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Most Neotropical forest-dwelling leafhopper species are rare and exhibit limited distributions. The Mexican leafhopper fauna is known to be highly diverse and identification of genera and species is difficult because no attempts have been made to provide comprehensive identification tools for the fauna. Here, a dichotomous key to all genera recognized within Mexico of the diverse but little studied leafhopper tribe Athysanini is provided. Spinulana josefinae Pinedo-Escatel sp. n. is described and illustrated based on specimens collected in the dry tropical forest of Oaxacan mountains. A total of 46 genera and 146 species are now recognized in the checklist of Athysanini of Mexico. Notes on type repositories, distributional data and maps, and selected references are provided.

Recently discovered amber-preserved fossil Cicadellidae exhibit combinations of morphological traits not observed in the modern fauna and have the potential to shed new light on the evolution of this highly diverse family. To place the fossils explicitly within a phylogenetic context, representatives of five extinct genera from Cretaceous Myanmar amber, and one from Eocene Baltic amber were incorporated into a matrix comprising 229 discrete morphological characters and representatives of all modern subfamilies. Phylogenetic analyses yielded well resolved and largely congruent estimates that support the monophyly of most previously recognized cicadellid subfamilies and indicate that the treehoppers are derived from a lineage of Cicadellidae. Instability in the morphology-based phylogenies is mainly confined to deep internal splits that received low branch support in one or more analyses and also were not consistently resolved by recent phylogenomic analyses. Placement of fossil taxa is mostly stable across analyses. Three new Cretaceous leafhopper genera, Burmotettix gen. nov., Kachinella gen nov., and Viraktamathus gen. nov., consistently form a monophyletic group distinct from extant leafhopper subfamilies and are placed in Burmotettiginae subfam. nov. Extinct Cretaceous fossils previously placed in Ledrinae and Signoretiinae are recovered as sister to modern representatives of these groups. Eomegophthalmus Dietrich and Gonçalves from Baltic amber consistently groups with a lineage comprising treehoppers, Megophthalminae, Ulopinae, and Eurymelinae but its position is unstable. Overall, the morphology-based phylogenetic estimates agree with recent phylogenies based on molecular data alone suggesting that morphological traits recently used to diagnose subfamilies are generally informative of phylogenetic relationships within this group.

For the first time in the Palaearctic Region, the New World leafhopper genus Draeculacephala Ball (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) has been recorded in France (Pyrenées-Orientales) and Spain (Catalonia). The species present in both countries is Draeculacephala robinsoni Hamilton 1967, among the most common and widespread species of the genus Draeculacephala in eastern North America. Comments on the identification of this species are presented. The species already seems to be firmly established in the region since it has been found in 11 different sites with a maximum distance of 86 km between them. Since the genus has been reported to be a vector of plant pathogens including Xylella fastidiosa its further spread in Europe should be closely monitored.

Papagona Ball, 1935 was originally described based on two species from the USA (Arizona). Both species of Papagona (P. papoosa Ball, 1935, type species of genus, and P. succinea Ball, 1935) are redescribed herein based on type specimens, including their previously unknown internal male genitalia. A new species from Brazil (Roraima) is described herein including the male and female terminalia. A taxonomic key to all included species is provided and additional diagnostic characters for this genus are proposed.

Tropical forests cover 7% of the earth's surface and hold 50% of known terrestrial arthropod species. Alarming insect declines resulting from human activities have recently been documented in temperate and tropical ecosystems worldwide, but reliable data from tropical forests remain sparse. The sap-sucking tribe Athysanini is one herbivore group sensitive to anthropogenic perturbation and the largest within the diverse insect family Cicadellidae distributed in America's tropical forests. To measure the possible effects of deforestation and related activities on leafhopper biodiversity, a survey of 143 historic collecting localities was conducted to determine whether species documented in the Mexican dry tropical forests during the 1920s to 1940s were still present. Biostatistical diversity analysis was performed to compare historical to recent data on species occurrences. A data matrix of 577 geographical records was analysed. In total, 374 Athysanini data records were included representing 115 species of 41 genera. Historically, species richness and diversity were higher than found in the recent survey, despite greater collecting effort in the latter. A strong trend in species decline was observed (−53%) over 75 years in this endangered seasonally dry ecosystem. Species completeness was dissimilar between historic and present data. Endemic taxa were significantly less important and represented in the 1920s–1940s species records. All localities surveyed in the dry tropical forest are disturbed and reduced by modern anthropogenic processes. Mexico harbours highly endemic leafhopper taxa with a large proportion of these inhabiting the dry forest. These findings provide important data for conservation decision making and modelling of distribution patterns of this threatened seasonally dry tropical ecosystem.

The taxonomy of the deltocephaline leafhopper tribe Faltalini (13 genera, 63 species) is revised. A key to all genera and keys to species for each genus are provided. All genera are described and at least one species of each genus is illustrated including images of the habitus, male and female genitalia, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the head, face, and other characters. The new genera Dietrichana n.gen. [type species D. pampas n. sp.] and Paraclorindaia n.gen. [type species P. pinguis n. sp.] are described and the following 36 new species are described: Ackbaria jujuyensis n. sp. [Argentina], A. ojosverdes n. sp. [Argentina], Aequcephalus laplata n. sp. [Chile], Bonamus jussaral n. sp. [Brazil], Clorindaia obrienorum n. sp. [Uruguay], C. otamendi n. sp. [Argentina], Dietrichana pampas n. sp. [Argentina], Faltala catalanoae n. sp. [Argentina, Uruguay], F. paradellae n. sp. [Argentina], F. viscacha n. sp. [Argentina, Uruguay], Hecullus mexicanus n. sp. [Mexico], Kramerana saltensis n. sp. [Argentina], Paraclorindaia pinguis n. sp. [Argentina, Uruguay], P. vesperis n. sp. [Argentina], Tenucephalus admirabilis n. sp. [Argentina], T. bartletti n. sp. [Peru], T. brevilamina n. sp. [Argentina], T. cerrado n. sp. [Brazil], T. ecuadorensis n. sp. [Ecuador], T. flagellifer n. sp. [Peru], T. heppneri n. sp. [Peru], T. iguazu n. sp. [Argentina], T. interstinctus n. sp. [Peru], T. johnsoni n. sp. [Brazil], T. lingulatus n. sp. [Bolivia, Peru], T. manuensis n. sp. [Peru], T. misiones n. sp. [Argentina], T. musettiae n. sp. [Brazil], T. nielsoni n. sp. [Brazil], T. novafriburgo n. sp. [Brazil], T. parana n. sp. [Argentina], T. spectabilis n. sp. [Peru], T. takiyae n. sp. [Brazil, Peru], T. umbrinus n. sp. [Brazil], T. viperinus n. sp. [Argentina], and Virganana danasensis n. sp. [Ecuador]. The new combinations Paraclorindaia brasileira (Zahniser) n.comb. [transferred from Clorindaia] and Tenucephalus amabilis (Linnavuori & Heller) n.comb. [transferred from Bonamus] are recognized. A phylogenetic analysis based on 51 morphological characters scored for 42 taxa including two outgroup taxa was performed. The resulting phylogeny resolved Faltalini as monophyletic, but the tribe remains difficult to diagnose because it encompasses a large amount of morphological diversity in characters traditionally used to define tribes of Deltocephalinae including head morphology, wing length and venation, and male genitalia. Despite this diversity, members of the tribe share the following characters: 1) phragma of male genital capsule partly developed into sclerotized plates or setose bulbous lobes (exception: Acrolithus); 2) first valvula shape relatively straight; 3) first valvula dorsal sculpturing separated from dorsal margin by unsculptured band; 4) first valvula dorsal sculpturing pattern maculose, with maculae separate or only slightly overlapping, or granulose; 5) first valvula with distinctly delimited ventral sculptured area; and 6) second valvula without dorsal teeth. Two major clades within the tribe were resolved and strongly supported, consisting of (Bonamus, Tenucephalus) and (Hecalocorica, (Hecullus, (Acrolithus, (Ackbaria, (Aequcephalus, Dietrichana, Virganana, Clorindaia, Faltala (Kramerana, Paraclorindaia)))))). A stepwise evolution of brachyptery in the latter clade is suggested by the phylogeny, beginning with evolution of subbrachypterous females in Hecullus and Acrolithus and culminating in completely brachypterous males and females in the monophyletic “Faltala group” of eight genera. It is hypothesized that a transition from an ancestral forested habitat to an open or grassland habitat facilitated the evolution of brachyptery. The hindwings and associated thoracic structures of eight species of Faltalini and three other Deltocephalinae were imaged with SEM. Brachyptery in Cicadellidae and other insects are briefly reviewed and discussed considering the hypothesis proposed here.

Phragmitalitus Zahniser and Gnezdilov, new genus is described to accommodate Paralimnus taeniatus Linnavuori, a species described from the Republic of South Africa, but not conforming in some key morphological characters to other species included in Paralimnus Matsumura, which is otherwise known only from the Palearctic Region. The species is illustrated and recorded from Madagascar and Zambia for the first time.

Ackbaria vermiformis gen. & sp. nov. (Deltocephalinae: Faltalini) is described from Chile (Bío Bío and Araucanía Regions) and Argentina (La Pampa and Entre Ríos Provinces). It is differentiated from other Faltalini by the following combination of characters: narrow and dorsoventrally compressed body, brachypterous, forewing without reticulate venation, male pygofer with ventroapical tooth and side with 10-15 macrosetae dorsoapically, and female pygofer with many macrosetae. Resumen. Se describe Ackbaria vermiformis gen. & sp. nov. (Deltocephalinae: Faltalini) de Chile (Regiones del Bío Bío y la Araucanía) y Argentina (Provincias de La Pampa y Entre Ríos). El género se diferencia de los otros Faltalini por la siguiente combinación de caracteres: cuerpo angosto y dorsoventralmente comprimido, braquíptero, ala anterior sin venación reticulada, pygofer masculino con diente ventroapical y 10-15 macrosetas por lado, y pygofer femenino con numerosas macrosetas.

The Chinese Hecalina (Deltocephalinae: Hecalini), which consists of five genera, is reviewed. Coloration and shape of the head and body, venation of forewing, and genitalia structures are the main morpological characters utilized to distinguish taxa. Fangamanus gen. n. is proposed for Parabolocratus tripunctatus Matsumura (type species of the new genus) and two other species. A key to the five genera of the Chinese Hecalina (Fangamanus gen. n., Hecalus Stål, Hecalusina He et al., Linnavuoriella Evans, and Thomsonia Signoret) is given, and seven new species from China are described: Hecalus changjiaotus, H. feithailandus, H. nadanus, H. triundosus, H. yuanmouensis, Thomsonia breviaea, and T. daliensis. In addition, four new combinations are proposed: Thomsonia nitobei (Matsumura), Fangamanus rufofascianus (Li), F. tripunctatus (Matsumura) (n. rec.), and F. morrisoni (Kwon and Lee). Only seven previously described species from China remain in Hecalus Stål: H. bifurcatus Cai & Wang, H. furcatus Morrison, H. henanus Cai & Shen, H. katoi Metcalf, H. prasinus (Matsumura), H. thailandensis Morrison, and H. wallengreni (Stål) plus two species (H. paykulli Stål and H. lefroyi Distant) previously recorded but unconfirmed here from China. Four species are redescribed: Fangamanus rufofascianus, F. tripunctatus, Thomsonia porrecta, and the first description and illustration of the male of T. nitobei (Matsumura) are provided.

The taxonomy of the leafhopper genus Makilingia Baker is reviewed based on comparative morphological study of types and other specimens. Twenty-six species are recognized as valid including ten new species described and illustrated herein: M. davaoensis n. sp. M. lobata n. sp., M. maculamima n. sp., M. nigramima n. sp., M. paranigra n. sp., M. siamensis n. sp., M. tenebrifrons n. sp., M. uncinata n. sp., M. viraktamathi n. sp., and M. xanthopicta n. sp. Makilingia siamensis n. sp. represents the first known occurrence of the genus outside the Philippine Archipelago and the first record for Thailand. Makilingia simillima Baker, n. stat., formerly treated as a variety of M. variabilis Baker, is elevated to full species status based on distinctive differences in the male genitalia. Lectotypes are designated for several species described by Baker. The male genitalia of these species are described and illustrated for the first time and a key to all known species is provided.

Linnavuori (1975) established the genus Clorindaia with the newly described species C. hecaloides Lv. designated as the type species of the genus. The genus currently includes five valid species, known from Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. C. hecaloides was described based on only one female specimen from Argentina, Formosa Prov., Clorinda. Linnavuori (1975) indicated that the holotype was deposited at the Museo de La Plata. However, extensive searches for the specimen at this institution and also at the American Museum of Natural History, at the Ohio State University Collection, and at US National Museum of Natural History have not recovered the specimen. Blocker & Fang (1992) also reported unsuccessful searches for the holotype and for a parasitized female specimen collected in Chile, reported by Linnavuori & DeLong (1977). Because the holotype appears to have been lost and because the description was based on a female which does not always provide unambiguous diagnosable characters at the species level in this group of leafhoppers, the identity of this species based on the original description unclear.

The phylogeny, evolution, and biogeography of the grassland-associated leafhopper tribe Chiasmini (21 genera, 316 species) were investigated using phylogenetic analyses of two different data sets, one including 81 taxa and 3000 aligned nucleotide positions from the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), histone H3, 28S rDNA D2, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) gene regions, and one including 31 taxa and 3610 aligned nucleotide positions from the 28S rDNA D2–D10 and histone H3 gene regions. The results were equivocal regarding the monophyly of the tribe, apparently because of low phylogenetic signal towards the base of the tree; however, analyses of 81 taxa recovered two well-supported clades that together included all sampled Chiasmini. Clade I was resolved as (Leofa (Nephotettix, Exitianus)); clade II included the remaining 13 sampled genera. Most relationships between genera and species of Chiasmini were strongly supported. Alternative scenarios previously proposed for the origin of the Exitianus obscurinervis species group in the New World were examined through phylogenetic dating and biogeographic analyses. A sister-group relationship between the Exitianus nanus and Exitianus obscurinervis species groups was recovered, and the results were consistent with a long-distance dispersal event from either the Afrotropical region or the Pacific islands into South America at a maximum of 34.3 Mya, and subsequent invasion and diversification of the group in North America at a maximum of 17.9 Mya. For the primarily North American genus Athysanella, the largest genus of the tribe (137 spp.), the results indicate that some of the previously recognized subgenera are not monophyletic. Observations on the remarkable diversity in head shape and other morphological characters are made and compared with other grassland-inhabiting tribes of Deltocephalinae. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London

A new tribe of the leafhopper subfamily Deltocephalinae, Punctulini tribe nov., from China, India, Thailand, and Fiji is described and includes three new genera and five new species: Punctulus gen. nov. includes P. tumidifrons sp. nov. from China, P. manipurensis from India, and P. lobatus sp. nov. from Thailand; Hirsutula gen. nov. includes H. rubrifrons sp. nov. from Thailand; and Taveunius gen. nov. includes T. megapunctatus sp. nov., from Fiji. A key to the genera of Punctulini is provided. Observations on the shared morphological characters of Punctulini with the superficially similar tribe Magnentiini, and with Vartini to which it is found to be related based on phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular data including newly available sequences and analyses, are made and discussed. Afrovarta Zahniser 2013 is removed from Vartini and placed in Athysanini, placement nov.

Stenogiffardia Evans, 1977 is considered the senior synonym of Pratura Theron, 1982 syn. nov. and Doraturella Emeljanov, 2002 syn. nov., resulting in four new combinations. Duraturopsis Melichar, 1908 syn. nov. is considered a junior synonym of Chiasmus Mulsant and Rey, 1855, resulting in one new combination. Figures of the ovipositor of Stenogiffardia parvula (Kirkaldy) are provided for the first time, and habitus images of S. parvula and Chiasmus katonae (Melichar) comb. nov. are provided.

Nomenclatural changes and clarifications are provided for names in the leafhopper subfamily Deltocephalinae. The replacement names Cicadula vilbastei nom. nov., Eutettix harlani nom. nov., Macrosteles raoi nom. nov., Maiestas chalami nom. nov., Maiestas viraktamathi nom. nov., Opsius emeljanovi nom. nov., Paradorydium naudei nom. nov., Penthimia alba nom. nov., Penthimia evansi nom. nov., and Penthimia walkeri nom. nov. are given for species-group homonyms. Four new synonyms are recognized for previous replacement names that are no longer valid. The status of Acinopterus angulatus Lawson nomen protectum is discussed. Paramacrosteles Dai, Li & Chen status reinstated is reinstated as valid on taxonomic grounds. Priority is clarified for two species of Deltocephalinae, five new combinations in Balclutha Kirkaldy are given, and two original spellings are fixed.

Characters of the female genitalia (pygofer, first, second and third valvulae) of Paraphrodes flavigerus (Evans) are described for the first time. These observations suggest that the genus belongs in Chiasmini. It is placed in this tribe, placement n., resulting in the recognition of Paraphrodini Linnavuori 1979 as a junior synonym of Chiasmini Distant 1908, syn. n. Observations of males of P. flavigerus from four countries (Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan and South Africa) revealed a substantial amount of morphological variation. The specimen from Guinea shows some unique character states which differentiate it from specimens from other locations. Previous and recent classifications and phylogenetic analyses regarding Eupelix Germar, Baileyus Singh-Pruthi, Gurawa Distant and Paraphrodes Linnavuori are discussed along with the similarity found in the metatibial apical pecten in Gurawa (Chiasmini) and Eupelix (Eupelicini). New records for P. flavigerus from South Africa are recorded.

A new brachypterous leafhopper genus and species of Deltocephalinae, Protochiasmus mysticus gen. n., sp. n. from Brazil, are described. The genus is not easily placed to tribe partly due to the lack of known females which may provide characters that are diagnostic to the tribal level and also due to the unique combination of morphological characters in the male. Based on these morphological characters and on recent molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses of Deltocephalinae, Protochiasmus is tentatively placed in Chiasmini. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The invasive leafhopper Balclutha rubrostriata (Melichar) was found in abundance in Bexar County, Texas. An arthropod diversity study along highway right-of-way in September and October, 2008 identified B. rubrostriata as the single most abundant species. This is the first peerreviewed published record of this invasive species in the mainland United States. Other records of this species in the U.S. are discussed. Diagnostic characters of the adults are provided and illustrated, and the nymph is described and illustrated for the first time. Genomic DNA was extracted from one adult and one nymph specimen, and the mitochondrial COI gene was sequenced for each and yielded identical sequences, thus confirming the association of the nymph and adult. Sequences are deposited in GenBank for future use in diagnostic or other studies.

Deltocephalinae, a highly diverse and economically important subfamily of leafhoppers, contains over 6200 species and 36 tribes distributed worldwide in habitats ranging from xeric grasslands and shrublands to tropical rainforests. Recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of Cicadellidae and a morphology-based analysis of Deltocephalinae and related subfamilies indicated that several previously recognized cicadellid subfamilies are closely related to or derived from within Deltocephalinae, but these analyses did not provide a comprehensive or well-supported hypothesis of the phylogeny of Deltocephalinae s.l. due to either low taxon sampling or low branch support. Here, taxon sampling was increased to include members of most family-group taxa of Deltocephalinae and molecular data (∼2800 bp 28S rDNA and ∼350 bp histone H3) were added to improve the phylogenetic estimate. Five putative outgroup taxa were included, and parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the combined molecular and morphological (119 characters) data and maximum likelihood analyses of the 28S data showed strong support for the monophyly of Deltocephalinae as defined here. Branches near the base of the tree and towards the tips were longer and better supported than many of the shorter internal branches. Similar to a previous morphological phylogenetic analysis of Deltocephalinae, all of the grass- and sedge-specializing tribes were recovered in one common clade, with a few apparent reversals to nongrass feeding. Although support for this clade was low and requires further testing, the results suggest that grass/sedge specialization is a phylogenetically conservative trait within Deltocephalinae. The history of the classification of Deltocephalinae and related subfamilies is reviewed, and based on the results of the phylogenetic analyses presented here, a revised family-group taxonomic classification is proposed. In addition to subfamilies that were recently included in Deltocephalinae, the following are considered junior synonyms of Deltocephalinae: Acostemminae syn.n., Arrugadinae syn.n., Drakensbergeninae syn.n., Mukariinae syn.n. and Stegelytrinae syn.n. The morphological characters supporting this interpretation of Deltocephalinae are provided and discussed, and a description of the subfamily is provided. A new tribe, Faltalini tribe n. (11 genera, 31 species) is described, and Magnentiini placement n. and Paraphrodini placement n. are transferred to Deltocephalinae from Nioniinae and Aphrodinae, respectively. New placements of genera include: Twiningia Ball and Eusama Oman (Athysanini: Platymetopiina), placement n.; Cerrillus Oman (Athysanini), placement n.; Scaphotettix Matsumura and Agrica Strand (Mukariini), placement n.; Loralia Evans and Phlogotettix Ribaut (Deltocephalinae, unplaced to tribe), placement n. The recognition of Scaphoideini Oman 1943 as a nomen nudum results in the following placements: Acunasus DeLong, Cantura Oman, Danbara Oman, Osbornellus Ball, Prescottia Ball, Scaphodhara Viraktamath & Mohan, Scaphoideus Uhler, Scaphoidophyes Kirkaldy, Sincholata DeLong, Sobara Oman and Soleatus DeLong (Deltocephalinae, unplaced to tribe), placement n.

Previous phylogenetic analyses of the leafhopper family Cicadellidae based on morphological and molecular data suggested that Deltocephalinae, as traditionally defined, is polyphyletic. These analyses recovered a large clade comprising Deltocephalinae and several other subfamilies. To further elucidate relationships within this large clade of deltocephaline‐like leafhoppers, an expanded dataset of 119 morphological characters and 68 taxa was compiled and analysed using cladistic methods. The taxon sample included one or more representatives of nearly all previously recognised tribes of Deltocephalinae, representatives of the non‐deltocephaline family‐group taxa which grouped with Deltocephalinae in previous analyses, and six putative outgroup taxa drawn from other cicadellid subfamilies. The resulting most parsimonious trees consistently recovered the putative ingroup as monophyletic. However, in agreement with previous analyses, most subfamilies and tribes represented by multiple exemplars were ...

The new deltocephaline leafhopper genus Oxycephalotettix is described and illustrated based one species, Oxycephalotettix tiputini sp. nov., from Ecuador, and is placed in Athysanini. The genus bears a superficial resemblance to Luheria Osborn (Luheriini), especially in the coloration of the forewing. Based on the examination of type material, Luheria constricta Osborn is herein considered a senior synonym of Tenucephalus hamatus DeLong, new synonymy. The female genitalia of L. constricta are illustrated for the first time, and the known range of this species is expanded to include Bolivia, northern Argentina, and northeastern Brazil.

Three new species of the Faltala Oman leafhopper group, Kramerana junina n. sp. and K. adusta n. sp. from the Andes Mountains of Peru and Clorindaia brasileira n. sp. from the Serra da Mesa of Brazil, are described. The tribal placement of the group and the high incidence of brachyptery and reduced (or absent) ocelli in the group are discussed. A revised key to the Faltala group genera and additional characters for Kramerana are provided.

A new species Erasmoneura tricuspidata sp.n. and a new morphological variant of Erythridula stolata McAtee are described from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

A new genus and species of the leafhopper tribe Vartini are described. Afrovarta angelae gen.sp. nov. are described based on specimens from Ghana, Cameroon, and Gabon.

The classification of the largest subfamily of leafhoppers, Deltocephalinae, including 38 tribes, 923 genera, and 6683 valid species, is reviewed and revised. An updated phylogeny of the subfamily based on molecular (28S, Histone H3) and morphological data and an expanded taxon sample (37 taxa not included in previous analyses) is presented. Based on the results of these analyses and on the morphological examination of many representatives of the subfamily, the classification of the tribes and subtribes of Deltocephalinae is revised. Complete morphological descriptions, illustrations, lists of the included genera, and notes on their distribution, ecology, and important vector species are provided for the 38 recognized tribes and 18 subtribes. A dichotomous key to the tribes is provided. All names in the taxonomic treatments are hyperlinked to online resources for individual taxa which are supported by a comprehensive database for Deltocephalinae compiled using the taxonomic database software package 3I. The online functionality includes an interactive key to tribes and subtribes and advanced database searching options. Each taxon (subspecies through subfamily) has a unique taxon webpage providing nomenclatural information, lists of included taxa, an automated description (if available), images (if available), distributional information, bibliographic references and links to outside resources. Some observations and trends regarding the history of taxonomic descriptions in Deltocephalinae are reported. Four new tribes are described: Bahitini tribe nov. (25 genera), Bonsapeiini tribe nov. (21 genera), Phlepsiini tribe nov. (4 genera), and Vartini tribe nov. (7 genera). The circumscription and morphological characterization of Scaphoideini Oman, 1943 (61 genera) is substantially revised. Eleven new species are described: Acostemma stilleri sp. nov., Arrugada linnavuorii sp. nov., Drabescus zhangi sp. nov., Parabolopona webbi sp. nov., Goniagnathus emeljanovi sp. nov., Hecalus hamiltoni sp. nov., Scaphoideus omani sp. nov., Dwightla delongi sp. nov., Abimwa knighti sp. nov., Gannia viraktamathi sp. nov., and Doratulina dmitrievi sp. nov. Some family-group level taxonomic changes are made: Platymetopiini Haupt, 1929, Anoterostemmini Haupt, 1929, and Allygidiina Dmitriev, 2006 are synonymized with Athysanini Van Duzee, 1892, syn. nov.; Procepitini Dmitriev, 2002 is synonymized with Cicadulini Van Duzee, 1892, syn. nov.; Listrophorini Boulard, 1971 is synonymized with Chiasmini Distant, 1908, syn. nov.; Adamini Linnavuori & Al-Ne’amy, 1983, Dwightlini McKamey, 2003, and Ianeirini Linnavuori, 1978 are synonymized with Selenocephalini Fieber, 1872 syn.nov., and all three are now recognized as valid subtribes in their parent tribe. New placements of many genera to tribe and subtribe are made, and these are described in individual taxon treatments.

The new leafhopper genus, Duocrassana Pinedo-Escatel, Zahniser & Dietrich, gen. nov., and its type species, Duocrassana longula Pinedo-Escatel, Zahniser & Dietrich sp. nov., are described and illustrated based on material from Oaxaca, Mexico. The relationship with other genera in the tribe Athysanini is discussed, highlighting the importance of male genitalia for its identification.

Deltocephalus centralis Evans is transfered from Arawa Knight (Tribe Athysanini) to Goniagnathus Fieber (Tribe Goniagnathini) as Goniagnathus centralis (Evans) comb. nov. and the male genitalia described for the first time. Four new Australian species of Goniagnathus are described: G. osmelaki Fletcher, G. venenensis Fletcher, G. crocodontis Fletcher and G. pectinatus Fletcher. This represents the first record of the tribe Goniagnathini in Australia. A key for the identification of the Australian species is provided.

Four undescribed species of Icaia Linnavuori were identified from collections in montane grasslands of Peru. Three of these are illustrated and described as new species, and the remaining species, known only from one female, is illustrated. The new species are I. straminea sp. nov., I. laoroya sp. nov., and I. cygnus sp. nov. A comparative study of 18 morphological characters for 14 species of Icaia and Athysanella Baker was undertaken to reassess their current circumscriptions. Parsimony analysis of these characters recovered each genus as a monophyletic group and the strict consensus tree is presented to provide a preliminary view of the generic and subgeneric phylogeny of this New World group of Chiasmini. Several derived characters of the male genitalia were found that unite most of the species currently placed in Athysanella. However, three species currently placed in A. (Diphipyga) retain the plesiomorphic states for these characters. A. (Diphipyga) is reinterpreted to contain only these three species, A. (D.) mexicana Johnson, A. (D.) nimbata Ball & Beamer, and A. (D.) secunda Blocker & Wesley. Athysanella rubicunda Ball & Beamer and A. triodana Ball & Beamer are reinstated in Athysanella (Amphipyga). No uniquely identifying and universally shared characters were found that unite all species of Icaia, but a combination of similarities in external morphology and male genitalia to described species of Icaia, a lack of characters that define other genera of Chiasmini, and their South American distribution allow placement of the new species into Icaia.

Leofa (Prasutagus) pulla sp. n., is described and illustrated from Thailand. This represents the first record of the genus Leofa Distant from Thailand. A key to known species of the subgenus Prasutagus Distant is provided. A checklist of the genus is provided.

Five species treated incertae sedis and one overlooked species in Coelidiinae are each assigned to the following respectivegenus and tribe: Jassus maldivensis Distant to Thagria Melichar, comb. nov (Thagriiini); Jassus atkinsoni Distant to Olidiana McKamey, comb. nov. (Coelidinii); Coelidia costalis Walker to Paracarinolidia Nielson, comb. nov. (Teruliini); Coelidia dis- integrans Walker to Paracarinolidia Nielson, comb. nov. (Teruliini), Bythoscopus guttatus Walker to Docalidia Nielson, comb. nov. (Teruliini) and Coelidia semiflava Lethierry to Pilosana Nielson, comb. nov (Youngolidiini). All of the species areredescribed with photos of the general habitus. The generic placement Coelidia perineti Evans, previously assigned to thegenus Limentinus Distant (Coelidiini) and recognized as a junior synonym of Limentinus aldabranus Distant, is confirmed. Eight species in the subfamily remain problematical.

The circumscription and morphological characterization of the deltocephaline tribe Acostemmini is revised based on dis-coveries of new and poorly known taxa from recent collections in Madagascar and from examination of the type speci-mens of Alocoelidia fulva Evans, Iturnoria insulana Evans, and Protonesis delegorguei Spinola. Alocoelidia Evans 1954, Caelidioides Signoret 1880, Iturnoria Evans 1954, and Protonesis Spinola 1850 were previously placed in Coelidiinaebut were later removed from the subfamily and until now have been unplaced to subfamily are placed here in Deltocepha-linae: Acostemmini, new placement. A new genus and species, Ikelibeloha cristata gen. n., sp. n., are described that havean unusually modified structure of the head and a large, crested pronotum. Molecular data (28S, Histone H3 genes) wereobtained for Ikelibeloha and Iturnoria, and analyzed with other members of Deltocephalinae. Results of the phylogeneticanalyses show strong support for the monophyletic clade ((Acostemma, Eryapus), (Ikelibeloha, Iturnoria)) and thus a re-lationship between previously described Acostemmini, Ikelibeloha, and Iturnoria has strong statistical support, and aclose relationship is inferred between these and the morphologically similar Alocoelidia, Caelidioides, and Protonesis. Two new species of Alocoelidia, A. maurae sp. n. and A. chasei sp. n. are described, and the genus is redescribed. Themale genitalia of Caelidioides tristis (Signoret), Iturnoria insulana, Alocoelidia fulva, and Acostemella rubra Evans areillustrated and described for the first time. The female genitalia of A. fulva, C. tristis and I. insulana are described and thefirst and second valvulae of C. tristis are illustrated. The habitus and face of Protonesis delegorguei are illustrated and thegenus is redescribed. The characters traditionally used to define Acostemmini are reviewed with notes on their known de-grees of variation, and characters that differentiate Acostemmini from the closely related tribe Stegelytrini are discussed.The type of Malagasiella minima Evans was also examined, and Malagasiella Evans, 1954 is considered a junior syn-onym of Doratulina Melichar, 1903 (Deltocephalinae: Stenometopiini), syn. n. giving the new combination Doratulina minima (Evans) comb. n.

Seven new species of Chiasmini are described, some of which, in combination with generic synonymies included here, substantially extend the known ranges of their genera. The new species are Pratura ceylona sp.nov. from Sri Lanka, Leofa thompsoni sp.nov. from Rwanda and Uganda, L. kumasamba sp.nov. from Zambia, L. pedunculata sp.nov. fromthe Democratic Republic of Congo, L. palearctica sp.nov. from Spain, Exitianus ghaurii sp.nov. from South Africa, and E. apophysisiosus sp.nov. from Madagascar. The classification of Chiasmini is reviewed. Some new characters defining the tribe are described, and of particular importance are those of the female genitalia. A description of the tribe and a list of included genera are provided. Baileyus Pruthi and Gurawa Distant are transferred from Aphrodini to Chiasmini. Leofa Distant 1918 is transferred from Stenometopiini to Chiasmini, and Oneratulus Vilbaste 1975, Prasutagus Distant 1918, and Tortotettix Theron 1982 are considered junior synonyms of Leofa. Leofa is interpreted to include four subgenera: the nominotypical subgenus, Prasutagus, Tortotettix, and Edmundiana subgen.nov. Pratura Theron 1982 is transferred from Deltocephalini to Chiasmini, and Doraturella Emeljanov 2002 is considered a junior synonym. Picchusteles Linnavuori and DeLong, originally included in Macrostelini, is included in Chiasmini. A checklist of the 323 species and subspecies in the tribe, including partial information on distribution and holotype depositories, is provided.