development of promising, innovative treatments for atopic dermatitis in order to significantly improve patients' quality of life.

Introduction: Long COVID is a complication of the coronavirus disease. As a relatively new medical condition, it presents challenges in establishing consistent principles for its classification, diagnosis, and treatment. Objective: The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge regarding the new medical condition known as Long COVID in children. Materials and Methods: The review includes works published between 2020 and 2024, available in the PubMed database, identified using relevant keywords, as well as the WHO publication "World Health Organization. A clinical case definition for post COVID-19 condition in children and adolescents by expert consensus, 16 February 2023." Results: The literature review revealed that Long COVID is a relatively common issue, affecting up to 25.24% of children and adolescents. Identified risk factors include age over 10 years, severe primary infection, MIS-C, female gender, allergic diseases, obesity, living in polluted areas, comorbidities, poor physical and mental health, and prior respiratory infections. The spectrum of LC symptoms is broad and includes many nonspecific manifestations. The diversity of symptoms complicates diagnosis and necessitates a more holistic approach to patient care. Treatment of LC in children also poses a challenge. Most available studies focus on adults, with limited reports suggesting the efficacy of lactoferrin in managing gastrointestinal symptoms of LC in children. Physical activity is also suggested as an effective rehabilitation method for addressing reduced physical capacity and chronic fatigue. Conclusions: There is an urgent need for large-scale studies on the risk factors, causes, symptoms, and treatment of LC in children and adolescents. Developing cohesive guidelines would improve patients' quality of life, facilitate diagnosis, and streamline treatment processes.

Introduction Vitamin D is one of the most important vitamins in affecting the human body. It turns out that its influence is not limited to its health-promoting effect on the skeletal system, but may also play an important role in the immune system. In our study, we focused precisely on this aspect of vitamin D's action. Review method We used materials from PubMed for this purpose. We focused on articles and research papers published between 2019 and 2024. We reviewed the publications in terms of vitamin D supplementation and its effects on immunity, disease processes, patient recovery, COVID-19 patients, and some autoimmune diseases. Results Some studies show that vitamin D supplementation significantly improves immune function. It also improves prognosis and reduces mortality in COVID-19. The number of complications and severity of the course also decreases. Vitamin D supplementation also has a positive effect on the course of autoimmune diseases, allowing a reduction in the incidence and improving the outcome of some of them. Unfortunately, not all studies prove such beneficial effects of vitamin D. What is important, however, is that vitamin D may have a beneficial effect on the course of diseases, and the low cost of its use and high availability may prove to be the key to medical development. Conclusions Based on the accumulated studies, it can be concluded that vitamin D contributes to the improvement of immune system function. Some studies prove the beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on the course of some autoimmune diseases. The potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation, as well as its low cost, should be a key argument for further research and knowledge on this topic.

Introduction: Creatine (N-methylguanidinoacetic acid) is a peptide built of three amino acids: glycine, arginine and methionine. Its function is to store energy. It is common practice to intake creatine as a dietary supplement. Because of that, we decided to try to answer the question if there are scientifically documented advantages of creatine supplementation. Review method: We analyzed the newest research conducted from 2017 to 2024. The studies were searched in online databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. We focused on the impact of creatine supplementation on the ageing population, professional athletes, the course of some diseases, cognitive functions and body composition Results: Creatine supplementation is beneficial in professional sports. There are some signals that creatine may worsen lung conditions in sportsmen. In the ageing population, creatine supplementation boosts the results of resistance training on ageing muscle performance. There are suggestions that in this population bone geometry changes due to a combination of training and creatine supplementation may be protective against hip fracture. Creatine can also enhance cognitive functions as well as lead to positive changes in body composition. Supplementation of creatine seems to reduce symptoms of long COVID-19. It may be also beneficial among children with dermatomyositis and patients with ischemic heart disease. Conclusions: Creatine supplementation may be beneficial in some populations. It can also enhance cognitive functions as well as lead to changes in body composition. Some effects of creatine supplementation are still controversial and further investigation is needed to determine its usefulness. Keywords: creatine, body composition, long COVID-19, ageing population, professional sport, cognitive functions, dermatomyositis, ischemic heart disease

Introduction: In our work, we decided to connect physical activity and hydrotherapy as well as explore the impact of water-based physical activity on human organisms. We focused on the effects on physiology and body development. We also analysed studies that research aquatics activity as a method of treatment. We aim to present scientific evidence about using in-water activity in prevention and rehabilitation. Results: Physical activity in water has a beneficial influence on the cardiorespiratory system and can be used for both prevention and rehabilitation. It is well-tolerated among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease even if physical comorbidities are present. Swimming can be used as a rehabilitation and even one form of asthma treatment in the paediatric population. Swimming can improve insulin sensitivity, glucose control and reduce biomarkers of endothelial activation. There is data suggesting that the water environment exercises benefit patients with rheumatological diseases like ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia and osteoarthritis. A positive impact was observed on the population suffering from ADHD and autism spectrum disorder. The diving by the Bathysmed® protocol seems to decrease symptoms of PTSD. Research conducted on the paediatric population shows that swimming training can benefit motor development. There were no observed impacts of aquatics on IgA levels. In contrast to that swimming can improve the level of TNFα and HSP70. Conclusions: Recent studies show a positive influence on human development, physiology, and the course of some diseases. They suggest that aquatics can be used as a form of preventing, rehabilitating and even treatment of some illnesses. The conclusions from recent studies need to be confirmed in further research because of their limitations.

Introduction Hypertrophy is the process of increasing the mass of a tissue. In this article, we focused on the impact of the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy, its effect on the human body, correlation with the course of diseases and tolerance of treatment. We considered the benefits of having well-developed, and also touched on the problems of underdeveloped muscle mass. Results The main factors causing hypertrophy are resistance exercise training, mechanotransduction, metabolic pathways, ribosomal biogenesis, gene expression and the impact of hormones. The beneficial effect of high concentrations of testosterone and growth hormone, also IGF1, on skeletal muscle hypertrophy has been proven. On the other side, the studies have shown that high concentrations of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol are associated with reduced muscle mass. There are many positive aspects of a well-developed muscle mass such as an impact on the prognosis in patients with cancers and sometimes reduces mortality among them. The problems of low muscle mass and sarcopenia are also mentioned. Low muscle mass can affect the poor prognosis of diseases such as cancer, hepatic cirrhosis and COVID-19. Postoperative complications are more common in patients with low muscle mass. One way to prevent this process may be to introduce resistance exercise training in patients struggling with problems of muscular atrophy. Conclusion Skeletal muscles have multiple functions in the human body. In addition to movement, they play a role in molecular processes like hormonal regulation. In addition, they can, when well developed, positively influence healing processes and the course of disease.