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This article argues that Du Bois’s tripartite framework consisting of the Veil, souls, and double-consciousness helps us analyze and understand the resurgence of racialized nationalism today. I juxtapose Du Bois’s early writings on German nationalism and antisemitism with his later writings on American nationalism and anti-black racism to demonstrate how antisemitism in Germany and anti-black racism in America function as constitutive elements for their respective nationalist discourses at the turn of the twentieth century. I argue that Du Bois’s analysis of the “double problem” of German nationalism served as an important precursor of his theory of the “double problem” of American nationalism. Du Bois’s concepts, when taken together, provide a still-relevant framework through which to understand contemporary expressions of racism and xenophobia that typify emergent nationalist movements in the twenty-first century.

A tale of two plantation museums: The Whitney exclusively focuses on the lives of enslaved people, while McLeod is designed to be inclusive of the lives of enslaved and free people, both black and white.

When leaders at institutions of higher education downplay everyday incivilities directed against racial and other minority groups, it can obscure the magnitude of intergroup antipathy at these schools. At the most prominent university in the only state whose flag contains the Confederate emblem, we wondered whether reports of so-called microaggressions were more common than university leaders sometimes suggest, more frequent in certain campus spaces than in others, and likely to invoke the South and its history. Using online diaries, we collected 1,301 accounts of incidents from 684 students during the 2014–2015 academic year. Our mixed-method approach revealed widespread incivilities, many of them blatant, both on and off campus. Microaggressions in classrooms were less frequent but as blatant as those in living spaces, and reports of environmental microaggressions seemed particularly likely to invoke students’ references to the history of the region. This research suggests the value of using online diaries as a method for understanding the everyday experiences of vulnerable students at predominantly white institutions of higher learning.

Objective Describe the development and preliminary impact of CAMP Air, a web-based intervention for adolescents with uncontrolled asthma. Materials and Methods CAMP Air was developed using an iterative process with input from stakeholders and incorporating usability testing results (n = 14 adolescents). To test CAMP Air’s initial impact, 61 adolescents from two New York City public high schools (n = 37) and from clinics, community-based organizations, and third-party recruitment services (i.e., community sample; n = 24) were enrolled in a randomized pilot trial. Participants were randomized to CAMP Air (n = 30) or information-and-referral control intervention (n = 31). A point-person worked with school participants to complete CAMP Air. Results CAMP Air participants were satisfied with the intervention and its value for supporting self-management, completing on average 6 of 7 modules. Relative to controls, CAMP Air participants demonstrated significantly improved asthma knowledge, asthma control, night wakening and school absences, and less risk for urgent care visits. Adolescents enrolled in schools completed more modules and had significantly fewer nights woken and school absences than community enrollees. Conclusion CAMP Air improves asthma outcomes among adolescents with uncontrolled asthma. Practice Implications A web-based intervention CAMP Air is a promising intervention. When a point-person works with adolescents, CAMP Air’s access and impact are improved.

This essay examines whether and how the spectre of nineteenth century Western Europe's “Jewish question” haunts W.E.B. Du Bois's concept of double consciousness. I argue that Du Bois's time as a student at the University of Berlin exposed him to the intellectual and political roots of nineteenth century German antisemitism, and in turn helped shape his theorizing of Black double consciousness in the United States. Attending to this important but to date missing context in the intellectual development of Du Bois helps reveal the consistencies and contingencies between Du Bois's understanding of Western European Jews’ duality and that of Black Americans. This context also provides fruitful ways to consider a comparative framework through which to better theorize the relationship between what have often been treated as distinct racial projects: Western European antisemitism and American anti-Black racism

Through a case study of an ongoing diversity initiative at Diversity University (DU), a public, flagship university in the U.S. South, the author’s research advances understanding of the discursive relationship between neoliberalism and contemporary racial ideology. As part of a larger ethnographic project, the author draws on more than ten years worth of diversity discourse at DU to illuminate diversity’s economization: the process whereby specific formations of economic values, practices, and metrics are extended toward diversity as justification for DU’s efforts. The analysis responds to three questions: (1) How is diversity economized by the organization? (2) How is this economization articulated through organizational discourse on diversity? and (3) How does the economization of diversity potentially reconfigure race and racial subjectivities? The findings reveal three interrelated processes that facilitate diversity’s economization: diversity as investment, diversity metrics, and diversity as affective labor. Together these processes congeal and convert multicultural principles and practices into economic ones. Consequently, diversity’s economization recasts nonwhite racial subjectivity as human capital for DU and its white publics, minimizing and entrenching existing racial inequality in the process.

Militarization on the US–Mexico border has intensified in America’s post-9/11 War on Terror, while America’s War on Drugs has escalated militarization in America’s urban core. This infusion of military weapons and tactics along the border and within America’s urban core produces devastating effects on communities of color. Yet, to date, few critical race scholars attend to the Wars on Terror and on Drugs as two sides of the same coin. This article serves as a bridge between US–Mexico border studies and critical race studies vis-à-vis a theorization of a thickening military-police assemblage birthed by the War on Drugs, and intensified by the War on Terror. To delineate this assemblage, we respond to two key questions: how and to what degree has the US–Mexico border served as a staging ground for US (para)military and surveillance strategies at home and abroad? and how do discourses on America’s urban core compare and contrast with those on its southern border? We draw upon the cases of Esequiel Hernández, Jr. and Michael Brown, two teenagers whose lives were taken by this assemblage, to frame these questions. Our analysis reveals material, symbolic, and affective links between America’s militarization on the southwest border and within its urban core.

Zoo U is a game platform which implements performance-based assessment of social emotional (SE) skills through theory-driven content and customized game mechanics. Children engage with characters in a school-like story world to complete six virtual social situations specifically tailored to require the SE skills of communication, cooperation, empathy, emotion regulation, impulse control, and social initiation. Prior work established the scoring algorithms and construct validity for the six game-based scenes. In this study, we examined the degree to which social competence, as measured across the six Zoo U scenes, was related to school-based adjustment. As expected, children who demonstrated higher social competence when problem solving Zoo U's virtual situations were significantly more likely to exhibit positive social, behavioral, and academic adjustment, above and beyond demographic influences, and children who performed poorly on Zoo U were significantly more likely to experience negative school-based outcomes. The potential for game-based platforms to enable broad-scale SE skills assessment with children is discussed.

Groundwater is the primary source of water in the Upper East Region of Ghana, and is generally considered a safe source of drinking water; but there are pockets where the groundwater contains high concentrations of fluoride due to the dissolution of minerals in the local granite. The goal of this study is to evaluate the hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of an area where dental fluorosis endemic, in order to identify the optimum locations to pump and distribute low-fluoride groundwater. As expected, the data indicate that the higher elevation recharge areas with outcrops of Bongo granite have elevated concentrations of fluoride in the groundwater (up to 4.6 mg L− 1), posing the highest risk of fluorosis in the nearby communities. The lower elevation areas, which are the farthest from the Bongo granitic, have the lowest groundwater fluoride (

Water-quality and isotopic data were collected in central Nevada, USA in an exploration hydraulic fracturing area with no previous oil or gas production. The target shales of the Elko Formation are unique fresh-water hydrocarbon reservoirs with relatively dilute source water (8.5 g/L total dissolved solids [TDS]). Additionally, the Elko Formation is underlain by a fresh-water carbonate aquifer (0.2-0.3 g/L TDS) that outcrops downgradient of the exploration area. The water quality and isotopic data were used to evaluate pre-hydraulic fracturing conditions in this undeveloped area. The same data were also collected for groundwater and surface-water sites about two months and one year after exploration hydraulic fracturing. No systematic differences in water chemistry were observed between pre- and post-hydraulic fracturing samples. Based on water chemistry of shallow groundwater, surface water, and from the production zone, the most useful constituents identified for monitoring for potential future incursion of reservoir-associated fluids into the near-surface environment are TDS (or electrical conductivity), chloride, propane, methanol, ethanol, and 2-butoxyethanol. Groundwater flow and transport models were developed to evaluate the potential movement of hydrocarbons and hydraulic fracturing fluids from the targeted zones, which are about 1800 to 3600 m beneath the land surface, to shallow groundwater (

This study used dissolved organic carbon (DOC) carbon-14 (14C) to determine groundwater ages that were then used to calculate groundwater travel times in southern Nevada aquifers that have low organic content. These travel times are compared with the more standard dissolved inorganic (DIC) 14C method for determining groundwater ages and travel times. Groundwater travel times for aquifers in southern Nevada using DOC 14C are thousands of years shorter than DIC 14C travel times for groundwater flow outside of recharge areas along four of the five flow paths evaluated for this study. The DOC 14C travel times range from 2,300 to 2,900 years (yrs) as compared to DIC 14C travel times that range from 8,200 to 22,000 yrs (uncorrected ages) and 4,700 to 19,000 yrs (corrected ages). The DOC 14C groundwater travel times in carbonate-rock and volcanic-rock aquifers of southern Nevada are similar to travel times determined from: (1) hydrogeologic data; (2) observations of rapid high-level tritium transport at the Nevada National Security Site; and (3) 550,000-yr δ18O and δ13C global climate records for calcite precipitated in Devils Hole, Nevada at the end of one of the flow paths. DOC 14C travel time calculations need to account for fewer processes than DIC 14C for aquifers that contain little organic matter and do not have redox reactions. DOC 14C travel-times can be calculated directly from the DOC 14C data in these aquifers without corrections if dissolution of organic carbon and sorption and matrix diffusion of DOC 14C onto or into the aquifer matrix is minimal. Laboratory experiments showed that little organic carbon was being leached from aquifer rocks, sorption of organic carbon ranged from 4.3% sorbed in carbonate rocks to 0.5% sorbed in volcanic rocks, and matrix diffusion coefficients were slower in lower porosity carbonate rocks (1.7 × 10−7 cm2/s) than in higher porosity volcanic rocks (2.9 × 10−7 cm2/s). The lack of dissolution of organic carbon in study area aquifers is also supported by the decrease in DOC along flow paths and the DOC composition of groundwater changing little as groundwater flows from recharge areas into the adjacent valleys. In contrast, DIC 14C groundwater travel-time calculations must be corrected for complex chemical reactions and physical processes, including mineral/gas dissolution, mineral/gas precipitation/exsolution, cation exchange, and carbon isotopic exchange that can significantly change the amount of DIC 14C in groundwater along flow paths by processes other than radioactive decay. DIC 14C can also be affected by sorption and matrix diffusion, but these processes may, or may not, be captured in geochemical modeling of precipitation/dissolution and carbon isotopic exchange reactions. Corrected DIC 14C ages, therefore, represent maximum ages.

The Quaternary coastal plain aquifer down gradient of the Wadi Watir catchment is the main source of potable groundwater in the arid region of south Sinai, Egypt. The scarcity of rainfall over the last decade, combined with high groundwater pumping rates, have resulted in water-quality degradation in the main well field and in wells along the coast. Understanding the sources of groundwater salinization and amount of average annual recharge is critical for developing sustainable groundwater management strategies for the long-term prevention of groundwater quality deterioration. A combination of geochemistry, conservative ions (Cl and Br), and isotopic tracers ( 87/86 Sr, δ 81 Br, δ 37 Cl), in conjunction with groundwater modeling, is an effective method to assess and manage groundwater resources in the Wadi Watir delta aquifers. High groundwater salinity, including high Cl and Br concentrations, is recorded inland in the deep drilled wells located in the main well field and in wells along the coast. The range of Cl/Br ratios for shallow and deep groundwaters in the delta (∼50–97) fall between the end member values of the recharge water that comes from the up gradient watershed, and evaporated seawater of marine origin, which is significantly different than the ratio in modern seawater (228). The 87/86 Sr and δ 81 Br isotopic values were higher in the recharge water (0.70,723 87/86 Sr 81 Br 87/86 Sr 81 Br 37 Cl isotopic values were lower in the recharge water (−0.48 37 Cl 37 Cl A three-dimensional, variable-density, flow-and-transport SEAWAT model was developed using groundwater isotopes ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, δ 37 Cl and δ 81 Br) and calibrated using historical records of groundwater level and salinity. δ 18 O was used to normalize the evaporative effect on shallow groundwater salinity for model calibration. The model shows how groundwater salinity and hydrologic data can be used in SEAWAT to understand recharge mechanisms, estimate groundwater recharge rates, and simulate the upwelling of deep saline groundwater and seawater intrusion. The model indicates that most of the groundwater recharge occurs near the outlet of the main channel. Average annual recharge to delta alluvial aquifers for 1982 to 2009 is estimated to be 2.16 × 10 6 m 3 /yr. The main factors that control groundwater salinity are overpumping and recharge availability.