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1. Low-Cost CO2 NDIR Sensors: Performance Evaluation and Calibration Using Machine Learning Techniques

Author: Ravish Dubey, Arina Telles, James Nikkel, Chang Cao, Jonathan Gewirtzman, Peter A. Raymond, and Xuhui Lee
Subjects: low-cost CO2 sensors, collocated measurements, performance evaluation, machine learning calibration, Chemical technology, TP1-1185
Abstract: The study comprehensively evaluates low-cost CO2 sensors from different price tiers, assessing their performance against a reference-grade instrument and exploring the possibility of calibration using different machine learning techniques. Three sensors (Sunrise AB by Senseair, K30 CO2 by Senseair, and GMP 343 by Vaisala) were tested alongside a reference instrument (Los Gatos precision greenhouse gas analyzer). The results revealed differences in sensor performance, with the higher cost Vaisala sensors exhibiting superior accuracy. Despite its lower price, the Sunrise sensors still demonstrated reasonable accuracy. Meanwhile, the K30 sensor measurements displayed higher variability and noise. Machine learning models, including linear regression, gradient boosting regression, and random forest regression, were employed for sensor calibration. In general, linear regression models performed best for extrapolating data, whereas decision tree-based models were generally more useful in handling non-linear datasets. Notably, a stack ensemble model combining these techniques outperformed the individual models and significantly improved sensor accuracy by approximately 65%. Overall, this study contributes to filling the gap in intercomparing CO2 sensors across different price categories and underscores the potential of machine learning for enhancing sensor accuracy, particularly in low-cost sensor applications.
Published: 2024
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2. Novel Portable Laser Ablation Micro-Sampling in Cultural Heritage

Author: James Nikkel, Alice C.S. Knaf, Anikó Bezur, Richard R. Hark, and Pablo Londero
Subjects: Cultural heritage, Laser ablation, Materials science, Micro sampling, Instrumentation, Remote sensing
Published: 2021
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3. Characterization of cubic Li 2100 MoO 4 crystals for the CUPID experiment

Author: Federico Ferri, Stefano Dell'Oro, J. Camilleri, V. Shlegel, N. Casali, R. Rizzoli, F. Bellini, A. Ressa, J. A. Scarpaci, C. Augier, Goran Karapetrov, G. Fantini, P. Gras, M. I. Martínez, F.A. Danevich, L. Pagnanini, P. T. Surukuchi, A. Drobizhev, S. H. Fu, C. Oriol, I. Dafinei, T. O'Donnell, E. Figueroa-Feliciano, P. Loaiza, Jie Yang, S. Copello, Haiping Peng, Oliviero Cremonesi, L. Wang, A. Franceschi, C. Pagliarone, Davide Chiesa, Paolo Carniti, A. Juillard, Andrea Barresi, V.I. Tretyak, E. V. Hansen, M. Xue, S. Zucchelli, C. Pira, O. G. Polischuk, X. F. Navick, R. J. Creswick, L. Marini, K. Wilson, I. Colantoni, D. Misiak, C. Rusconi, J. Billard, D. V. Poda, J. Johnston, Jonathan Ouellet, A. Charrier, A. Cruciani, S. L. Wagaarachchi, G. Bari, F. Collamati, V. Yumatov, J. Gascon, C. C. Chang, Stefano Nisi, Changbo Fu, G. Pessina, S. Pirro, L. Pattavina, S. Marnieros, Jie Zhang, G. Wang, G. D'Imperio, A. Cazes, Yuting Liu, E. Celi, Massimiliano Clemenza, A. Tsymbaliuk, Monica Sisti, Valentyn Novosad, I. Nutini, S. Milana, R. Nipoti, C. Nones, A. Puiu, M. Chapellier, H. Z. Huang, V. G. Yefremenko, R. Mariam, B. Schmidt, G. Keppel, Yu. G. Kolomensky, Luigi Cappelli, D. Mayer, O. Tellier, L. Ma, Y. Mei, R. G. Huang, F. Mancarella, M. Faverzani, L. Dumoulin, M. Madhukuttan, H. Khalife, M. Gros, Kai Vetter, S. Di Domizio, D. Baudin, P. Pari, A. Armatol, Giovanni Benato, M. Beretta, Tomas Polakovic, L. Taffarello, Virendra Singh, Danielle Speller, Laura Cardani, K. M. Heeger, B. K. Fujikawa, E. Olivieri, Eric B. Norman, L. Yan, T. Napolitano, S. Pagan, M. Biassoni, B. Mauri, V. Pettinacci, M. de Combarieu, O. Azzolini, M. M. Zarytskyy, A. Giachero, Claudio Gotti, S. I. Konovalov, L. Gironi, Lindley Winslow, M. Pavan, James Nikkel, F. T. Avignone, Whitney Armstrong, V. Sanglard, L. Imbert, C. Bucci, T. D. Gutierrez, C. Brofferio, A. S. Barabash, Ezio Previtali, B. Welliver, P. de Marcillac, D. L. Helis, A. S. Zolotarova, Ke Han, Reina H. Maruyama, B. Paul, A. Giuliani, Silvia Capelli, Massimiliano Nastasi, James R. Wilson, M. De Jesus, E. Armengaud, V. Sharma, Matias Velázquez, V. V. Kobychev, L. Bergé, A. Branca, C. Rosenfeld, V. Boldrini, P. Gorla, F. Ferroni, C. Tomei, Emanuele Ferri, Joseph A. Formaggio, S. Pozzi, V. Dompè, A. D'Addabbo, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), CUPID, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Armatol A., Armengaud E., Armstrong W., Augier C., Avignone F.T., Azzolini O., Barabash A., Bari G., Barresi A., Baudin D., Bellini F., Benato G., Beretta M., Berge L., Biassoni M., Billard J., Boldrini V., Branca A., Brofferio C., Bucci C., Camilleri J., Capelli S., Cappelli L., Cardani L., Carniti P., Casali N., Cazes A., Celi E., Chang C., Chapellier M., Charrier A., Chiesa D., Clemenza M., Colantoni I., Collamati F., Copello S., Cremonesi O., J.Creswick R., Cruciani A., D'Addabbo A., D'Imperio G., Dafinei I., A.Danevich F., deCombarieu M., DeJesus M., deMarcillac P., Dell'Oro S., DiDomizio S., Dompe V., Drobizhev A., Dumoulin L., Fantini G., Faverzani M., Ferri E., Ferri F., Ferroni F., Figueroa-Feliciano E., Formaggio J., Franceschi A., Fu C., Fu S., Fujikawa B.K., Gascon J., Giachero A., Gironi L., Giuliani A., Gorla P., Gotti C., Gras P., Gros M., Gutierrez T.D., Han K., Hansen E.V., Heeger K.M., Helis D.L., Huang H.Z., Huang R.G., Imbert L., Johnston J., Juillard A., Karapetrov G., Keppel G., Khalife H., Kobychev V.V., Kolomensky Y.G., Konovalov S., Liu Y., Loaiza P., Ma L., Madhukuttan M., Mancarella F., Mariam R., Marini L., Marnieros S., Martinez M., Maruyama R.H., Mauri B., Mayer D., Mei Y., Milana S., Misiak D., Napolitano T., Nastasi M., Navick X.F., Nikkel J., Nipoti R., Nisi S., Nones C., Norman E.B., Novosad V., Nutini I., O'Donnell T., Olivieri E., Oriol C., Ouellet J.L., Pagan S., Pagliarone C., Pagnanini L., Pari P., Pattavina L., Paul B., Pavan M., Peng H., Pessina G., Pettinacci V., Pira C., Pirro S., V.Poda D., Polakovic T., Polischuk O.G., Pozzi S., Previtali E., Puiu A., Ressa A., Rizzoli R., Rosenfeld C., Rusconi C., Sanglard V., Scarpaci J.A., Schmidt B., Sharma V., Shlegel V., Singh V., Sisti M., Speller D., Surukuchi P.T., Taffarello L., Tellier O., Tomei C., Tretyak V.I., Tsymbaliuk A., Velazquez M., Vetter K.J., Wagaarachchi S.L., Wang G., Wang L., Welliver B., Wilson J., Wilson K., Winslow L.A., Xue M., Yan L., Yang J., Yefremenko V., Yumatov V., Zarytskyy M.M., Zhang J., Zolotarova A., Zucchelli S., Armatol, A, Armengaud, E, Armstrong, W, Augier, C, Avignone, F, Azzolini, O, Barabash, A, Bari, G, Barresi, A, Baudin, D, Bellini, F, Benato, G, Beretta, M, Berge, L, Biassoni, M, Billard, J, Boldrini, V, Branca, A, Brofferio, C, Bucci, C, Camilleri, J, Capelli, S, Cappelli, L, Cardani, L, Carniti, P, Casali, N, Cazes, A, Celi, E, Chang, C, Chapellier, M, Charrier, A, Chiesa, D, Clemenza, M, Colantoni, I, Collamati, F, Copello, S, Cremonesi, O, J. Creswick, R, Cruciani, A, D'Addabbo, A, D'Imperio, G, Dafinei, I, A. Danevich, F, Decombarieu, M, Dejesus, M, Demarcillac, P, Dell'Oro, S, Didomizio, S, Dompe, V, Drobizhev, A, Dumoulin, L, Fantini, G, Faverzani, M, Ferri, E, Ferri, F, Ferroni, F, Figueroa-Feliciano, E, Formaggio, J, Franceschi, A, Fu, C, Fu, S, Fujikawa, B, Gascon, J, Giachero, A, Gironi, L, Giuliani, A, Gorla, P, Gotti, C, Gras, P, Gros, M, Gutierrez, T, Han, K, Hansen, E, Heeger, K, Helis, D, Huang, H, Huang, R, Imbert, L, Johnston, J, Juillard, A, Karapetrov, G, Keppel, G, Khalife, H, Kobychev, V, Kolomensky, Y, Konovalov, S, Liu, Y, Loaiza, P, Ma, L, Madhukuttan, M, Mancarella, F, Mariam, R, Marini, L, Marnieros, S, Martinez, M, Maruyama, R, Mauri, B, Mayer, D, Mei, Y, Milana, S, Misiak, D, Napolitano, T, Nastasi, M, Navick, X, Nikkel, J, Nipoti, R, Nisi, S, Nones, C, Norman, E, Novosad, V, Nutini, I, O'Donnell, T, Olivieri, E, Oriol, C, Ouellet, J, Pagan, S, Pagliarone, C, Pagnanini, L, Pari, P, Pattavina, L, Paul, B, Pavan, M, Peng, H, Pessina, G, Pettinacci, V, Pira, C, Pirro, S, V. Poda, D, Polakovic, T, Polischuk, O, Pozzi, S, Previtali, E, Puiu, A, Ressa, A, Rizzoli, R, Rosenfeld, C, Rusconi, C, Sanglard, V, Scarpaci, J, Schmidt, B, Sharma, V, Shlegel, V, Singh, V, Sisti, M, Speller, D, Surukuchi, P, Taffarello, L, Tellier, O, Tomei, C, Tretyak, V, Tsymbaliuk, A, Velazquez, M, Vetter, K, Wagaarachchi, S, Wang, G, Wang, L, Welliver, B, Wilson, J, Wilson, K, Winslow, L, Xue, M, Yan, L, Yang, J, Yefremenko, V, Yumatov, V, Zarytskyy, M, Zhang, J, Zolotarova, A, and Zucchelli, S
Subjects: Mo-100, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), background: induced, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Monte Carlo method, measurement methods, bolometers, neutrinoless double beta decay, energy resolution, Parameter space, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Double Beta Decay, Nuclear Experiment, background: suppression, Physics, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), molybdenum: oxygen, Double-beta decay detector, Low Temperature Detector, lithium, Scintillation counter, Neutrino, photon: yield, numerical calculations: Monte Carlo, bolometers, FOS: Physical sciences, Cryogenic detector, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], neutrinoless double beta decay, Particle identification method, double-beta decay: (0neutrino), Double beta decay, CUPID, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Engineering (miscellaneous), scintillation counter, Scintillation, molybdenum: nuclide, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, bibliography, crystal: geometry, Computational physics, efficiency, FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The CUPID Collaboration is designing a tonne-scale, background-free detector to search for double beta decay with sufficient sensitivity to fully explore the parameter space corresponding to the inverted neutrino mass hierarchy scenario. One of the CUPID demonstrators, CUPID-Mo, has proved the potential of enriched Li$$_{2}$$ 2 $$^{100}$$ 100 MoO$$_4$$ 4 crystals as suitable detectors for neutrinoless double beta decay search. In this work, we characterised cubic crystals that, compared to the cylindrical crystals used by CUPID-Mo, are more appealing for the construction of tightly packed arrays. We measured an average energy resolution of ($$6.7\pm 0.6$$ 6.7 ± 0.6 ) keV FWHM in the region of interest, approaching the CUPID target of 5 keV FWHM. We assessed the identification of $$\alpha $$ α particles with and without a reflecting foil that enhances the scintillation light collection efficiency, proving that the baseline design of CUPID already ensures a complete suppression of this $$\alpha $$ α -induced background contribution. We also used the collected data to validate a Monte Carlo simulation modelling the light collection efficiency, which will enable further optimisations of the detector.
Published: 2021
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4. Novel technique for the study of pileup events in cryogenic bolometers

Author: Valentyn Novosad, Andrea Giachero, R. Nipoti, Jie Zhang, H. Z. Huang, V. G. Yefremenko, G. Keppel, D. Mayer, C. Nones, A. Puiu, S. Nisi, A. Armatol, K. Wilson, I. Colantoni, A. Barresi, P. Loaiza, C. Oriol, G. Pessina, V. Sanglard, L. Imbert, M. Faverzani, M. Beretta, S. Copello, C. Pagliarone, F.A. Danevich, A. Branca, Jonathan Ouellet, T. O'Donnell, Paolo Carniti, Massimiliano Clemenza, G. Bari, S. Di Domizio, Kai Vetter, C. Rosenfeld, D. L. Helis, Monica Sisti, Federico Ferri, H. Khalife, V. Boldrini, P. Gorla, P. Pari, F. Ferroni, Tomas Polakovic, B. Schmidt, Stefano Dell'Oro, A. Charrier, J. Billard, C. Tomei, S. H. Fu, N. Casali, Laura Cardani, G. Wang, Jie Yang, B. K. Fujikawa, R. J. Creswick, Davide Chiesa, P. Gras, M. Chapellier, C. Pira, Joseph A. Formaggio, L. Pagnanini, P. T. Surukuchi, C. Brofferio, L. Wang, Massimiliano Nastasi, Stefano Pozzi, E. Figueroa-Feliciano, Haiping Peng, V. Shlegel, V. Sharma, E. V. Hansen, A. S. Barabash, B. Paul, M. Gros, Evelyn Ferri, Oliviero Cremonesi, S. Zucchelli, James Nikkel, Ezio Previtali, J. Gascon, R. Mariam, C. C. Chang, L. Ma, Yu. G. Kolomensky, Luigi Cappelli, L. Taffarello, B. Welliver, A. Giuliani, M. Madhukuttan, Matias Velázquez, C. Augier, S. Marnieros, V. Yumatov, Goran Karapetrov, G. Fantini, A. Cazes, Danielle Speller, James R. Wilson, A. Cruciani, X. F. Navick, S. Pirro, V. V. Kobychev, J. Camilleri, A. Franceschi, Changbo Fu, C. Rusconi, J. A. Scarpaci, A. Juillard, L. Bergé, R. Rizzoli, M. M. Zarytskyy, V. Dompè, G. D'Imperio, Irene Nutini, A. D'Addabbo, P. de Marcillac, M. De Jesus, O. G. Polischuk, F. Bellini, A. Ressa, D. Baudin, M. Xue, M. Pavan, Lindley Winslow, A. Drobizhev, I. Dafinei, S. L. Wagaarachchi, F. Collamati, V. Pettinacci, Simone Capelli, E. Olivieri, S. I. Konovalov, Eric B. Norman, L. Pattavina, M. I. Martínez, T. Napolitano, L. Marini, V.I. Tretyak, D. Misiak, D. V. Poda, J. Johnston, M. Biassoni, E. Armengaud, Vasundhara Singh, S. Milana, O. Azzolini, L. Gironi, F. T. Avignone, Whitney Armstrong, Y. Liu, C. Bucci, T. D. Gutierrez, R. G. Huang, F. Mancarella, L. Yan, S. Pagan, B. Mauri, M. de Combarieu, E. Celi, C. Gotti, A. S. Zolotarova, Ke Han, Reina H. Maruyama, A. Tsymbaliuk, Y. Mei, K. M. Heeger, O. Tellier, L. Dumoulin, Giovanni Benato, Armatol A., Armengaud E., Armstrong W., Augier C., Avignone F.T., Azzolini O., Barabash A., Bari G., Barresi A., Baudin D., Bellini F., Benato G., Beretta M., Berge L., Biassoni M., Billard J., Boldrini V., Branca A., Brofferio C., Bucci C., Camilleri J., Capelli S., Cappelli L., Cardani L., Carniti P., Casali N., Cazes A., Celi E., Chang C., Chapellier M., Charrier A., Chiesa D., Clemenza M., Colantoni I., Collamati F., Copello S., Cremonesi O., Creswick R.J., Cruciani A., D'Addabbo A., D'Imperio G., Dafinei I., Danevich F.A., De Combarieu M., De Jesus M., De Marcillac P., Dell'Oro S., Di Domizio S., Dompe V., Drobizhev A., Dumoulin L., Fantini G., Faverzani M., Ferri E., Ferri F., Ferroni F., Figueroa-Feliciano E., Formaggio J., Franceschi A., Fu C., Fu S., Fujikawa B.K., Gascon J., Giachero A., Gironi L., Giuliani A., Gorla P., Gotti C., Gras P., Gros M., Gutierrez T.D., Han K., Hansen E.V., Heeger K.M., Helis D.L., Huang H.Z., Huang R.G., Imbert L., Johnston J., Juillard A., Karapetrov G., Keppel G., Khalife H., Kobychev V.V., Kolomensky Y.G., Konovalov S., Liu Y., Loaiza P., Ma L., Madhukuttan M., Mancarella F., Mariam R., Marini L., Marnieros S., Martinez M., Maruyama R.H., Mauri B., Mayer D., Mei Y., Milana S., Misiak D., Napolitano T., Nastasi M., Navick X.F., Nikkel J., Nipoti R., Nisi S., Nones C., Norman E.B., Novosad V., Nutini I., O'Donnell T., Olivieri E., Oriol C., Ouellet J.L., Pagan S., Pagliarone C., Pagnanini L., Pari P., Pattavina L., Paul B., Pavan M., Peng H., Pessina G., Pettinacci V., Pira C., Pirro S., Poda D.V., Polakovic T., Polischuk O.G., Pozzi S., Previtali E., Puiu A., Ressa A., Rizzoli R., Rosenfeld C., Rusconi C., Sanglard V., Scarpaci J., Schmidt B., Sharma V., Shlegel V., Singh V., Sisti M., Speller D., Surukuchi P.T., Taffarello L., Tellier O., Tomei C., Tretyak V.I., Tsymbaliuk A., Velazquez M., Vetter K.J., Wagaarachchi S.L., Wang G., Wang L., Welliver B., Wilson J., Wilson K., Winslow L.A., Xue M., Yan L., Yang J., Yefremenko V., Yumatov V., Zarytskyy M.M., Zhang J., Zolotarova A., Zucchelli S., Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), CUPID, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Armatol, A, Armengaud, E, Armstrong, W, Augier, C, Avignone, F, Azzolini, O, Barabash, A, Bari, G, Barresi, A, Baudin, D, Bellini, F, Benato, G, Beretta, M, Berge, L, Biassoni, M, Billard, J, Boldrini, V, Branca, A, Brofferio, C, Bucci, C, Camilleri, J, Capelli, S, Cappelli, L, Cardani, L, Carniti, P, Casali, N, Cazes, A, Celi, E, Chang, C, Chapellier, M, Charrier, A, Chiesa, D, Clemenza, M, Colantoni, I, Collamati, F, Copello, S, Cremonesi, O, Creswick, R, Cruciani, A, D'Addabbo, A, D'Imperio, G, Dafinei, I, Danevich, F, De Combarieu, M, De Jesus, M, De Marcillac, P, Dell'Oro, S, Di Domizio, S, Dompe, V, Drobizhev, A, Dumoulin, L, Fantini, G, Faverzani, M, Ferri, E, Ferri, F, Ferroni, F, Figueroa-Feliciano, E, Formaggio, J, Franceschi, A, Fu, C, Fu, S, Fujikawa, B, Gascon, J, Giachero, A, Gironi, L, Giuliani, A, Gorla, P, Gotti, C, Gras, P, Gros, M, Gutierrez, T, Han, K, Hansen, E, Heeger, K, Helis, D, Huang, H, Huang, R, Imbert, L, Johnston, J, Juillard, A, Karapetrov, G, Keppel, G, Khalife, H, Kobychev, V, Kolomensky, Y, Konovalov, S, Liu, Y, Loaiza, P, Ma, L, Madhukuttan, M, Mancarella, F, Mariam, R, Marini, L, Marnieros, S, Martinez, M, Maruyama, R, Mauri, B, Mayer, D, Mei, Y, Milana, S, Misiak, D, Napolitano, T, Nastasi, M, Navick, X, Nikkel, J, Nipoti, R, Nisi, S, Nones, C, Norman, E, Novosad, V, Nutini, I, O'Donnell, T, Olivieri, E, Oriol, C, Ouellet, J, Pagan, S, Pagliarone, C, Pagnanini, L, Pari, P, Pattavina, L, Paul, B, Pavan, M, Peng, H, Pessina, G, Pettinacci, V, Pira, C, Pirro, S, Poda, D, Polakovic, T, Polischuk, O, Pozzi, S, Previtali, E, Puiu, A, Ressa, A, Rizzoli, R, Rosenfeld, C, Rusconi, C, Sanglard, V, Scarpaci, J, Schmidt, B, Sharma, V, Shlegel, V, Singh, V, Sisti, M, Speller, D, Surukuchi, P, Taffarello, L, Tellier, O, Tomei, C, Tretyak, V, Tsymbaliuk, A, Velazquez, M, Vetter, K, Wagaarachchi, S, Wang, G, Wang, L, Welliver, B, Wilson, J, Wilson, K, Winslow, L, Xue, M, Yan, L, Yang, J, Yefremenko, V, Yumatov, V, Zarytskyy, M, Zhang, J, Zolotarova, A, and Zucchelli, S
Subjects: data analysis method, double beta decay, nuclear tests of fundamental interactions, Particle decays, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, double beta decay, FOS: Physical sciences, Cryogenics, MESH: numerical calculation, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, benchmark, bolometer, double-beta decay: (0neutrino), law, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, MESH: benchmark, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], numerical calculations, 010306 general physics, time resolution, nuclear tests of fundamental interactions, Physics, Signal generator, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Bolometer, Detector, Time resolution, MESH: data analysis method, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), MESH: bolometer, Gran Sasso, Neutrinoless Double Beta decay, Neutrino Physics, MESH: cryogenics, efficiency, cryogenics, pile-up, Rise time, MESH: Gran Sasso, Benchmark (computing), MESH: double-beta decay: (0neutrino), Neutrinoless double-beta decay, MESH: efficiency, Particle decays, MESH: time resolution, MESH: pile-up
Abstract: International audience; Precise characterization of detector time resolution is of crucial importance for next-generation cryogenic-bolometer experiments searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay, such as CUPID, in order to reject background due to pile-up of two-neutrino double-beta decay events. In this paper, we describe a technique developed to study the pile-up rejection capability of cryogenic bolometers. Our approach, which consists of producing controlled pile-up events with a programmable waveform generator, has the benefit that we can reliably and reproducibly control the time separation and relative energy of the individual components of the generated pile-up events. The resulting data allow us to optimize and benchmark analysis strategies to discriminate between individual and pile-up pulses. We describe a test of this technique performed with a small array of detectors at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, in Italy; we obtain a 90% rejection efficiency against pulser-generated pile-up events with rise time of ~15 ms down to time separation between the individual events of 2 ms.
Published: 2021
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5. A CUPID Li$_2$ $^{100} $MoO$_4$ scintillating bolometer tested in the CROSS underground facility

Author: A. S. Barabash, V. Yumatov, G. D'Imperio, M. De Deo, Ezio Previtali, J. M. Calvo-Mozota, Evelyn Ferri, B. Welliver, L. Gironi, L. Marini, E. Guerard, D. Misiak, D. V. Poda, J. Johnston, V. Dompè, F. T. Avignone, Whitney Armstrong, A. Charrier, O. Tellier, I. Colantoni, A. D'Addabbo, S. Di Domizio, P. Pari, Tomas Polakovic, Massimiliano Clemenza, V. Shlegel, R. Mariam, Yu. G. Kolomensky, Luigi Cappelli, Monica Sisti, M. Pavan, S. Zucchelli, Laura Cardani, P. de Marcillac, C. Augier, Goran Karapetrov, X.-F. Navick, B. K. Fujikawa, Stefano Pozzi, L. Pagnanini, P. T. Surukuchi, O. Azzolini, G. Fantini, Federico Ferri, B. Schmidt, C. Oriol, C. Pagliarone, E. Celi, T. O'Donnell, S. H. Fu, S. Dell'Oro, Giovanni Benato, M. Xue, Yuting Liu, Ch. Bourgeois, C. C. Chang, Stefano Nisi, James R. Wilson, S. Milana, G. Olivier, A. Cruciani, A. Franceschi, Changbo Fu, I. Dafinei, M. Chapellier, C. Gotti, S. Copello, C. Brofferio, S. Pirro, Jie Yang, V. Sharma, D. L. Helis, A. Barresi, J. Camilleri, R. Rizzoli, L. Ma, L. Dumoulin, Davide Chiesa, A. S. Zolotarova, Paolo Carniti, V. Pettinacci, A. Juillard, A. Candela, M. Gros, M. Madhukuttan, I. C. Bandac, M. De Jesus, E. V. Hansen, O. G. Polischuk, A. Drobizhev, Ke Han, F. Bellini, A. Ressa, Reina H. Maruyama, V.I. Tretyak, F.A. Danevich, J. A. Scarpaci, C. Bucci, T. D. Gutierrez, M. Faverzani, Matias Velázquez, P. Loaiza, Kai Vetter, Massimiliano Nastasi, S. I. Konovalov, L. Taffarello, D. Reynet, V. V. Kobychev, L. Bergé, J. Gascon, V. Sanglard, L. Yan, L. Imbert, Virendra Singh, M. M. Zarytskyy, Valentyn Novosad, C. Rosenfeld, Danielle Speller, Andrea Giachero, N. Casali, A. Branca, L. Pattavina, A. Ianni, E. Olivieri, R. J. Creswick, Eric B. Norman, V. Boldrini, P. Gras, K. Wilson, S. Pagan, J. Billard, S. Marnieros, Li Wang, T. Napolitano, R. Nipoti, A. Cazes, P. Gorla, F. Ferroni, E. Figueroa-Feliciano, C. Tomei, C. Pira, Haiping Peng, Oliviero Cremonesi, M. Biassoni, D. Mayer, Jonathan Ouellet, G. Bari, Lindley Winslow, M. de Combarieu, Joseph A. Formaggio, A. Tsymbaliuk, Y. Mei, A. Armatol, K. M. Heeger, R. G. Huang, F. Mancarella, B. Paul, M. I. Martínez, G. Pessina, Jie Zhang, C. Nones, A. Puiu, A. Giuliani, B. Mauri, James Nikkel, Irene Nutini, G. Wang, H. Z. Huang, V. G. Yefremenko, G. Keppel, H. Khalife, E. Armengaud, D. Baudin, M. Beretta, S. L. Wagaarachchi, F. Collamati, Simone Capelli, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), CUPID, CROSS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Armatol A., Armengaud E., Armstrong W., Augier C., Iii F.T.A., Azzolini O., Bandac I.C., Barabash A.S., Bari G., Barresi A., Baudin D., Bellini F., Benato G., Beretta M., Berge L., Bourgeois C., Biassoni M., Billard J., Boldrini V., Branca A., Brofferio C., Bucci C., Calvo-Mozota J.M., Camilleri J., Candela A., Capelli S., Cappelli L., Cardani L., Carniti P., Casali N., Cazes A., Celi E., Chang C., Chapellier M., Charrier A., Chiesa D., Clemenza M., Colantoni I., Collamati F., Copello S., Cremonesi O., Creswick R.J., Cruciani A., D'Addabbo A., D'Imperio G., Dafinei I., Danevich F.A., De Combarieu M., Deo M.D., Jesus M.D., De Marcillac P., Dell'Oro S., Domizio S.D., Dompe V., Drobizhev A., Dumoulin L., Fantini G., Faverzani M., Ferri E., Ferri F., Ferroni F., Figueroa-Feliciano E., Formaggio J., Franceschi A., Fu C., Fu S., Fujikawa B.K., Gascon J., Giachero A., Gironi L., Giuliani A., Gorla P., Gotti C., Gras P., Gros M., Guerard E., Gutierrez T.D., Han K., Hansen E.V., Heeger K.M., Helis D.L., Huang H.Z., Huang R.G., Ianni A., Imbert L., Johnston J., Juillard A., Karapetrov G., Keppel G., Khalife H., Kobychev V.V., Kolomensky Y.G., Konovalov S.I., Liu Y., Loaiza P., Ma L., Madhukuttan M., Mancarella F., Mariam R., Marini L., Marnieros S., Martinez M., Maruyama R.H., Mauri B., Mayer D., Mei Y., Milana S., Misiak D., Napolitano T., Nastasi M., Navick X.-F., Nikkel J., Nipoti R., Nisi S., Nones C., Norman E.B., Novosad V., Nutini I., O'Donnell T., Olivier G., Olivieri E., Oriol C., Ouellet J.L., Pagan S., Pagliarone C., Pagnanini L., Pari P., Pattavina L., Paul B., Pavan M., Peng H., Pessina G., Pettinacci V., Pira C., Pirro S., Poda D.V., Polakovic T., Polischuk O.G., Pozzi S., Previtali E., Puiu A., Ressa A., Reynet D., Rizzoli R., Rosenfeld C., Sanglard V., Scarpaci J.A., Schmidt B., Sharma V., Shlegel V.N., Singh V., Sisti M., Speller D., Surukuchi P.T., Taffarello L., Tellier O., Tomei C., Tretyak V.I., Tsymbaliuk A., Velazquez M., Vetter K.J., Wagaarachchi S.L., Wang G., Wang L., Welliver B., Wilson J., Wilson K., Winslow L.A., Xue M., Yan L., Yang J., Yefremenko V., Yumatov V.I., Zarytskyy M.M., Zhang J., Zolotarova A.S., Zucchelli S., Armatol, A, Armengaud, E, Armstrong, W, Augier, C, Avignone F. T., I, Azzolini, O, Bandac, I, Barabash, A, Bari, G, Barresi, A, Baudin, D, Bellini, F, Benato, G, Beretta, M, Berge, L, Bourgeois, C, Biassoni, M, Billard, J, Boldrini, V, Branca, A, Brofferio, C, Bucci, C, Calvo-Mozota, J, Camilleri, J, Candela, A, Capelli, S, Cappelli, L, Cardani, L, Carniti, P, Casali, N, Cazes, A, Celi, E, Chang, C, Chapellier, M, Charrier, A, Chiesa, D, Clemenza, M, Colantoni, I, Collamati, F, Copello, S, Cremonesi, O, Creswick, R, Cruciani, A, D'Addabbo, A, D'Imperio, G, Dafinei, I, Danevich, F, De Combarieu, M, Deo, M, Jesus, M, De Marcillac, P, Dell'Oro, S, Domizio, S, Dompe, V, Drobizhev, A, Dumoulin, L, Fantini, G, Faverzani, M, Ferri, E, Ferri, F, Ferroni, F, Figueroa-Feliciano, E, Formaggio, J, Franceschi, A, Fu, C, Fu, S, Fujikawa, B, Gascon, J, Giachero, A, Gironi, L, Giuliani, A, Gorla, P, Gotti, C, Gras, P, Gros, M, Guerard, E, Gutierrez, T, Han, K, Hansen, E, Heeger, K, Helis, D, Huang, H, Huang, R, Ianni, A, Imbert, L, Johnston, J, Juillard, A, Karapetrov, G, Keppel, G, Khalife, H, Kobychev, V, Kolomensky, Y, Konovalov, S, Liu, Y, Loaiza, P, Ma, L, Madhukuttan, M, Mancarella, F, Mariam, R, Marini, L, Marnieros, S, Martinez, M, Maruyama, R, Mauri, B, Mayer, D, Mei, Y, Milana, S, Misiak, D, Napolitano, T, Nastasi, M, Navick, X, Nikkel, J, Nipoti, R, Nisi, S, Nones, C, Norman, E, Novosad, V, Nutini, I, O'Donnell, T, Olivier, G, Olivieri, E, Oriol, C, Ouellet, J, Pagan, S, Pagliarone, C, Pagnanini, L, Pari, P, Pattavina, L, Paul, B, Pavan, M, Peng, H, Pessina, G, Pettinacci, V, Pira, C, Pirro, S, Poda, D, Polakovic, T, Polischuk, O, Pozzi, S, Previtali, E, Puiu, A, Ressa, A, Reynet, D, Rizzoli, R, Rosenfeld, C, Sanglard, V, Scarpaci, J, Schmidt, B, Sharma, V, Shlegel, V, Singh, V, Sisti, M, Speller, D, Surukuchi, P, Taffarello, L, Tellier, O, Tomei, C, Tretyak, V, Tsymbaliuk, A, Velazquez, M, Vetter, K, Wagaarachchi, S, Wang, G, Wang, L, Welliver, B, Wilson, J, Wilson, K, Winslow, L, Xue, M, Yan, L, Yang, J, Yefremenko, V, Yumatov, V, Zarytskyy, M, Zhang, J, Zolotarova, A, and Zucchelli, S
Subjects: gas and liquid scintillators), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Accurate estimation, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Bolometer, Analytical chemistry, Double-beta decay, FOS: Physical sciences, Cryogenic detector, Radiopurity, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, law.invention, Particle identification, Particle identification methods, 03 medical and health sciences, Particle identification method, 0302 clinical medicine, CUORE, law, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detector array, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Event triggered, Physics, Lithium molybdate, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), Double-beta decay detectors, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, Double-beta decay detector, Cryogenic detectors, Scintillators, Crystal scintillator, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: A scintillating bolometer based on a large cubic Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ crystal (45 mm side) and a Ge wafer (scintillation detector) has been operated in the CROSS cryogenic facility at the Canfranc underground laboratory in Spain. The dual-readout detector is a prototype of the technology that will be used in the next-generation $0\nu2\beta$ experiment CUPID. The measurements were performed at 18 and 12 mK temperature in a pulse tube dilution refrigerator. This setup utilizes the same technology as the CUORE cryostat that will host CUPID and so represents an accurate estimation of the expected performance. The Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ bolometer shows a high energy resolution of 6 keV FWHM at the 2615 keV $\gamma$ line. The detection of scintillation light for each event triggered by the Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ bolometer allowed for a full separation ($\sim$8$\sigma$) between $\gamma$($\beta$) and $\alpha$ events above 2 MeV. The Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ crystal also shows a high internal radiopurity with $^{228}$Th and $^{226}$Ra activities of less than 3 and 8 $\mu$Bq/kg, respectively. Taking also into account the advantage of a more compact and massive detector array, which can be made of cubic-shaped crystals (compared to the cylindrical ones), this test demonstrates the great potential of cubic Li$_{2}$$^{100}$MoO$_4$ scintillating bolometers for high-sensitivity searches for the $^{100}$Mo $0\nu2\beta$ decay in CROSS and CUPID projects., Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures, 1 table
Published: 2021
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6. Bayesian Analysis of a Future Beta Decay Experiment's Sensitivity to Neutrino Mass Scale and Ordering

Author: Sebastian Böser, Gray Rybka, M. Guigue, Walter C. Pettus, R. Cervantes, Malachi Schram, M. Grando, T. Wendler, Mathew Thomas, Kareem Kazkaz, B. H. LaRoque, James Nikkel, M. Ottiger, B.A. VanDevender, Benjamin Monreal, J. Johnston, M. Betancourt, L. Saldaña, R. G. H. Robertson, X. Huyan, Joseph A. Formaggio, Z. Bogorad, A. Ashtari Esfahani, R. Mohiuddin, V. Sibille, L. de Viveiros, E. Zayas, A. Lindman, Martin Fertl, N. Buzinsky, L. Tvrznikova, L. Gladstone, J. Hartse, A. Ziegler, Thomas Thümmler, P. T. Surukuchi, N. S. Oblath, A. B. Telles, C. Claessens, K. M. Heeger, T. E. Weiss, Y. H. Sun, P. L. Slocum, E. Novitski, Jonathan R. Tedeschi, A. M. Jones, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Semileptonic decay, data analysis method, Particle physics, Bayesian probability, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Bayesian inference, Bayesian, 01 natural sciences, Measure (mathematics), statistics: Bayesian, mass: scale, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, neutrino: mass, Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Electroweak Interaction, Probability and statistics, semileptonic decay, calibration, sensitivity, neutrino: nuclear reactor, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, mass: calibration, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, spectral, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-DATA-AN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability [physics.data-an], Symmetries
Abstract: Bayesian modeling techniques enable sensitivity analyses that incorporate detailed expectations regarding future experiments. A model-based approach also allows one to evaluate inferences and predicted outcomes, by calibrating (or measuring) the consequences incurred when certain results are reported. We present procedures for calibrating predictions of an experiment's sensitivity to both continuous and discrete parameters. Using these procedures and a new Bayesian model of the $\beta$-decay spectrum, we assess a high-precision $\beta$-decay experiment's sensitivity to the neutrino mass scale and ordering, for one assumed design scenario. We find that such an experiment could measure the electron-weighted neutrino mass within $\sim40\,$meV after 1 year (90$\%$ credibility). Neutrino masses $>500\,$meV could be measured within $\approx5\,$meV. Using only $\beta$-decay and external reactor neutrino data, we find that next-generation $\beta$-decay experiments could potentially constrain the mass ordering using a two-neutrino spectral model analysis. By calibrating mass ordering results, we identify reporting criteria that can be tuned to suppress false ordering claims. In some cases, a two-neutrino analysis can reveal that the mass ordering is inverted, an unobtainable result for the traditional one-neutrino analysis approach., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2020
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7. Cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy signal classification with machine learning in project 8

Author: M. Guigue, Sebastian Böser, Joseph A. Formaggio, A. M. Jones, Kareem Kazkaz, B. H. LaRoque, James Nikkel, N. S. Oblath, Benjamin Monreal, E. Machado, T. E. Weiss, E. C. Morrison, P. L. Slocum, Thomas Thümmler, K. M. Heeger, T. Wendler, E. Zayas, E. Novitski, C. Claessens, Martin Fertl, Walter C. Pettus, A. Lindman, B.A. VanDevender, N. Buzinsky, L. Gladstone, R. G. H. Robertson, V. Sibille, Gray Rybka, L. Saldaña, J. Johnston, R. Cervantes, Malachi Schram, Y. H. Sun, L. de Viveiros, and A. Ashtari Esfahani
Subjects: Cyclotron, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, Machine learning, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Electromagnetic radiation, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), law, Magnetic trap, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, Emission spectrum, Cyclotron radiation, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, business.industry, Detector, 3. Good health, Artificial intelligence, business, computer
Abstract: The Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) technique pioneered by Project 8 measures electromagnetic radiation from individual electrons gyrating in a background magnetic field to construct a highly precise energy spectrum for beta decay studies and other applications. The detector, magnetic trap geometry, and electron dynamics give rise to a multitude of complex electron signal structures which carry information about distinguishing physical traits. With machine learning models, we develop a scheme based on these traits to analyze and classify CRES signals. Understanding and proper use of these traits will be instrumental to improve cyclotron frequency reconstruction and help Project 8 achieve world-leading sensitivity on the tritium endpoint measurement in the future., 30 pages, 16 figures
Published: 2020

8. Update on the MiniCLEAN Dark Matter Experiment

Author: E. Grace, Daniel McKinsey, R. Bourque, Jeff Griego, Jocelyn Monroe, S. Jaditz, I. T. Lawson, B. Wang, Y. Chen, Joseph A. Formaggio, Kevin J. Coakley, F. Giuliani, G. D. Orebi Gann, J. R. Klein, C. Kachulis, S. Seibert, E. Kearns, S. MacMullin, B. Buck, Keith Rielage, G. Perumpilly, John A. Oertel, K. J. Palladino, V. E. Guiseppe, A. LaTorre, Chao Zhang, E. Flores, J. Kelsey, J. Walding, M. Akashi-Ronquest, Natalia Guerrero, A. Hime, James Nikkel, M. Bodmer, Reyco Henning, A. Mastbaum, A. Butcher, J. Wang, Dongming Mei, T. Caldwell, S. K. Linden, D. Gastler, L. Rodriguez, Michael Gold, F. E. Lopez, R. W. Schnee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Buck, Benjamin R., Formaggio, Joseph A, Kelsey, James E, and Guerrero, Natalia M.
Subjects: Photomultiplier, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, WIMP, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics and Astronomy(all), dark matter, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, Neon, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Recoil, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, Scintillation, Argon, scintillation, Detector, liquid neon, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), liquid argon, chemistry, solar neutrinos, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The direct search for dark matter is entering a period of increased sensitivity to the hypothetical Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP). One such technology that is being examined is a scintillation only noble liquid experiment, MiniCLEAN. MiniCLEAN utilizes over 500 kg of liquid cryogen to detect nuclear recoils from WIMP dark matter and serves as a demonstration for a future detector of order 50 to 100 tonnes. The liquid cryogen is interchangeable between argon and neon to study the A2 dependence of the potential signal and examine backgrounds. MiniCLEAN utilizes a unique modular design with spherical geometry to maximize the light yield using cold photomultiplier tubes in a single-phase detector. Pulse shape discrimination techniques are used to separate nuclear recoil signals from electron recoil backgrounds. MiniCLEAN will be spiked with additional 39Ar to demonstrate the effective reach of the pulse shape discrimination capability. Assembly of the experiment is underway at SNOLAB and an update on the project is given., Los Alamos National Laboratory, United States. Department of Energy. Office of Science, National Science Foundation (U.S.), National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Published: 2015
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9. Project 8 Phase III Design Concept

Author: S. Doeleman, P. L. Slocum, Kareem Kazkaz, Thomas Thümmler, Jonathan R. Tedeschi, M. Guigue, A. Ashtari Esfahani, Andre Young, M. Wachtendonk, Jonathan Weintroub, C. Claessens, James Nikkel, E. Zayas, Martin Fertl, L J Rosenberg, Benjamin Monreal, A. M. Jones, Gray Rybka, Erin C. Finn, L. Saldaña, N. S. Oblath, L. de Viveiros, Joseph A. Formaggio, P. J. Doe, R. G. H. Robertson, K. M. Heeger, Sebastian Böser, E. Machado, B H LaRoque, and B.A. VanDevender
Subjects: Physics, History, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Computer Science Applications, Education, Computational physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Antenna array, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Volume (thermodynamics), ddc:530, Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: We present a working concept for Phase III of the Project 8 experiment, aiming to achieve a neutrino mass sensitivity of $2~\mathrm{eV}$ ($90~\%$ C.L.) using a large volume of molecular tritium and a phased antenna array. The detection system is discussed in detail., 3 pages, 3 figures, Proceedings of Neutrino 2016, XXVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, 4-9 July 2016, London, UK
Published: 2017

10. Results from the Project 8 phase-1 cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy detector

Author: B.A. VanDevender, Jonathan Weintroub, Gray Rybka, N. S. Oblath, Benjamin Monreal, C. Claessens, L. Saldaña, Joseph A. Formaggio, Kareem Kazkaz, S. Doeleman, P. L. Slocum, Thomas Thümmler, James Nikkel, R. G. H. Robertson, Sebastian Böser, L. de Viveiros, A. Ashtari Esfahani, Andre Young, Erin C. Finn, Jonathan R. Tedeschi, E. Machado, P. J. Doe, A. M. Jones, E. Zayas, M. Wachtendonk, Martin Fertl, B H LaRoque, L J Rosenberg, K. M. Heeger, and M. Guigue
Subjects: History, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Cyclotron, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, Radiation, Education, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, symbols.namesake, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Internal conversion, law, ddc:530, Cyclotron radiation, Emission spectrum, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Physics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Computer Science Applications, Computational physics, Lorentz factor, symbols, Neutrino
Abstract: The Project 8 collaboration seeks to measure the absolute neutrino mass scale by means of precision spectroscopy of the beta decay of tritium. Our technique, cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy, measures the frequency of the radiation emitted by electrons produced by decays in an ambient magnetic field. Because the cyclotron frequency is inversely proportional to the electron's Lorentz factor, this is also a measurement of the electron's energy. In order to demonstrate the viability of this technique, we have assembled and successfully operated a prototype system, which uses a rectangular waveguide to collect the cyclotron radiation from internal conversion electrons emitted from a gaseous $^{83m}$Kr source. Here we present the main design aspects of the first phase prototype, which was operated during parts of 2014 and 2015. We will also discuss the procedures used to analyze these data, along with the features which have been observed and the performance achieved to date., 3 pages; 2 figures; Proceedings of Neutrino 2016, XXVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, 4-9 July 2016, London, UK
Published: 2017

11. Determining the neutrino mass with cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy—Project 8

Author: Jared A. Kofron, Gray Rybka, Callum Lamb, R. Cervantes, P. J. Doe, Andre Young, L. Saldaña, Joseph A. Formaggio, Devyn Rysewyk, E. Zayas, M. L. Miller, B. A. VanDevender, Kareem Kazkaz, Luiz de Viveiros, Martin Fertl, Jonathan Weintroub, Walter C. Pettus, L J Rosenberg, A. Mark Jones, Eric Machado, S. Doeleman, C. Claessens, D. Furse, Sebastian Böser, James Nikkel, Prajwal Mohanmurthy, Benjamin H. LaRoque, Justin L. Fernandes, Mathieu Guigue, Natasha L. Woods, Benjamin Monreal, R. G. Hamish Robertson, Erin C. Finn, Ali Ashtari Esfahani, P. L. Slocum, Thomas Thümmler, Matthew Sternberg, David M. Asner, K. M. Heeger, Elizabeth L. McBride, Laura Vertatschitsch, M. Wachtendonk, N. S. Oblath, Jonathan R. Tedeschi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Formaggio, Joseph A, Furse, Daniel Lawrence, Mohanmurthy, Prajwal Thyagarthi, Solomon-Oblath, Noah, Rysewyk, Devyn M., and Zayas, Evan M.
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Upper and lower bounds, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Cyclotron radiation, Emission spectrum, Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Neutrino, 010306 general physics, Neutrino oscillation, Adiabatic process, Nuclear Experiment, KATRIN
Abstract: The most sensitive direct method to establish the absolute neutrino mass is observation of the endpoint of the tritium beta-decay spectrum. Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) is a precision spectrographic technique that can probe much of the unexplored neutrino mass range with $\mathcal{O}({\rm eV})$ resolution. A lower bound of $m(\nu_e) \gtrsim 9(0.1)\, {\rm meV}$ is set by observations of neutrino oscillations, while the KATRIN Experiment - the current-generation tritium beta-decay experiment that is based on Magnetic Adiabatic Collimation with an Electrostatic (MAC-E) filter - will achieve a sensitivity of $m(\nu_e) \lesssim 0.2\,{\rm eV}$. The CRES technique aims to avoid the difficulties in scaling up a MAC-E filter-based experiment to achieve a lower mass sensitivity. In this paper we review the current status of the CRES technique and describe Project 8, a phased absolute neutrino mass experiment that has the potential to reach sensitivities down to $m(\nu_e) \lesssim 40\,{\rm meV}$ using an atomic tritium source., Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, to be published in Journal of Physics G
Published: 2016

12. The LUX prototype detector: Heat exchanger development

Author: W. Skulski, M. Woods, Kareem Kazkaz, B. Holbrook, P. Sorensen, F.L.H. Wolfs, T. A. Shutt, T. Classen, R. L. Mannino, C.H. Faham, James Nikkel, S. Fiorucci, R. L. Lander, S. Bedikian, Mani Tripathi, D.C. Malling, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, C.E. Dahl, Robert Svoboda, X. Bai, J.J. Chapman, J. Mock, E. Druszkiewicz, J. Spaans, M. R. Dragowsky, S. Dazeley, P. Phelps, A. Curioni, M. Sweany, T. Steigler, M. Morii, D. S. Akerib, Sidney Cahn, J. T. White, A. Bernstein, J. Thomson, J. Kwong, L. Kastens, K. Clark, David Leonard, Chao Zhang, R. J. Gaitskell, N. Walsh, Alexander Bolozdynya, Dongming Mei, A. W. Bradley, D. Carr, C. R. Hall, and Daniel McKinsey
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Cryogenics, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Xenon, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Heat exchanger, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation, Physics, Time projection chamber, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), chemistry, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business
Abstract: The LUX (Large Underground Xenon) detector is a two-phase xenon Time Projection Chamber (TPC) designed to search for WIMP-nucleon dark matter interactions. As with all noble element detectors, continuous purification of the detector medium is essential to produce a large ($>$1ms) electron lifetime; this is necessary for efficient measurement of the electron signal which in turn is essential for achieving robust discrimination of signal from background events. In this paper we describe the development of a novel purification system deployed in a prototype detector. The results from the operation of this prototype indicated heat exchange with an efficiency above 94% up to a flow rate of 42 slpm, allowing for an electron drift length greater than 1 meter to be achieved in approximately two days and sustained for the duration of the testing period., 12 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2013
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13. Liquefied Noble Gas Detectors for Detection of Nuclear Materials

Author: C. Gary, J. Kwong, S. Kane, Tsahi Gozani, Daniel McKinsey, James Nikkel, Michael J. King, C. Brown, and M. I. Firestone
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Fission, Nuclear engineering, Special nuclear material, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Noble gas, Nuclear physics, Xenon, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Nuclear fission, Neutron detection, Neutron, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Abstract: Liquefied noble gas (LNG) detectors have already been successfully employed in areas of fundamental particle physics research due to features such as their high energy resolution, fast response times, excellent discrimination between neutron and gamma-ray interactions, and relatively low cost. Such detectors are also attractive for nonintrusive inspection for the presence of special nuclear material (SNM) in large-scale objects such as cargo containers and trucks. An effective method of interrogation involves pulsing the object being interrogated with neutrons, which induces fission in the SNM. The fission reaction promptly releases gamma rays and neutrons. This reaction can be distinguished from background through the coincidence measurement of these particles striking multiple detectors. Rapiscan Laboratories, Yale University Physics Department, and Adelphi Technology have constructed two 18-L liquid argon prototype detectors to investigate the suitability of LNG detectors in performing this form of interrogation. The pulse shape, energy resolution, time resolution, detector efficiency, and the effects of doping with xenon were measured.
Published: 2013
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14. Simulations of Multi-Gamma Coincidences From Neutron-Induced Fission in Special Nuclear Materials

Author: Tsahi Gozani, Daniel McKinsey, M. I. Firestone, Michael J. King, C. Brown, C. Gary, J. Kwong, S. Kane, and James Nikkel
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Fission, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, Enriched uranium, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Neutron generator, Neutron detection, Neutron, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Delayed neutron
Abstract: A study is presented on the detection of illicit special nuclear materials (SNM) in cargo containers using a conceptual neutron-based inspection system with xenon-doped liquefied argon (LAr(Xe)) scintillation detectors for coincidence gamma-ray detection. For robustness, the system is envisioned to exploit all fission signatures, namely both prompt and delayed neutron and gamma emissions from fission reactions induced in SNM. However, this paper focuses exclusively on the analysis of the prompt gamma ray emissions. The inspection system probes a container using neutrons produced either by (d, D) or (d, T) in pulsed form or from an associated particle neutron generator to exploit the associated particle imaging (API) technique, thereby achieving background reduction and imaging. Simulated signal and background estimates were obtained in MCNPX (2.7) for a 2 kg sphere of enriched uranium positioned at the center of a 1m × 1m × 1m container, which is filled uniformly with wood or iron cargos at 0.1 g/cc or 0.4 g/cc. Detection time estimates are reported assuming probabilities of detection of 95% and false alarm of 0.5%.
Published: 2013
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15. Improving Photoelectron Counting and Particle Identification in Scintillation Detectors with Bayesian Techniques

Author: Laurelle Maria Veloce, I. T. Lawson, P. Liimatainen, J. R. Klein, Y. Chen, B. Buck, K. Graham, S. Jaditz, T. Sonley, T. S. Caldwell, Natalia Guerrero, V. E. Guiseppe, Dongming Mei, D. Gastler, M. Bodmer, M. Kuźniak, B. T. Cleveland, T. Pollmann, J. Wang, F. Giuliani, G. D. Orebi Gann, E. O'Dwyer, C. M. Nantais, P. Amaudruz, Martin Ward, M. Akashi-Ronquest, A. Muir, C. Zhang, C. J. Jillings, Keith Rielage, James Nikkel, Andrew Hime, B. Beltran, C. Kachulis, J. Kelsey, R. W. Schnee, K. Dering, Jocelyn Monroe, C. Ouellet, S. MacMullin, A. Mastbaum, J. Walding, O. Li, A. B. McDonald, S. Linden, V. V. Golovko, P. Skensved, R. Mathew, F. Duncan, F. Retiere, B. Wang, Bei Cai, A. Butcher, A. Latorre, K. McFarlane, A. L. Hallin, P. Rau, B. Broerman, M. Gold, E. Vázquez-Jáuregui, Daniel McKinsey, J. Hofgartner, Min Chen, K. S. Olsen, Reyco Henning, Joseph A. Formaggio, J. Lidgard, K. Palladino, P. Pasuthip, E. Kearns, E. Grace, P. J. Harvey, K. Nicolics, R. Gagnon, C. Hearns, Kevin J. Coakley, P. Gorel, M. Batygov, S. Seibert, T. Noble, G. Perumpilly, Mark Guy Boulay, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Buck, Benjamin R., Formaggio, Joseph A, Jaditz, Stephen Hunter, and Kelsey, James E
Subjects: Particle physics, Photomultiplier, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Particle identification, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, Scintillation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Neutrino detector, Scintillation counter, Deconvolution, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business
Abstract: Many current and future dark matter and neutrino detectors are designed to measure scintillation light with a large array of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The energy resolution and particle identification capabilities of these detectors depend in part on the ability to accurately identify individual photoelectrons in PMT waveforms despite large variability in pulse amplitudes and pulse pileup. We describe a Bayesian technique that can identify the times of individual photoelectrons in a sampled PMT waveform without deconvolution, even when pileup is present. To demonstrate the technique, we apply it to the general problem of particle identification in single-phase liquid argon dark matter detectors. Using the output of the Bayesian photoelectron counting algorithm described in this paper, we construct several test statistics for rejection of backgrounds for dark matter searches in argon. Compared to simpler methods based on either observed charge or peak finding, the photoelectron counting technique improves both energy resolution and particle identification of low energy events in calibration data from the DEAP-1 detector and simulation of the larger MiniCLEAN dark matter detector., Comment: 16 pages, 16 figures
Published: 2016

16. LUXSim: A component-centric approach to low-background simulations

Author: C.H. Faham, J. Thomson, M. Woods, P. Sorensen, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, T. Coffey, F. L. H. Wolfs, D.C. Malling, L. Kastens, K.R. Gibson, J.R. Verbus, P. Phelps, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, T.M. Stiegler, M. Wlasenko, Mani Tripathi, M. Pangilinan, A. Dobi, S. Bedikian, M. Ihm, T. Classen, W. Skulski, Kareem Kazkaz, A. Lyashenko, X. Bai, R. G. Jacobsen, R. L. Mannino, D. Carr, J.J. Chapman, James Nikkel, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, M. R. Dragowsky, J. Mock, D. S. Akerib, Steven Dazeley, Adam Bernstein, H. N. Nelson, J. Spaans, T. A. Shutt, J. T. White, S. Fiorucci, Matthew Szydagis, Dongming Mei, E. Druszkiewicz, Chao Zhang, David Leonard, R. J. Gaitskell, K. Clark, M. Sweany, Sidney Cahn, M. Hanhardt, B. Holbrook, Ethan Bernard, C. R. Hall, Daniel McKinsey, P.D. Parker, Robert Svoboda, M. Morii, A. W. Bradley, N. Walsh, and R. L. Lander
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Data management, FOS: Physical sciences, Geant4, nucl-ex, Atomic, High Energy Physics - Experiment, physics.data-an, Set (abstract data type), Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Particle and Plasma Physics, Affordable and Clean Energy, Component (UML), Dark matter, Code (cryptography), Nuclear, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Underground, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Physics, Flexibility (engineering), Research Groups and Centres\Physics\Low Temperature Physics, hep-ex, Faculty of Science\Physics, business.industry, Event (computing), Detector, Molecular, Low-background, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Other Physical Sciences, Computer engineering, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, business, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an), Astronomical and Space Sciences, Simulation, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: Geant4 has been used throughout the nuclear and high-energy physics community to simulate energy depositions in various detectors and materials. These simulations have mostly been run with a source beam outside the detector. In the case of low-background physics, however, a primary concern is the effect on the detector from radioactivity inherent in the detector parts themselves. From this standpoint, there is no single source or beam, but rather a collection of sources with potentially complicated spatial extent. LUXSim is a simulation framework used by the LUX collaboration that takes a component-centric approach to event generation and recording. A new set of classes allows for multiple radioactive sources to be set within any number of components at run time, with the entire collection of sources handled within a single simulation run. Various levels of information can also be recorded from the individual components, with these record levels also being set at runtime. This flexibility in both source generation and information recording is possible without the need to recompile, reducing the complexity of code management and the proliferation of versions. Within the code itself, casting geometry objects within this new set of classes rather than as the default Geant4 classes automatically extends this flexibility to every individual component. No additional work is required on the part of the developer, reducing development time and increasing confidence in the results. We describe the guiding principles behind LUXSim, detail some of its unique classes and methods, and give examples of usage. * Corresponding author, kareem@llnl.gov, 45 pages, 15 figures
Published: 2012
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17. LUX Cryogenics and Circulation

Author: R. G. Jacobsen, James Nikkel, T. Classen, K.R. Gibson, M. R. Dragowsky, A. Lyashenko, E. Druszkiewicz, Matthew Szydagis, P. Sorensen, D. S. Akerib, M. Sweany, M. Woods, N. Walsh, M. Hanhardt, Mani Tripathi, L. Kastens, K. Clark, D. Carr, F. Neves, Daniel McKinsey, J.J. Chapman, R. L. Mannino, Ethan Bernard, J. Pinto da Cunha, B. Holbrook, M. Morii, C. Silva, D.C. Malling, T. A. Shutt, V. N. Solovov, F.L.H. Wolfs, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, Kareem Kazkaz, Dongming Mei, A. W. Bradley, X. Bai, W. Skulski, C.H. Faham, Adam Bernstein, Robert Svoboda, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, J. Mock, C. R. Hall, Sidney Cahn, Chao Zhang, P. Phelps, M. Wlasenko, R. L. Lander, J. Spaans, J. Thomson, M.I. Lopes, A. Lindote, Steven Dazeley, R. J. Gaitskell, S. Bedikian, H. N. Nelson, T. Coffey, T.M. Stiegler, M. Ihm, M. Pangilinan, S. Fiorucci, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, J. T. White, and J.R. Verbus
Subjects: Physics, Time projection chamber, LUX, Cryogenics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Physics and Astronomy(all), 01 natural sciences, Thermosyphon, Nuclear physics, Circulation (fluid dynamics), Xenon, Noble gas circulation, chemistry, Getter, 0103 physical sciences, Water cooling, Dark matter, Thermosiphon, 010306 general physics, Internal heating
Abstract: Submitted by Helmut Wolters (helmut@coimbra.lip.pt) on 2019-02-04T04:47:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 1.pdf: 568034 bytes, checksum: 9b578ed88c0f02f94689dbd34aaeae28 (MD5) zip/1313265.zip: 499693 bytes, checksum: 46d8f87f31a2aa6d1d4fffb91f43b4d7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-04T04:47:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 1.pdf: 568034 bytes, checksum: 9b578ed88c0f02f94689dbd34aaeae28 (MD5) zip/1313265.zip: 499693 bytes, checksum: 46d8f87f31a2aa6d1d4fffb91f43b4d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-14
Published: 2012
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18. Observation of Single Compton-Electron Tracks in Superfluid Helium-4 and Trace Detection of Metastable Helium Molecules by Laser-Induced-Fluorescence Imaging

Author: Wade G. Rellergert, James Nikkel, A. Curioni, J. D. Wright, Sidney Cahn, and Daniel McKinsey
Subjects: Physics, Liquid helium, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Compton telescope, Helium ionization detector, Compton scattering, Gamma ray, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, chemistry, law, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, General Materials Science, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, Superfluid helium-4, Helium
Abstract: We use laser-induced fluorescence enhanced by a cycling transition to image metastable helium molecules in liquid helium-4. We demonstrate that the method achieves sufficient sensitivity to image the trail of helium molecules that forms along the track of a single high-energy electron created by Compton scattering of a 511 keV gamma ray in liquid helium. The experiments show that a liquid helium detector with optical readout can function as an electron-tracking Compton camera when combined with conventional gamma-ray detectors. The demonstrated sensitivity for imaging helium molecules could also find application in the spectroscopy and imaging of neutrons, detection of electronic and nuclear recoil events, and investigation of superfluid or normal-fluid flow in liquid helium using the molecules as passive tracer particles.
Published: 2009
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19. Use of activated charcoal for the purification of neon in the CLEAN experiment

Author: Daniel McKinsey, W. H. Lippincott, M.K. Harrison, and James Nikkel
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Argon, Hydrogen, Krypton, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Nitrogen, Neon, Adsorption, chemistry, Activated charcoal, Impurity, Atomic physics, Instrumentation
Abstract: Passage of neon gas through activated charcoal is planned to be the primary method of removing impurities from the liquid neon scintillator in the CLEAN experiment. In order to quantify this technique, the breakout curves for hydrogen, nitrogen, argon and krypton impurities in neon-saturated activated charcoal were measured. Adsorption coefficients and the number of theoretical stages were measured for hydrogen in the temperature range between 300 and 80 K, nitrogen between 300 and 200 K, and argon between 300 and 190 K. The adsorption coefficient for krypton was measured at 300 K.
Published: 2007
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20. LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Conceptual Design Report

Author: V. B. Francis, A. Bernstein, A. Manalaysay, C. Chan, C. E. Tull, Eli Woods, B. N. Ratcliff, Ethan Bernard, R. W. Schnee, N.A. Larsen, V.V. Sosnovtsev, Elena Korolkova, M. Sarychev, James Nikkel, J. J. Cherwinka, S. Luitz, Peter Majewski, J.S. Saba, Henrique Araujo, D. White, B. N. Edwards, W. H. Lippincott, F. G. O'Neill, A. Khazov, X. Ji, M. E. Monzani, B. Holbrook, K. O'Sullivan, Laura Manenti, J. Liu, P.R. Scovell, D.C. Malling, E. M. Boulton, M. G. D. van der Grinten, W.L. Waldron, W. C. Taylor, D. S. Akerib, C. R. Hall, Mikkel B. Johnson, F.L.H. Wolfs, J. Lin, Matthew Szydagis, J. Balajthy, K. J. Palladino, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. Kraus, A. Currie, C. E. Dahl, R. Bunker, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, V. N. Solovov, J. Thomson, M. R. While, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, T. J. Sumner, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, W. H. To, I. Stancu, S. Stephenson, M. Pangilinan, T. J. Whitis, R. Bramante, K. E. Boast, T.J. Martin, L. Tvrznikova, A. Lindote, Patrick Bauer, J. O'Dell, L. Wang, D. Woodward, V. A. Kudryavtsev, H.J. Krebs, M. Elnimr, D. R. Tiedt, J.P. Rodrigues, J. Busenitz, Hoff, S. Kyre, F. Neves, L. Reichhart, C. Fu, Wolfgang Lorenzon, C. Rhyne, W. J. Wisniewski, M.J. Barry, C. M. Ignarra, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, W. Skulski, W. R. Edwards, Carl W. Akerlof, R. J. Gaitskell, S. Balashov, Michael Schubnell, Olevitch, S. J. Patton, B. P. Tennyson, M. F. Marzioni, D. Khaitan, R. L. Mannino, K. Kamdin, W. Craddock, S. D. Worm, V. M. Gehman, Y. Ju, A. J. Bailey, Daniel McKinsey, B. G. Lenardo, P. Beltrame, H. J. Rose, Minfang Yeh, Sergey Burdin, R.M. Gerhard, X. Liu, K. Skarpaas, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, A. St. J. Murphy, T.M. Stiegler, T.W. Hurteau, K.J. Thomas, J. Yin, A. Tomás, K. Kazkaz, C. Chiller, S. Powell, M. Cascella, T. J. R. Davison, Chao Zhang, A.A. Chiller, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, J. Reichenbacher, J. E. Y. Dobson, R. M. Preece, N.J. Gantos, S. J. Haselschwardt, S. Uvarov, S.K. Young, M. G. D. Gilchriese, M.I. Lopes, Ben Carlson, J. Va’vra, J. E. Cutter, A.V. Khromov, C. Carels, Alexander Bolozdynya, V. Bugaev, R.G. Jacobsen, A. Harris, Wenzhao Wei, D. J. Taylor, D.Yu. Akimov, Dongming Mei, Duncan Carlsmith, Witherell, E. Holtom, W. Ji, C. H. Faham, S. Alsum, F.-T. Liao, D. Q. Huang, C. Ghag, C. O. Vuosalo, Bhawna Gomber, Mani Tripathi, Richard Rosero, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, W. T. Emmet, Sridhara Dasu, S. Fiorucci, J.P. da Cunha, P. A. Terman, X. Bai, D. Markley, J. Mock, A. V. Kumpan, M.R. Stark, P. Sorensen, Yue Meng, K. T. Lesko, C. Lee, E. H. Miller, S. Shaw, A. Piepke, K. Sundarnath, A. Konovalov, T. K. Edberg, K. Pushkin, P. Ford, J. H. Buckley, and J.R. Verbus
Subjects: Physics, Particle physics, Expected cost, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Technical systems, Detector, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Particle detector, Nuclear physics, Conceptual design, Weakly interacting massive particles, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: The design and performance of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) detector is described as of March 2015 in this Conceptual Design Report. LZ is a second-generation dark-matter detector with the potential for unprecedented sensitivity to weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) of masses from a few GeV/c2 to hundreds of TeV/c2. With total liquid xenon mass of about 10 tonnes, LZ will be the most sensitive experiment for WIMPs in this mass region by the end of the decade. This report describes in detail the design of the LZ technical systems. Expected backgrounds are quantified and the performance of the experiment is presented. The LZ detector will be located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota. The organization of the LZ Project and a summary of the expected cost and current schedule are given.
Published: 2015
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21. Index of refraction, Rayleigh scattering length, and Sellmeier coefficients in solid and liquid argon and xenon

Author: James Nikkel, A. Butcher, Jocelyn Monroe, and E. Grace
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Physics::Optics, 01 natural sciences, symbols.namesake, Xenon, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Rayleigh scattering, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Physics, Scintillation, Argon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 3. Good health, Wavelength, chemistry, symbols, Neutrino, Atomic physics, business, Refractive index
Abstract: Large liquid argon detectors have become widely used in low rate experiments, including dark matter and neutrino research. However, the optical properties of liquid argon are not well understood at the large scales relevant for current and near-future detectors.The index of refraction of liquid argon at the scin- tillation wavelength has not been measured, and current Rayleigh scattering length calculations disagree with measurements. Furthermore, the Rayleigh scattering length and index of refraction of solid argon and solid xenon at their scintillation wavelengths have not been previously measured or calculated. We introduce a new calculation using existing data in liquid and solid argon and xenon to extrapolate the optical properties at the scintillation wavelengths using the Sellmeier dispersion relationship., 11 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2015

22. Measurement of scintillation efficiency for nuclear recoils in liquid argon

Author: Stan Seibert, James Nikkel, L. C. Stonehill, Andrew Hime, Daniel McKinsey, E. Kearns, W. Hugh Lippincott, D. Gastler, and Josh Klein
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Research Groups and Centres\Physics\Low Temperature Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Faculty of Science\Physics, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Recoil energy, Nuclear physics, Recoil, Yield (chemistry), Liquid argon, Physics::Atomic Physics, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract: The scintillation light yield of liquid argon from nuclear recoils relative to electronic recoils has been measured as a function of recoil energy from 10 keVr up to 250 keVr. The scintillation efficiency, defined as the ratio of the nuclear recoil scintillation response to the electronic recoil response, is 0.25 \pm 0.01 + 0.01(correlated) above 20 keVr., Comment: revision 2
Published: 2014

23. Pulse-shape discrimination and energy resolution of a liquid-argon scintillator with xenon doping

Author: Y. Shin, Ethan Bernard, W. H. Lippincott, Daniel McKinsey, Christopher G. Wahl, and James Nikkel
Subjects: Scintillation, Materials science, Argon, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Dopant, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Tetraphenyl butadiene, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Scintillator, Particle detector, chemistry.chemical_compound, Xenon, chemistry, Scintillation counter, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: Liquid-argon scintillation detectors are used in fundamental physics experiments and are being considered for security applications. Previous studies have suggested that the addition of small amounts of xenon dopant improves performance in light or signal yield, energy resolution, and particle discrimination. In this study, we investigate the detector response for xenon dopant concentrations from 9 +/- 5 ppm to 1100 +/- 500 ppm xenon (by weight) in 6 steps. The 3.14-liter detector uses tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) wavelength shifter with dual photomultiplier tubes and is operated in single-phase mode. Gamma-ray-interaction signal yield of 4.0 +/- 0.1 photoelectrons/keV improved to 5.0 +/- 0.1 photoelectrons/keV with dopant. Energy resolution at 662 keV improved from (4.4 +/- 0.2)% ({\sigma}) to (3.5 +/- 0.2)% ({\sigma}) with dopant. Pulse-shape discrimination performance degraded greatly at the first addition of dopant, slightly improved with additional additions, then rapidly improved near the end of our dopant range, with performance becoming slightly better than pure argon at the highest tested dopant concentration. Some evidence of reduced neutron scintillation efficiency with increasing dopant concentration was observed. Finally, the waveform shape outside the TPB region is discussed, suggesting that the contribution to the waveform from xenon-produced light is primarily in the last portion of the slow component.
Published: 2014

24. Large area liquid argon detectors for interrogation systems

Author: Tsahi Gozani, Steve Kane, James Nikkel, Murray I. Firestone, Michael J. King, C. Brown, Gregory Smith, C. Gary, Daniel McKinsey, and J. Kwong
Subjects: Physics, Argon, Photon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Gamma ray, chemistry.chemical_element, Noble gas, Pulse shaping, Nuclear physics, Xenon, Optics, chemistry, Nuclear electronics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, business
Abstract: Measurements of the efficiency, pulse shape, and energy and time resolution of liquid argon (LAr) detectors are presented. Liquefied noble gas-based (LNbG) detectors have been developed for the detection of dark matter and neutrinoless double-beta decay. However, the same qualities that make LNbG detectors ideal for these applications, namely their size, cost, efficiency, pulse shape discrimination and resolution, make them promising for portal screening and the detection of Special Nuclear Materials (SNM). Two 18-liter prototype detectors were designed, fabricated, and tested, one with pure LAr and the other doped with liquid Xe (LArXe). The LArXe detector presented the better time and energy resolution of 3.3 ns and 20% at 662 KeV, respectively. The total efficiency of the detector was measured to be 35% with 4.5% of the total photons detected in the photopeak.
Published: 2013
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25. Radon backgrounds in the DEAP-1 liquid-argon-based Dark Matter detector

Author: I. T. Lawson, T. McElroy, R. Chouinard, P. Amaudruz, V. V. Golovko, M. Gold, F. Duncan, F. Retiere, T. Sonley, P. Skensved, E. O'Dwyer, M. Kuźniak, P. Liimatainen, K. Boudjemline, Martin Ward, O. Li, J. Tang, Laurelle Maria Veloce, Daniel McKinsey, R. Gagnon, T. S. Caldwell, C. Ouellet, A. Muir, P. Pasuthip, B. T. Cleveland, M. Ronquest, A. B. McDonald, K. Graham, J. Lidgard, C. J. Jillings, R. Hakobyan, F. Giuliani, R. Mathew, Darren Grant, M. Batygov, C. Hearns, B. Beltran, P. Gorel, C. Nantais, R. J. Ford, T. Noble, K. Dering, W. H. Lippincott, Mark Guy Boulay, A. L. Hallin, M. L. Chen, W. Rau, James Nikkel, K. S. Olsen, K. W. McFarlane, E. Vázquez-Jáuregui, Bei Cai, T. Pollmann, P. J. Harvey, K. Nicolics, and D. Contreras
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Radon, Scintillator, Measure (mathematics), DEAP, Optics, Physics::Atomic Physics, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Event reconstruction, Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases, Physics, business.industry, Detector, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Pulse (physics), chemistry, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business
Abstract: The DEAP-1 \SI{7}{kg} single phase liquid argon scintillation detector was operated underground at SNOLAB in order to test the techniques and measure the backgrounds inherent to single phase detection, in support of the \mbox{DEAP-3600} Dark Matter detector. Backgrounds in DEAP are controlled through material selection, construction techniques, pulse shape discrimination and event reconstruction. This report details the analysis of background events observed in three iterations of the DEAP-1 detector, and the measures taken to reduce them. The $^{222}$Rn decay rate in the liquid argon was measured to be between 16 and \SI{26}{\micro\becquerel\per\kilogram}. We found that the background spectrum near the region of interest for Dark Matter detection in the DEAP-1 detector can be described considering events from three sources: radon daughters decaying on the surface of the active volume, the expected rate of electromagnetic events misidentified as nuclear recoils due to inefficiencies in the pulse shape discrimination, and leakage of events from outside the fiducial volume due to imperfect position reconstruction. These backgrounds statistically account for all observed events, and they will be strongly reduced in the DEAP-3600 detector due to its higher light yield and simpler geometry.
Published: 2012

26. Data acquisition and readout system for the LUX dark matter experiment

Author: Robert Svoboda, Steven Dazeley, B. Holbrook, T. Classen, F.L.H. Wolfs, M. Pangilinan, M. Sweany, W. Skulski, M. Hanhardt, R. L. Lander, D. Carr, H. N. Nelson, M. Woods, Ethan Bernard, C.H. Faham, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, D.C. Malling, N. Walsh, P. Sorensen, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, J. T. White, M. Morii, Kareem Kazkaz, Mani Tripathi, T.M. Stiegler, A. Curioni, S. Bedikian, J.R. Verbus, Daniel McKinsey, A. Lyashenko, T. A. Shutt, D. S. Akerib, A. W. Bradley, Sidney Cahn, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, C. R. Hall, M. Ihm, S. Fiorucci, P. Phelps, T. Coffey, Adam Bernstein, M. Wlasenko, J.J. Chapman, X. Bai, J. Spaans, J. Mock, Matthew Szydagis, E. Druszkiewicz, R. L. Mannino, K.R. Gibson, R. G. Jacobsen, M. R. Dragowsky, Chao Zhang, David Leonard, Dongming Mei, James Nikkel, R. J. Gaitskell, J. Thomson, K. Clark, and L. Kastens
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Analog-to-digital converter, FOS: Physical sciences, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Atomic, Particle detector, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Optics, Data acquisition, Particle and Plasma Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, Dark matter detectors, Research Groups and Centres\Physics\Low Temperature Physics, Time projection chamber, Analogue electronics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Firmware, business.industry, Faculty of Science\Physics, Detector, Molecular, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Other Physical Sciences, Liquid xenon, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, computer, Astronomical and Space Sciences, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: LUX is a two-phase (liquid/gas) xenon time projection chamber designed to detect nuclear recoils from interactions with dark matter particles. Signals from the LUX detector are processed by custom-built analog electronics which provide properly shaped signals for the trigger and data acquisition (DAQ) systems. The DAQ is composed of commercial digitizers with firmware customized for the LUX experiment. Data acquisition systems in rare-event searches must accommodate high rate and large dynamic range during precision calibrations involving radioactive sources, while also delivering low threshold for maximum sensitivity. The LUX DAQ meets these challenges using real-time baseline suppression that allows for a maximum event acquisition rate in excess of 1.5 kHz with virtually no deadtime. This paper describes the LUX DAQ and the novel acquisition techniques employed in the LUX experiment. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2012
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27. Liquid xenon for gamma-ray imaging of special nuclear materials

Author: A. Lyashenko, N. Destefano, Ethan Bernard, Christopher G. Wahl, Evan Linck, B. P. Tennyson, Moshe Gai, Y. Shin, Casey A. Rhyne, Blair Edwards, N. A. Larsen, Sidney Cahn, Daniel McKinsey, Manawaduge S. De Silva, and James Nikkel
Subjects: Physics, Time projection chamber, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Gamma ray, chemistry.chemical_element, Particle identification, Optics, Xenon, Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemistry, Medical imaging, Angular resolution, business, Event (particle physics)
Abstract: In recent years xenon has risen as a medium for particle detection, exhibiting a number of desirable qualities that make it well-suited for applications such as medical imaging, imaging of nuclear materials, and fundamental physics research. PIXeY (Particle Identification in Xenon at Yale) is a compact, liquid-xenon-based time projection chamber that operates in either single or two-phase (liquid/gas) mode and detects both charge and light signals produced by gamma interactions within the detector. Charge-light anti-correlation techniques can then be used to reconstruct the event with good (2.4% FWHM at 662 keV) energy resolution. Here we report on the design and the current status of the PIXeY experiment and plans for future upgrades, such as the inclusion of multiple optical volumes and single-wire charge readout, which will help achieve the energy and angular resolution necessary for Compton gamma-ray imaging with application to the efficient and rapid detection of special nuclear materials.
Published: 2012
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28. The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) Experiment

Author: Mani Tripathi, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, M. Pangilinan, T. A. Shutt, P.D. Parker, V. N. Solovov, Robert Svoboda, K. Clark, Murdock Gilchriese, David Leonard, Daniel McKinsey, K. Kazkaz, E. Druszkiewicz, C.H. Faham, D. Byram, D. White, J. Thomson, T.M. Stiegler, A. W. Bradley, R. J. Gaitskell, A. Lindote, A. Rodionov, C. Chiller, Alexander Bolozdynya, M. Hanhardt, S. Fiorucci, D. Stolp, Z. Marquez, B. Holbrook, R. G. Jacobsen, E. Dahl, A. Bernstein, A. Dobi, J.R. Verbus, D. Carr, M. Moongweluwan, P. Sorensen, D. S. Akerib, M. Morii, J.J. Chapman, C. R. Hall, K.R. Gibson, F.L.H. Wolfs, N. Walsh, C. Sofka, D.C. Malling, Ethan Bernard, J. Spaans, R. C. Webb, A. Curioni, M. Sweany, L. de Viveiros, Dongming Mei, L. Kastens, Matthew Szydagis, M. Ihm, S. Uvarov, J. Kwong, D. J. Taylor, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, W. Skulski, S. Dazeley, Sidney Cahn, R. L. Mannino, A. A. Chiller, R. L. Lander, James Nikkel, T. Coffey, B. N. Edwards, T. Classen, C. Camp, S. Bedikian, K. Pech, S. Kyre, J. T. White, F. Neves, P. Roberts, M. Woods, Alexander Shei, H. N. Nelson, Chao Zhang, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, T. J. Whitis, A. Lyashenko, P. Phelps, M. Wlasenko, X. Bai, J. Mock, E. M. Dragowsky, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, and C. Lee
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Large Underground Xenon experiment, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Atomic, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Particle detector, Particle identification, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Particle and Plasma Physics, Xenon, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, Instrumentation, Physics, Dark matter detectors, Time projection chamber, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Other Physical Sciences, chemistry, Weakly interacting massive particles, Liquid xenon, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) collaboration has designed and constructed a dual-phase xenon detector, in order to conduct a search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles(WIMPs), a leading dark matter candidate. The goal of the LUX detector is to clearly detect (or exclude) WIMPS with a spin independent cross section per nucleon of $2\times 10^{-46}$ cm$^{2}$, equivalent to $\sim$1 event/100 kg/month in the inner 100-kg fiducial volume (FV) of the 370-kg detector. The overall background goals are set to have $, Comment: 50 pages, 16 figures
Published: 2012
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29. Energy resolution and gamma/neutron discrimination in xenon-doped liquid argon

Author: Tsahi Gozani, Christopher G. Wahl, Ethan Bernard, Daniel McKinsey, and James Nikkel
Subjects: inorganic chemicals, Physics, Scintillation, Dopant, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Alpha-particle spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_element, Scintillator, Xenon, chemistry, Ionization, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Neutron detection, Neutron, Atomic physics
Abstract: Liquid argon scintillation detectors offer the possibility for large volumes, good pulse-shape discrimination between particles with different ionization densities, and energy resolution comparable with standard inorganic scintillators. Their fast timing and radiation-damage insensitivity also makes it possible to use them in high-count-rate environments. This study investigates the effect of doping liquid argon with small amounts of xenon, which is known to increase light yield and decrease the slow component decay time. These effects were observed. Energy resolution changed little with dopant concentration. Gamma/neutron pulse-shape discrimination, contrary to a previous study, degraded with each addition of xenon.
Published: 2012
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30. Scintillation yield and time dependence from electronic and nuclear recoils in liquid neon

Author: Kevin J. Coakley, E. Kearns, D. Gastler, James Nikkel, Daniel McKinsey, and W. H. Lippincott
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Photomultiplier, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Cryogenics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Photoelectric effect, Neutron scattering, Nuclear physics, Neon, chemistry, Yield (chemistry), Scintillation counter, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract: We have performed measurements of scintillation light in liquid neon, observing a signal yield in our detector as high as (3.5 $\pm$ 0.4) photoelectrons/keV. We measure pulse shape discrimination efficiency between electronic and nuclear recoils in liquid neon from 50 and 300 keV nuclear recoil energy. We also measure the \leff\, parameter in liquid neon between 30 and 370 keV nuclear recoil energy, observing an average \leff$=0.24$ above 50 keV. We observe a dependence of the scintillation time distribution and signal yield on the pressure and temperature of the liquid neon., 18 pages, 23 figures, v2 updated to reflect published version
Published: 2011

31. Erratum: Scintillation time dependence and pulse shape discrimination in liquid argon [Phys. Rev. C78, 035801 (2008)]

Author: Andrew Hime, Kevin J. Coakley, E. Kearns, W. H. Lippincott, Daniel McKinsey, L. C. Stonehill, James Nikkel, and Daniel Gastler
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Argon, business.industry, chemistry.chemical_element, Particle detector, Pulse (physics), Optics, Pulse circuits, chemistry, Scintillation counter, Liquid argon, Atomic physics, business
Published: 2010
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32. Calibration of liquid argon and neon detectors with $^{83}Kr^m$

Author: James Nikkel, Daniel Gastler, W. H. Lippincott, Sidney Cahn, E. Kearns, L. Kastens, and Daniel McKinsey
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Argon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Elementary particle, Fermion, Massless particle, Neon, chemistry, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Atomic physics, Neutrino, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Radioactive decay, Lepton
Abstract: We report results from tests of $^{83}$Kr$^{\mathrm{m}}$, as a calibration source in liquid argon and liquid neon. $^{83}$Kr$^{\mathrm{m}}$ atoms are produced in the decay of $^{83}$Rb, and a clear $^{83}$Kr$^{\mathrm{m}}$ scintillation peak at 41.5 keV appears in both liquids when filling our detector through a piece of zeolite coated with $^{83}$Rb. Based on this scintillation peak, we observe 6.0 photoelectrons/keV in liquid argon with a resolution of 6% ($\sigma$/E) and 3.0 photoelectrons/keV in liquid neon with a resolution of 19% ($\sigma$/E). The observed peak intensity subsequently decays with the $^{83}$Kr$^{\mathrm{m}}$ half-life after stopping the fill, and we find evidence that the spatial location of $^{83}$Kr$^{\mathrm{m}}$ atoms in the chamber can be resolved. $^{83}$Kr$^{\mathrm{m}}$ will be a useful calibration source for liquid argon and neon dark matter and solar neutrino detectors., Comment: 7 pages, 12 figures
Published: 2009

33. Measurement of the scintillation time spectra and pulse-shape discrimination of low-energy beta and nuclear recoils in liquid argon with DEAP-1

Author: Laurelle Maria Veloce, M. Gold, P. Giampa, J. Walding, R. H. Hakobyan, A. J. Noble, Mark Guy Boulay, M. Batygov, B. Broerman, R. Gagnon, S. J. M. Peeters, W. H. Lippincott, T. McElroy, C. Nantais, E. Vázquez-Jáuregui, A. Butcher, F. La Zia, K. W. McFarlane, R. Mathew, P. Liimatainen, R. Mehdiyev, N. Fatemighomi, R. Ford, P. Skensved, C. J. Jillings, O. Li, J. Tang, J. Lidgard, K. Boudjemline, J. Bonatt, V. V. Golovko, A. Muir, B. Beltran, F. Giuliani, C. Hearns, P. Gorel, T. Sonley, W. Rau, K. Dering, E. Grace, M. Ronquest, M. Kuźniak, P. J. Harvey, K. Nicolics, A. L. Hallin, B. Smith, Bei Cai, E. O'Dwyer, T. S. Caldwell, B. T. Cleveland, K. S. Olsen, James Nikkel, T. Pollmann, A. B. McDonald, J. F. Bueno, R. Chouinard, P. Amaudruz, F. Duncan, F. Retiere, J. Hofgartner, Min Chen, P. Pasuthip, Darren Grant, M. Hamstra, Daniel McKinsey, D. Cranshaw, I. Lawson, Jocelyn Monroe, Martin Ward, N. Seeburn, C. Ouellet, and K. Graham
Subjects: Physics, Scintillation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, DEAP, Nuclear physics, Recoil, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Scintillation counter, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), QC
Abstract: The DEAP-1 low-background liquid argon detector was used to measure scintillation pulse shapes of electron and nuclear recoil events and to demonstrate the feasibility of pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) down to an electron-equivalent energy of 20 keV. In the surface dataset using a triple-coincidence tag we found the fraction of beta events that are misidentified as nuclear recoils to be $, Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics
Published: 2009

34. Detection and Imaging of He_{2} Molecules in Superfluid Helium

Author: James Nikkel, J. C. Hanson, A. Garvan, Daniel McKinsey, Wade G. Rellergert, W. H. Lippincott, and Sidney Cahn
Subjects: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Astrophysics, Physics - Atomic Physics, law.invention, Superfluidity, law, Metastability, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Physics::Atomic Physics, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Quantum, Helium, Physics, Research Groups and Centres\Physics\Low Temperature Physics, Liquid helium, Faculty of Science\Physics, Astrophysics (astro-ph), Detector, Laser, chemistry, Atomic physics, Superfluid helium-4
Abstract: We present data that show a cycling transition can be used to detect and image metastable He$_2$ triplet molecules in superfluid helium. We demonstrate that limitations on the cycling efficiency due to the vibrational structure of the molecule can be mitigated by the use of repumping lasers. Images of the molecules obtained using the method are also shown. This technique gives rise to a new kind of ionizing radiation detector. The use of He$_2$ triplet molecules as tracer particles in the superfluid promises to be a powerful tool for visualization of both quantum and classical turbulence in liquid helium., Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, content revised
Published: 2009

35. Studying the normal-fluid flow in Helium-II using metastable helium molecules

Author: J. D. Wright, James Nikkel, Daniel McKinsey, Sidney Cahn, and Wei Guo
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Materials science, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Quantum turbulence, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Condensed Matter Physics, Molecular physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Physics - Atomic Physics, Superfluidity, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Physics - General Physics, Circulation (fluid dynamics), General Physics (physics.gen-ph), chemistry, Metastability, Thermal, Radiative transfer, General Materials Science, Helium
Abstract: We demonstrate that metastable helium molecules can be used as tracers to visualize the flow of the normal fluid in superfluid $^{4}$He using a laser-induced-fluorescence technique. The flow pattern of a normal-fluid jet impinging on the center of a copper disc is imaged. A ring-shaped circulation structure of the normal fluid is observed as the jet passes across the disc surface. The fluorescence signal for the molecules trapped in the circulation structure is measured as a function of time after we turn off the molecule source. The radiative lifetime and density of the molecules can be determined by fitting the measured data using a simple analytic model. We also discuss a proposed experiment on using a previously developed molecule tagging-imaging technique to visualize the normal-fluid velocity profile during the transition of quantum turbulence in a thermal counterflow channel., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Accepted by Journal of Low Temperature Physics
Published: 2009
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36. Scintillation time dependence and pulse shape discrimination in liquid argon

Author: D. Gastler, E. Kearns, Kevin J. Coakley, Daniel McKinsey, James Nikkel, L. C. Stonehill, W. H. Lippincott, and Andrew Hime
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Argon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Photoelectric effect, Pulse (physics), Nuclear physics, Recoil, chemistry, Scintillation counter, Physics::Atomic Physics, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Using a single-phase liquid argon detector with a signal yield of 4.85 photoelectrons per keV of electronic-equivalent recoil energy (keVee), we measure the scintillation time dependence of both electronic and nuclear recoils in liquid argon down to 5 keVee. We develop two methods of pulse shape discrimination to distinguish between electronic and nuclear recoils. Using one of these methods, we measure a background and statistics-limited level of electronic recoil contamination to be $7.6\times10^{-7}$ between 60 and 128 keV of nuclear recoil energy (keVr) for a nuclear recoil acceptance of 50% with no nuclear recoil-like events above 72 keVr. Finally, we develop a maximum likelihood method of pulse shape discrimination using the measured scintillation time dependence and predict the sensitivity to WIMP-nucleon scattering in three configurations of a liquid argon dark matter detector., 13 pages, 14 figures, Revision 3 (published)
Published: 2008

37. Demonstration of photomultiplier tube operation at 29 K

Author: W. Hugh Lippincott, James Nikkel, and Daniel McKinsey
Subjects: Physics, Photomultiplier, Dark count rate, business.industry, Astrophysics (astro-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Optics, Quantum efficiency, business, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Dark current
Abstract: We describe measurements of gain, dark current, and quantum efficiency obtained while cooling a Hamamatsu R5912-02-MOD photomultiplier tube from room temperature to 29 K. We found that the PMT operated normally down to 29 K, with a reduced gain and quantum efficiency at the lowest temperatures. Furthermore, we found that the dark count rate increased as the temperature decreased. We conclude that these PMTs appear to be adequate for the requirements of the CLEAN experiment., Comment: 3 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2007
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38. Scintillation of liquid neon from electronic and nuclear recoils

Author: James Nikkel, W. H. Lippincott, R. Hasty, and Daniel McKinsey
Subjects: Physics, Scintillation, Event type, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics (astro-ph), chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, respiratory system, Astrophysics, Nuclear physics, Neon, Recoil, chemistry, Physics::Atomic Physics, Nuclear Experiment, circulatory and respiratory physiology
Abstract: We have completed measurements of key scintillation properties of liquid neon. We found the nuclear recoil scintillation efficiency to be 0.26 ± 0.03 for 387 keV nuclear recoils. We also measured the time dependence of scintillation light from electronic and nuclear recoils in liquid neon, finding a decay lifetime of 14.9 ± 0.3 μs for the slower component. Pulse shape discrimination was investigated as a means of identifying event type in liquid neon.
Published: 2006
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39. Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection Of Metastable He2 Molecules In Superfluid Helium

Author: Wade G. Rellergert, W. H. Lippincott, Daniel McKinsey, and James Nikkel
Subjects: Physics, Liquid helium, law, Ionization, Weakly interacting massive particles, Metastability, Ultracold neutrons, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, Laser-induced fluorescence, Laser, Superfluid helium-4, law.invention
Abstract: Ionization events in superfluid helium result in the copius production of metastable He2 molecules with lifetimes of roughly 10 seconds. Because of these extremely long lifetimes, individual molecules can be detected using laser induced fluorescence (LIF). By using a cycling transition, each molecule can be probed many times over its lifetime resulting in a high signal to noise ratio. We describe an approach that uses two pulsed infrared lasers to drive the cycling transition, which results in a position resolution equal to or less than the radius of the laser beam profile. A radioactive source, focused laser beam, or electric discharge in superfluid helium could be used to create He2 triplet molecules which would then be tracked by intersecting beams. Rastering the beams throughout the volume of interest would allow imaging in three dimensions. This approach also has particle physics applications, as it could allow for the detection of neutrinos, weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), and ultracold neutrons.
Published: 2006
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40. Testing renormalization group theory at the critical dimension inLiHoF4

Author: Brett Ellman and James Nikkel
Subjects: Physics, Magnetization, Dipole, Reduced properties, Condensed matter physics, Critical phenomena, Functional renormalization group, Ising model, Renormalization group, Critical dimension
Abstract: We have performed high-precision specific heat measurements on the Ising dipolar magnet ${\mathrm{LiHoF}}_{4}$ in the critical regime (reduced temperature $|t|\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.02).$ Combining these results with existing magnetization M and susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$ data, we test renormalization group predictions at the critical dimension. In particular, the nontrivial prediction that ${t}^{2}\ensuremath{\chi}{C}_{P}{T}_{C}{/M}^{2}=\frac{1}{3}$ is well verified.
Published: 2001
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41. Neutrino and Dark matter detection with CLEAN: Preliminary studies

Author: James Nikkel, Daniel McKinsey, and W. H. Lippincott
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Particle physics, Hot dark matter, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Nuclear physics, Neon, chemistry, Deposition (phase transition), Singlet state, Neutrino, Light dark matter
Abstract: CLEAN is an approach to the detection of weakly interacting particles of astrophysical significance, combining large mass and low energy threshold. Preliminary measurements have been made of the time response of the scintillation light due to β energy deposition. We have measured two distinct time constants corresponding to the singlet and triplet states of liquid neon.
Published: 2005
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42. Liquefied Noble Gas (LNG) detectors for detection of nuclear materials

Author: C. Brown, C. Gary, M. I. Firestone, Tsahi Gozani, Daniel McKinsey, J. Kwong, S. Kane, James Nikkel, and Y. Shin
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Fissile material, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Weakly interacting massive particles, Detector, Gamma ray, Neutron detection, Neutron, Cryogenics, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Particle detector
Abstract: Liquefied-noble-gas (LNG) detectors offer, in principle, very good energy resolution for both neutrons and gamma rays, fast response time (hence high-count-rate capabilities), excellent discrimination between neutrons and gamma rays, and scalability to large volumes. They do, however, need cryogenics. LNG detectors in sizes of interest for fissionable material detection in cargo are reaching a certain level of maturity because of the ongoing extensive R&}D effort in high-energy physics regarding their use in the search for dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay. The unique properties of LNG detectors, especially those using Liquid Argon (LAr) and Liquid Xenon (LXe), call for a study to determine their suitability for Non-Intrusive Inspection (NII) for Special Nuclear Materials (SNM) and possibly for other threats in cargo. Rapiscan Systems Laboratory, Yale University Physics Department, and Adelphi Technology are collaborating in the investigation of the suitability of LAr as a scintillation material for large size inspection systems for air and maritime containers and trucks. This program studies their suitability for NII, determines their potential uses, determines what improvements in performance they offer and recommends changes to their design to further enhance their suitability. An existing 3.1 liter LAr detector (microCLEAN) at Yale University, developed for R&}D on the detection of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) was employed for testing. A larger version of this detector (15 liters), more suitable for the detection of higher energy gamma rays and neutrons is being built for experimental evaluation. Results of measurements and simulations of gamma ray and neutron detection in microCLEAN and a larger detector (326 liter CL38) are presented.
Published: 2012
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43. Scintillation and charge yield from the tracks of energetic electrons in superfluid helium-4

Author: M. Dufault, Sidney Cahn, Daniel McKinsey, Y. Shin, James Nikkel, and Wei Guo
Subjects: Physics, Scintillation, Liquid helium, Electron, Charged particle, law.invention, Helium-4, law, Ionization, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, Instrumentation, Isotopes of helium, Mathematical Physics, Superfluid helium-4
Abstract: An energetic electron passing through liquid helium causes ionization along its track. The ionized electrons quickly recombine with the resulting positive ions, which leads to the production of prompt scintillation light. By applying appropriate electric fields, some of the ionized electrons can be separated from their parent ions. The fraction of the ionized electrons extracted in a given applied field depends on the separation distance between the electrons and the ions. We report the determination of the mean electron-ion separation distance for charge pairs produced along the tracks of beta particles in superfluid helium at 1.5 K by studying the quenching of the scintillation light under applied electric fields. Knowledge of this mean separation parameter will aid in the design of particle detectors that use superfluid helium as a target material.
Published: 2012
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44. The LUX dark matter search

Author: F. L. H. Wolfs, P. Sorensen, A. Curioni, M. Sweany, E. Druszkiewicz, R. L. Mannino, M. Woods, Alexander Bolozdynya, R. L. Lander, Steven Dazeley, C. R. Hall, Dongming Mei, T. Classen, David Leonard, M. R. Dragowsky, Robert Svoboda, W. Skulski, S. Bedikian, Adam Bernstein, A. W. Bradley, J. Mock, Chao Zhang, N. Walsh, P. Phelps, R. J. Gaitskell, C. Hernandez Faham, D. S. Akerib, Daniel McKinsey, J. T. White, T.M. Stiegler, T. A. Shutt, E Dahl, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, K. Clark, S. Fiorucci, L. Kastens, J.J. Chapman, J. Spaans, James Nikkel, Mani Tripathi, D.C. Malling, and Kareem Kazkaz
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, History, Xenon, Time projection chamber, chemistry, Science and engineering, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, Fiducial marker, Computer Science Applications, Education
Abstract: The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment is a liquid xenon time projection chamber designed for extremely low levels of radioactive background in its fiducial volume. The overall liquid xenon mass is 300 kg, with a 100 kg fiducial mass. LUX is currently under construction, and integration of the full detector will begin in Fall 2009 at the Sanford Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory in South Dakota. The LUX sensitivity to the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent scattering cross-section will be 7 × 10-46 cm2 at 100 GeV after 300 days of low-background operation.
Published: 2010
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45. Measurement of scintillation properties of liquid neon for the CLEAN experiment

Author: Daniel McKinsey, W. H. Lippincott, and James Nikkel
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Analytical chemistry, Time constant, chemistry.chemical_element, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Neon, Time response, chemistry, Scintillation counter, Deposition (phase transition), Singlet state, Atomic physics
Abstract: Preliminary measurements for the “Cryogenic Low Energy Astrophysics with Noble gases” (CLEAN) detector have been completed. We have measured the time response of the scintillation light due to β energy deposition, and determined two distinct time constants corresponding to the singlet and triplet states of liquid neon.
Published: 2005
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