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A generic revision is provided for the New Zealand coastal talitroids, which reports two families, seven genera and thirteen species. Three new genera are described: Aotearorchestia gen. nov.; Subantarctorchestia gen. nov.; and Tatahipeke gen. nov. to accommodate seven known species, A. chathamensis (Hurley, 1956) comb. nov.; A. telluris (Spence Bate, 1862) comb. nov.; S. aucklandiae (Spence Bate, 1862) comb. nov.; S. bollonsi (Chilton, 1909) comb. nov.; Tatahipeke cookii (Filhol, 1885) comb. nov.; T. kirki (Hurley, 1956) comb. nov.; and T. tumida (G.M. Thomson, 1885) comb. nov. The three genera, Bellorchestia Serejo & Lowry, 2008, Protorchestia Bousfield 1982 and Transorchestia Bousfield, 1982 are revised to include additional information on morphology, growth stages and distributions for three New Zealand species: Bellorchestia quoyana (Milne Edwards, 1840); Transorchestia miranda (Chilton, 1916); and Trans. serrulata (Dana, 1852a). Lastly, a small commentary is given on four species of coastal talitroids where additional museum collections could not be located for study, B. spadix (Hurley, 1956), Pictonorchestia dentata (Filhol, 1885), Protorchestia campbelliana (Bousfield, 1964), and T. kirki (Hurley, 1956) gen. et comb. nov. A dichotomous key and pictorial field guide are provided to all New Zealand coastal talitroids.

The present study reviews the taxonomy of Orthoprotella, Metaprotella and Notoprotella gen. nov. (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidae) from the coast of New South Wales, Australia. In total e...

Pictonorchestia, a new genus of talitrid amphipod is established for Orchestia dentata Filhol, 1885, from New Zealand. It is characterised by the dactylus of gnathopod 2 which has a well-developed projection on the posterior margin which interlocks with a shallow sinus on the palm and a proximal spine which defines the palm. It differs from other talitrid genera in having gnathopod 1 carpus and propodus with palmate lobes, gnathopod 2 dactylus not modified distally, pleopods all well-developed, uropod 1 exopod with marginal setae in one row. Pictonorchestia is also unusual in having an incrassate antenna 2, but pereopod 7 not sexually dimorphic, a combination shared by only ten other genera, none of which have the gnathopod 2 dactylus with a prominent projection on the posterior margin.

Eriopisidae is a widespread amphipod family, whose members have subcylindrical bodies, often do not have eyes, showing elongate third uropods in which the endopod is reduced and the exopod can become very long. This is the first record of Eriopisidae from Central America. Here, we describe the new genus and species Panamapisa guaymii gen. nov., sp. nov. from Bocas del Toro, Panama. The taxon differs from other members of the family in having a greatly enlarged merus on gnathopod 1, marginal setae on the dactyls of pereopod 5 to 7 and a third uropod nearly as long as the body.

Among crustaceans, only Amphipoda, Isopoda, and Decapoda have invaded truly terrestrial environments, but only two groups show full adaptations to live on land: the family Talitridae among the Amphipoda and the suborder Oniscidea among the Isopoda. The Talitridae occur primarily in forest leaf litter, but a number of other habitats, including caves, are recorded. Talitrids are important ecological contributors to the litter fauna, often occurring in high densities. Their adaptations to a terrestrial way of life include the retention of the mitten-shaped second gnathopods, a neotenic condition among males; the first article of antenna 2 greatly enlarged and fixed to the side of the head; and enlarged gills and pleopods often reduced, sometimes to vestigial stumps. Talitrids have a skewed world distribution being at their most diverse in New Zealand, Tasmania, and Japan/Taiwan. They occur in the Caribbean and Central America but are absent from South and North America except as introduced taxa. Their distribution is largely a result of tectonic activity during the past 150 million years and of extinctions during the Tertiary due to increasing aridity of the climate. The Oniscidea (terrestrial isopods) are the only crustaceans that have managed to adapt to almost all habitat types on land and have become the most species-rich suborder of Isopoda. Although monophyly of the Oniscidea is generally accepted, current taxonomy, based almost entirely on morphological characters, needs extensive revision. Terrestrial isopods present a number of unique adaptations to life on land, some of which result from what can be considered as pre-adaptations of ancestral marine isopods, such as egg development in a marsupium, being dorso-ventrally oblate and having a pleopodal respiration. Other crucial adaptations of Oniscidea include the water-conducting system, the structure of their cuticle, and the “covered” type of pleopodal lungs, all of which are responses to the acute problem of desiccation. They are also among the most speciose taxa in caves, some species have even returned to an aquatic life, and a few species have evolved social behavior. Oniscidea are increasingly being used in biogeographical, phylogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary research and can become model organisms for a broad range of biological studies.

The amphipod genus Orchestia is revised. It now includes 10 species of which three are new: O. forchuensis sp. nov. from north-eastern North America and Iceland., O. perezi sp. nov. from Chile and O. tabladoi sp. nov. from Argentina. Orchestia inaequalipes (K.H. Barnard 1951) is reinstated. The type species of the genus, O. gammarellus is redescribed based on material from Fountainstown, Ireland and a neotype is established to stabilize the species. The species was originally described from a garden in Leiden, far from the sea. Its true identity is unknown and no type material exists. Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas, 1776) is shown to be a sibling species group with members in both hemispheres of the temperate Atlantic as well along the Pacific coast of South America. A hypothesis for the establishment of the current distribution of Orchestia species is presented that extends back to the Cretaceous.

A new monotypic superfamily, family, genus and species of Hadziida is described from the Brazilian continental shelf. Magnovioidea superfam. nov. Magnovidae fam. nov. and Magnovis gen. nov. are distinguished by the presence of: antenna 1 shorter than the peduncle of antenna 2; maxilliped outer plate falcate; palp, article 4 reduced and left and right mandibles with a well-developed molar that dominates the mandibular area. Eyes are absent. The type-species Magnovis elizabethae sp. nov. has strongly sexually dimorphic males in which gnathopod 2 is larger than gnathopod 1. Magnovidae fam. nov. occurs on the mid-continental shelf.

Gondwanorchestia gen. nov. Type species. Gondwanorchestia tristanensis sp. nov., original designation. Included species. Gondwanorchestia includes 2 species: G. scutigerula (Dana, 1852) and G. tristanensis sp. nov. Category. Mascupod. Ecological type. Beach-hoppers, field-hoppers. Etymology. Gondwana reflecting the origin of this genus coupled with the stem orchestia. Diagnostic description ( male ). Head. Eye medium (1/5���1/3 head length). Antenna 1 long, reaching to at least midpoint of peduncular article 5 of antenna 2 . Antenna 2 peduncular articles slender or slightly incrassate (expanded) in male; article 3 without plate or process ventrally. Labrum epistome without many large robust setae over surface; median groove with robust setae. Mandible left lacinia mobilis 5-cuspidate, fifth article rudimentary. Maxilliped palp article 2 with distomedial lobe; article 4 apparently fused with article 3. Pereon. Gnathopod 1 sexually dimorphic; subchelate; posterior margin of carpus and propodus each with lobe covered in palmate setae; propodus ���subtriangular��� with well-developed posterodistal lobe, palm transverse. Gnathopod 2 subchelate; posterior margin of merus, carpus and propodus each without lobe covered in palmate setae; propodus palm oblique; dactylus not modified distally, blunt or acute, shorter than posterior margin of propodus. Oostegites setae with simple smooth tips. Pereopods 3���7 bicuspidactylate. Pereopod 4 subequal or slightly shorter than pereopod 3; dactylus thickened proximally with notch midway along posterior margin. Pereopod 5 short, less than 2/3 length of pereopod 6; dactylus long, slender. Pereopods 6���7 without row of short setae along posterior margin of dactyli. Pereopod 6 not sexually dimorphic; basis expanded; shorter than pereopod 7. Pereopod 7 sexually dimorphic ; basis broadly expanded, plate-like; merus and carpus very weakly expanded. Pleon. Pleonites 1���3 without dorsal spines. Pleopods 1���3 all well-developed. Epimera 1���3 slits absent; a row of slender setae along ventral margin of each epimeron. Uropod 1 male exopod not sexually dimorphic; peduncle distolateral robust seta absent; endopod with marginal robust setae in 2 rows; exopod with marginal robust setae in two rows. Uropod 2 rami without apical spear-shaped setae; exopod with marginal robust setae in 1 row; endopod with marginal robust setae in 2 rows. Uropod 3 ramus linear, weakly narrowing distally; shorter than peduncle. Telson as broad as long, tapering distally, entire, without groove, with marginal and apical robust setae, with 7���9 robust setae per lobe. Remarks. Gondwanorchestia is most similar to Orchestia, a genus that also occurs in southern South America (undescribed species, Myers & Lowry, in prep.). The main difference between these two genera is in the form of sexual dimorphism in male pereopod 7 and a prominent row of ventral setae on epimera 1���3 in Gondwanorchestia. In Gondwanorchestia, the basis is expanded, plate-like, and the merus and carpus are only slightly expanded. In Orchestia, the basis is unexpanded, while the merus and carpus are variously expanded and the ventral epimeral setae are absent. Distribution. Tristan da Cunha (Stephensen 1949); Tierra del Fuego (Dana 1852), South Atlantic Ocean., Published as part of Myers, James K. Lowry Alan A. & P��rez-Schultheiss, Jorge, 2020, Gondwanorchestia tristanensis gen. nov. sp. nov., a new southern hemisphere genus and species of talitrid amphipod (Amphipoda, Senticaudata, Talitridae), pp. 375-381 in Zootaxa 4748 (2) on page 376, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3698917, {"references":["Dana, J. D. (1852) Crustacea. Part II. United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., 14, 689 - 1618.","Stephensen, K. (1949) The Amphipoda of Tristan Da Cunha. Results of the Norwegian Scientific Expediton to Tristan Da Cunha 1937 - 1938, 19, 1 - 62."]}

Myers, James K. Lowry Alan A., Pérez-Schultheiss, Jorge (2020): Gondwanorchestia tristanensis gen. nov. sp. nov., a new southern hemisphere genus and species of talitrid amphipod (Amphipoda, Senticaudata, Talitridae). Zootaxa 4748 (2): 375-381, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4748.2.9

Gondwanorchestia tristanensis sp. nov. (Figs 1–4) Orchestia scutigerula.― Stephensen, 1949: 26–29, figs 11, 12.― Macnae, 1953: 1027–1028.― Holdgate, 1965: 372.―K.H. Barnard, 1965: 207. Type material. Holotype, male, 15.2 mm (NHMD-616083), Norw. Sci. Exped. 1937–38, Nightingale, Tristan da Cunha, St. 99, 5– 2–1938, 15 m. H.E. Sivertsen Leg.; paratype, female, 13.1 mm (NHMD-616084); paratypes, 2 males, 5 females (NHMD-88818), collection data same as for holotype. Paratypes, 1 male, 5 female and 1 juvenile male (NHMD-88819), Norw. Sci. Exped. 1937-38, Inaccessible Is., Tristan da Cunha, stn 1053, 7-3-1938, Y. Hagen Leg. Material (Stephensen 1949). Inaccessible: Stn 147, Bårdseth, a few specimens; stn 1008–1010, a few specimens; stn 1016, female, juvenile; stn 1022, 1 female; stn 1040, 2 specimens; stn 1042, 3 females; stn 1043, 2 females; stn 1045, 3 specimens;; stn 1055, 2 specimens. Nightingale: stn 99, Sea Hen Rock, 5 December,1937, 15– 20 m above sea level, numerous specimens including male, ovigerous female and female with embryos; stn 502, 1 male; stn 506, several specimens; stn 509, several specimens including ovigerous female; stn 510, several specimens. Type locality. Nightingale, Tristan da Cunha, Atlantic Ocean. Etymology. Named for the island group where the species lives. Description. Based on characters of the genus. Remarks. There is no information on habitat in the station list provided by Stephensen (1949). However, Macnae (1953) indicates that most specimens ‘were also caught at some distance from the sea, though some were found on the shore’. According to Macnae (1953) “the species lives some distance from the sea in penguin rooker- ies, clumps of tussock grass, in Phylica woods on the higher parts of the island” and among albatross nests. Macnae considered it to be a fully terrestrial species. Gondwanorchestia tristanensis sp. nov. differs from G. scutigerula (Dana) in a number of ways (based on unpublished illustrations of Hughes & Lowry, in prep.). In the male gnathopod 1 the basis is elongate and slender, whereas in G. scutigerula it is short and stout. In the male gnathopod 2, the propodus palm is strongly oblique and weakly convex, whereas in G. scutigerula it is weakly oblique and substraight; the dactylus is slender and distally acute, fitting closely against palm, whereas in G. scutigerula it is stout, distally blunt or weakly acute and does not fit closely against the palm. The coxa of pereopods 3 and 4 has a distinctive notch on the anterior margin, whereas in G. scutigerula the coxa lacks the notch. The carpus of pereopod 3 is similar in size to that of pereopod 4, whereas in G. scutigerula the carpus of pereopod 3 is longer than that of pereopod 4. In pereopod 5, the posterodistal lobe of the basis is well developed, whereas in G. scutigerula it is poorly developed. The peduncle of uropod 3 has a single distal seta, whereas in G. scutigerula there are 3 setae. The telson carries about 7 setae on each lobe, whereas in G. scutigerula each lobe carries up to 11 setae. Distribution. Penguin and Midshipman Islands (K.H. Barnard 1965); Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands (Macnae 1953, Stephensen 1949).

Material collected by the Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan Da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean in the years 1937–1938 and later attributed by Stephensen, 1949 to Orchestia scutigerula Dana, 1852 has been re-examined and is described as a new genus and species, Gondwanorchestia tristanensis sp. nov. Orchestia scutigerula Dana, 1852 is transferred to Gondwanorchestia gen nov. and compared with G. tristanensis sp. nov.

About half of the world's animal species are arthropods associated with plants, and the ability to consume plant material has been proposed to be an important trait associated with the spectacular diversification of terrestrial insects. We review the phylogenetic distribution of plant feeding in the Crustacea, the other major group of arthropods that commonly consume plants, to estimate how often plant feeding has arisen and to test whether this dietary transition is associated with higher species numbers in extant clades. We present evidence that at least 31 lineages of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial crustaceans (including 64 families and 185 genera) have independently overcome the challenges of consuming plant material. These plant-feeding clades are, on average, 21-fold more speciose than their sister taxa, indicating that a shift in diet is associated with increased net rates of diversification. In contrast to herbivorous insects, most crustaceans have very broad diets, and the increased richness of taxa that include plants in their diet likely results from access to a novel resource base rather than host-associated divergence.

Two species of the beach-hopper genus Talorchestia Dana, 1853 were collected at Cheriyam Island in the union territory of Lakshadweep in south western India. One species was identified as T. affinis Maccagno, 1936, known previously from the Red Sea, Somalia and East Africa and recorded for the first time from India, the other proved to be a new species, T. lakshadweepensis sp. nov.

The genus Quasimodia Sheard, 1936 belongs to the hyaloidean family Phliantidae, and contains four species inhabiting littoral and sublittoral habitats in Australia (J.L. Barnard 1972; Lowry & Stoddart 2003; Horton et al. 2018; Lowry & Myers 2019). This genus-group name was originally erected for three nominal species—Q. barnardi Sheard, 1936, Q. capricornis Sheard, 1936, and Q. womersleyi Sheard, 1936 (see Sheard 1936), but its type species was not fixed in the original publication. As such the name Quasimodia Sheard, 1936 is not available for nomenclatural purposes (Article 13.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [hereafter Code], International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999). Later, J.L. Barnard (1969) selected Q. womersleyi as the type species for this genus-group name, but his action does not validate Quasimodia Sheard, 1936, which remains unavailable, under Article 69 of the Code. J.L. Barnard (1972) again incorrectly considered Quasimodia Sheard, 1936 as an available name.

A recent comprehensive review of the generic-level classification of the amphipod family Talitridae established 37 new genera (Lowry & Myers 2019). Among the 37 genus-group names, however, four names—Fleuria Lowry & Myers, 2019, Hurleyella Lowry & Myers, 2019, Tasmanella Lowry & Myers, 2019 and Wairua Lowry & Myers, 2019—are respectively preoccupied by the dipteran Fleuria Kieffer, 1924, the dipteran Hurleyella Runyon & Robinson, 2010, the brachiopod Tasmanella Laurie, 1991, and the arachnid Wairua Forster in Forster et al., 1990. Accordingly, new replacement names for each of the talitrid genus-group names are proposed herein. Additionally, the authorship of the superfamily Talitroidea cited in Lowry & Myers (2019) as Bulycheva, 1957, should be cited as Rafinesque, 1815.

Ampithoid amphipods dominate invertebrate assemblages associated with shallow-water macroalgae and seagrasses worldwide and represent the most species-rich family of herbivorous amphipod known. To generate the first molecular phylogeny of this family, we sequenced 35 species from 10 genera at two mitochondrial genes [the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the large subunit of 16 s (LSU)] and two nuclear loci [sodium–potassium ATPase (NAK) and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1)], for a total of 1453 base pairs. All 10 genera are embedded within an apparently monophyletic Ampithoidae (Amphitholina, Ampithoe, Biancolina, Cymadusa, Exampithoe, Paragrubia, Peramphithoe, Pleonexes, Plumithoe, Pseudoamphithoides and Sunamphitoe). Biancolina was previously placed within its own superfamily in another suborder. Within the family, single-locus trees were generally poor at resolving relationships among genera. Combined-locus trees were better at resolving deeper nodes, but complete resolution will require greater taxon sampling of ampithoids and closely related outgroup species, and more molecular characters. Despite these difficulties, our data generally support the monophyly of Ampithoidae, novel evolutionary relationships among genera, several currently accepted genera that will require revisions via alpha taxonomy and the presence of cryptic species.

We compared the two most commonly used sampling methods, pitfall trapping and quadrat sieving, to study community diversity and talitrid abundance on sandy beaches. They are both widely used methods, however they are related to different behaviors: surface activity (pitfall traps) and burrowing in the substrate (quadrat sieving). To detect bias intrinsically generated by the use of different sampling methods, we applied both methods on a set of five beaches in New South Wales, Australia. The set included non-contiguous beaches, exposed and sheltered, more or less affected by recreational use. The results indicated a high fluctuation in biodiversity features. However, the most human-frequented beaches were grouped together by Multi Dimensional Scaling, and substrate-modifiers talitrid amphipods (sand-hoppers), played a major role in this scaling. The analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) indicated the roles of exposure and human recreational use in shaping the community, while the methods (quadrats vs. traps) resulted in higher fluctuation within samples than between, and informative outliers. Generalized Linear Models developed to estimate the probability of capture of talitrids by sampling method pointed to a higher probability to capture both sand-hoppers and beach-hoppers with the quadrat method. We finally suggest: (1) the comparative use of both sampling methods whenever possible, to capture multiple information and avoid bias in biodiversity estimates; and (2) an ad-hoc strategy when dealing with target populations. In particular, attention should be paid when targeting co-occurring talitrid species characterized by different ecology and behavioral traits: sand-hoppers (substrate modifiers) appeared to be more sensitive than beach-hoppers (non-substrate modifiers) to the impacts considered. In terms of biodiversity assessment the methods were equal, but for talitrid sampling quadrat sieving was more efficient.

The present study reviews the taxonomy of the Phtisicidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the coast of New South Wales, Australia. The following seven species are described; Dodecas decacentrum Stebbing, 1910b, Dodecas hexacentrum Mayer, 1903, Hircella cornigera (Haswell, 1879b), Metaproto novaehollandiae (Haswell, 1879a), Notoprotomima smithi gen. nov., sp. nov., Paraproto sp. and Perotripus sp. Generic diagnoses of Notoprotomima gen. nov., Dodecas, Hircella and Metaproto are provided based on the present materials. Notoprotomima smithi is fully described as a new species of the new genus. Dodecas decacentrum differs from Dodecas hexacentrum by the presence of paired dorsodistal projections on pereonite 2, paired mid-dorsal projections on pereonites 3 and 4 and shorter gill length on pereonites 2 and 3. Hircella cornigera and Metaproto novaehollandiae are described in detail. The larger mature males of M. novaehollandiae possess the unusual massive type of the propodus of gnathopod 2. The extended di...

Myers, Alan A., Lowry, James K., Billingham, Zac (2016): A new family, genus and species of freshwater amphipod Australomicroprotopus megacoxa gen. nov. sp. nov. (Senticaudata, Corophiidea, Microprotopoidea, Australomicroprotopidae fam. nov.) from Australia. Zootaxa 4161 (3): 412-418, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4161.3.8

A neotype of Elasmopus rapax Costa, 1853 is designated based on material from the Fusaro Coastal Lagoon, Central Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. The species is confirmed as an invasive species in Australian ports. Populations of E. rapax are identified from seven port, harbour, and marina locations around the south-eastern, southern, and south-western coasts. Museum collections indicate that this species has been present in Australia since at least 1884. It is not currently known from tropical Australia.

The widespread Indo-West Pacific and Caribbean talitrid genus Floresorchestia is reported from Australia for the first time and a new species, F. australis, is described. Floresorchestia australis is known from pebble beaches in Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia.

Coleman, C.O. and Lowry, J.K. 2009. Iphimedia poorei, a new species of Iphimediidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from the New South Wales Australian coast. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 66: 61–69. The new species Iphimedia poorei is described and illustrated in detail. It differs very much from all known species of the genus by its numerous, extravagant dorsal processes, stout spines on all coxal plates, cuspidate basis and the drawn out, pointed merus on each of pereopods 5–7.

Metaprotella haswelliana (Mayer, 1882), the type species of Metaprotella, was originally described from Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia and was reported from there in literature published between 1882 and 2003. However, the type specimens are lost and no further specimens could be found in recent surveys in New South Wales waters. The only current records are from Albany, Western Australia and from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Based on the materials from Western Australia, the poorly known type species, Metaprotella haswelliana is redescribed, a neotype is assigned, and the genus Metaprotella Mayer, 1890 is redefined.

The world Cyphocarididae are reviewed with new distribution records provided for eight taxa including three new species of Cyphocaris, C. ananke, C. nesoi and C. tartaros. Based on collections from Greenland a neotype is established for the type species Cyphocaris anonyx Boeck, 1871. An updated key to the 17 known world species of cyphocarids is provided.

The family Endevouridae is reviewed and four new species from the two genera, Endevoura and Ensayara, are described from Australian and Japanese waters. All species are diagnosed and the type species of Endevoura (End. mirabilis Chilton, 1921) and Ensayara (Ens. ramonella J.L. Barnard, 1964), respectively, are redescribed and illustrated. A key to the 19 known world species of Endevouridae is provided.

Based on a phylogenetic analysis of 104 genera and 156 species of corophiidean amphipods, we present a new phylogeny and higher-level classification for the suborder Corophiidea Leach, 1814. The phylogeny divides the corophiideans into two infraorders, the Corophiida and the Caprellida, based on a hypothesis of the evolution of different feeding strategies. Members of the Corophiida are derived from bottomfeeding detritivores, whereas members of the Caprellida are derived from ancestors that fed on material suspended in the water column. Within the Corophiida there are unspecialized clades such as the aoroids, whose members are mainly detrital feeders, as well as specialized forms feeding on living algae (family Ampithoidae) and on wood (superfamily Cheluroidea). In the Caprellida, members of the podocerid and caprellid clades often climb organisms such as hydroids in order to get their antennae as far up in the water column as possible to suspension-feed, whereas ischyrocerins build nests and then suspension-feed. Specialized forms include cyamids that attach to whales where they ‘‘feed on whale skin.’’ Barnard and Karaman (1984) divided the Corophiidea into two superfamilies (Corophiidea and Caprelloidea) within which were nine families. The classification presented here includes those two infraorders, with 11 superfamilies, 21 families, 13 subfamilies, and 5 tribes. Barnard and Karaman (1984) proposed an untested scheme, which placed the infraorders Caprellida (as Caprelloidea) and Corophiida (as Corophioidea) in the suborder Corophiidea Leach (1814). It should be noted that Stebbing (1906) attributed the Corophiidae to Dana (1849), but this is in error. Leach (1814: 405) erected the Corophiidae (as the family Corophiini) where it has page placement priority over the family Caprellini. This error has since been perpetuated by all authors, including Barnard and Karaman (1984, 1991). Within the corophiideans (sensu lato), the internal phylogenetic relationships have always been uncertain. Barnard and Karaman (1991) attempted no phylogenetic classification of their infraorder Corophiida, commenting that ‘‘the practical identification of family or subfamily groups in this conglomerate is very difficult.’’ Laubitz (1993) and Takeuchi (1993) both proposed untested schemes for the Caprelloidea (in the traditional sense). The lack of clarity that surrounds the relationships of this group is not unique within the Amphipoda, but it has been particularly intractable in the corophiideans. We should not, however, be surprised. The punctuated nature of evolution may always result in low-resolution trees, which are based on extant taxa. Whenever a new innovation occurs during the course of evolution, it is probably followed by explosive adaptive radiation as the innovator invades new niches, further developing and adapting its innovation. Most of the descendants of the early innovator will fail and become extinct; only a few will succeed to form new clades. Such bursts of evolutionary innovation make it difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish the dichotomous nature of character-state acquisition by examining only extant taxa. Interpretation of phylogeny through a cladistic study of living species will result in trees with unresolvable polychotomies. The precision of a cladistic analysis will vary with the hierarchical taxonomic level analyzed (and hence to temporal scale). Analyses of species groups should generally yield rather clear relationships, because there are fewer missing links, but the clarity will decrease, perhaps exponentially as earlier and earlier relationships are investigated. This means that we should, perhaps, be rather skeptical of a tree pertaining to family relationships that purports to be fully resolved. The best we can expect, and for the present with which 443 JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY, 23(2): 443–485, 2003

We describe Elasmopus warra (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from Pearl Beach in the vicinity of Sydney, Australia. We also investigate the patterns of spatial variation of Elasmopus in coralline algal turf on rocky intertidal shores in this area and examine experimentally the role that two architectural characteristics of coralline turf, the length and density of fronds, have in determining these patterns of abundance. Initial sampling showed that E. warra was more abundant in coralline turf in low- than in mid-shore areas, and often its abundance varied between patches of turf low on the shore. The results of experiments showed that the length of fronds had a much greater effect on the abundance of E. warra than the density of fronds. In low-shore areas, increasing the length of fronds negatively affected the abundance of E. warra. Such a relationship has rarely been reported in the literature, and possible causes for this relationship are discussed. This study showed that the nature of effects of marine plant architecture on the abundance of small crustaceans depend on local conditions and the architectural characteristics being investigated.

The new talitrid amphipod genus Hermesorchestia is established for one new species from Australia, H. alastairi, common to the beaches of Tasmania. Hermesorchestia gen. nov. is typified by the sexually dimorphic males which have palmate lobes on the carpus and propodus of gnathopod 1, a three dimensional merus article on pereopod 7 and expanded posterior margin of pereopod 7 carpus. Other characters which define H. alastairi gen. et sp. nov. are the male pereopod 6 expanded merus and carpus, pereopod 7 basis posterior expansion, merus shape both medial and facial, carpus posterior expansion and the shape and setation of the telson. Hermesorchestia alastairi gen. et sp. nov. is a documented burrower (sand-hopper), living in sand dunes above the high water mark.

Members of the family Epimeriidae are reported in Australian waters for the first time and Epimeria rafaeli sp. nov. is described from deep water just south of the Abrolhos Island, Western Australia.

A new species of the genus Shoemakerella Pirlot, 1936 is described for the Southeastern Brazilian continental shelf. The new species is easily recognized from the others in the genus mainly by the shape of the gnathopod 2. This is the first species of Shoemakerella from Brazilian waters.

The endemic Australian eusirid amphipod genus Sancho Stebbing, 1897, is revised based on new material. A neotype is established for Sancho platynotus Stebbing, 1897, which is redescribed, and the new species S. kuiteri is described. Members of Sancho are considered to be obligate commensals of sponges. Their depressed body form and entire telson may be an adaptation to their commensal life-style, but their cantilevered second gnathopods may indicate a phylogenetic relationship with the Eusirus-like members of the Eusiridae.

Marine amphipods commonly use other organisms as both habitat and/or food, offering an opportunity to contrast host associations in marine environments with that of terrestrial inverte- brates. A few species of amphipods have been found to specialise on their hosts for habitat or food; however, their host associations remain poorly described and previous studies have confounded habitat and feeding specificity. We examined the patterns of host use for amphipods associated with macroalgae and sponges. For macroalgae, the analysis was limited to strictly herbivorous species in order to address feeding specificity only. On both hosts, amphipods displayed a range of host speci- ficity, from more generalised to more specialised species. Even when not specialised, amphipod spe- cies had disjunct distributions, resulting in a distinct assemblage of amphipods associated with each host species. This was true for both herbivorous amphipods inhabiting algae, where host specificity relates to feeding specificity, and for amphipods on sponges, where host specificity is likely to relate to habitat specificity only. For most species of herbivorous amphipods, patterns of host use were largely unrelated to sampling time (day vs night), remained distinct across seasons, and were unaffected by the presence of alternative food sources (epiphytes).

An independently derived, blind, cave-dwelling amphipod, Minamitalitrus zoltani gen. nov., sp. nov. is described from the Hoshino-do cave on the island on Minami–Daitō jima, Okinawa, Japan. This genus belongs to the Talitrus group of 15 genera and is the first record of the group from Japan. Several characters support the new genus, particularly the re-duced biramous pleopods.

Redescriptions of Anonyx litoralis Krolyer, 1845 (type species of Onisimus Boeck, 1871 and Pseudalibrotus Della Valle, 1893), Anonyx edwardsii Kroyer, 1846 (type species of Boeckosimus Barnard, 1969) and Paronesimus barentsi Stebbing, 1894 (type species of Paronesimus Stebbing, 1894) show that these species are all congeneric. Consequently, Pseudalibrotus becomes an objective junior synonym and Paronesimus and Boeckosimus become subjective junior synonyms of Onisimus and all species currently assigned to any of these three genera are provisionally assigned to Onisimus.

Close examination of Orthoprotella mayeri K.H. Barnard, 1916 (sensu lato) which has been recorded from South Africa and New South Wales, Australia, revealed that there are two distinct species from Cape Province, South Africa and New South Wales, Australia, respectively. The present paper provides a redescription of O. mayeri K.H. Barnard, 1916 (sensu stricto) from South Africa and a description of O. berentsae sp. nov. from New South Wales, Australia. The two species can be identified based on the morphology of antenna 2, pereonites 6 and 7, and the uropods, although characteristic body somites of both species resemble other species.

The family Endevouridae is reviewed and four new species from the two genera, Endevoura and Ensayara, are described from Australian and Japanese waters. All species are diagnosed and the type species of Endevoura (End. mirabilis Chilton, 1921) and Ensayara (Ens. ramonella J.L. Barnard, 1964), respectively, are redescribed and illustrated. A key to the 19 known world species of Endevouridae is provided.

Members of the family Epimeriidae are reported in Australian waters for the first time and Epimeria rafaeli sp. nov. is described from deep water just south of the Abrolhos Island, Western Australia.

A new species of the genus Shoemakerella Pirlot, 1936 is described for the Southeastern Brazilian continental shelf. The new species is easily recognized from the others in the genus mainly by the shape of the gnathopod 2. This is the first species of Shoemakerella from Brazilian waters.

To answer the question as to the prevalence of sensori-neural hearing loss (SNHL) among neonates receiving ECMO, a retrospective chart review was conducted on 198 infants having surgery between November 1987 and January 1995. One hundred fifty-seven (79.7%) survived. One hundred thirty infants met our criteria of having a pre-discharge auditory brainstem evoked response (ABR) test and at least one follow-up behavioral audiologic examination. Strict criteria were set for normal hearing on both the ABR and follow-up examinations. Only follow-up results are reported. At the time of the most recent follow-up examination, two children could not be adequately studied, 106 exhibited normal hearing, 21 (16%) exhibited either unilateral or bilateral conductive hearing loss and three (2.3%) exhibited unilateral or bilateral SNHL. Only one child is using amplification. With the largest sample size to date, we found a lower prevalence of SNHL after ECMO than has been previously noted in the literature. Although the prevalence of hearing loss is low, the post-ECMO group of infants must be considered at risk for hearing loss. The prevalence of hearing loss cannot be based solely on a pre-discharge ABR, i.e. ongoing follow-up testing is necessary.

Nine new freshwater amphipod families are described: Chillagoeidae fam. nov.; Crangoweckeliidae fam. nov.; Dussartiellidae fam. nov.; Falklandellidae fam. nov.; Giniphargidae fam. nov.; Pseudingolfiellidae fam. nov.; Sandroidae fam. nov.; Sensonatoridae fam. nov. and Uronyctidae fam. nov. The subfamily Seborgiinae Holsinger, 1980 is raised tofamily level and two families, Austroniphargidae Iannilli, Krapp & Ruffo, 2011 and Pseudoniphargidae Karaman, 1993,are revised. The first freshwater example of the extensive marine family Calliopiidae, Lutriwita bradburyi gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from Australia.

Pereionotus species from around Australia are described. The new taxa Pereionotus dieteri sp. nov. and Pereionotus hartmuti sp. nov. are fully described and compared with the redescribed Pereionotus thomsoni. Species misidentified inthe past are synonymised and as a result the new taxon Pereionotus yongensis sp. nov. is introduced. A new name, Pereionotus hirayamai sp. nov., is proposed for Pereionotus thomsoni japonicus (Hirayama, 1987) (homonym of P. japonicus (Tzvetkova, 1967)). A key to the Australian species of the genus Pereionotus is given.

Two new species of the genus Gabophlias are described and compared with the only previously known species from thisgenus, Gabophlias olono J.L. Barnard, 1972. Different from this species, the dorsum of Gabophlias gabiae sp. nov. doesnot have a carina. Gabophlias kerstinae sp. nov. has a dorsal carina, but it is very shallow on pereonite 1, whereas G. olono has a large mid-dorsal process on pereonite 1. All three species can also be distinguished from each other by characteristics on antenna 1.

Curiotalitrus, a new genus of terrestrial land-hoppers (Amphipoda, Talitridae) is described from rain-forests in the Phil-ippines. Curiotalitrus includes one species: C. curioi (Javier & Coleman, 2010). Informal Talitrus and Orchestia groups are proposed based on the condition of the male second gnathopod.

The new species Iphiplateia marleneae, Iphiplateia jakei and Iphiplateia verenaae are described and the similar taxon Iphiplateia whiteleggei is redescribed. Iphiplateia marleneae differs from I. whiteleggei in the subcircular body shape, theslender articles 4–5 of the peduncle of antenna 2, the medially expanded maxilliped palp articles 2 and 3, notches on themerus of all pereopods and pereopod 7 basis is drawn out into a subacute angle. Both I. jakei and I. verenaae differ from I. marleneae and I. whiteleggei in having a dorsal pereon keel. Iphiplateia verenaae can be distinguished from I. jakei by its significantly smaller basis of pereopod 7.

Nine new species of epibenthic amphipods are described from the Solitary Islands, mid-north coast, New South Wales, Australia. Material was collected on natural habitats and from a range of small plastic artificial substrates. Protohyale pusilla (Chevreux, 1907) is reported from Australia for the first time. The subgenus Telsosynopia Karaman, 1986 is given generic status and Regalia juliana Lowry & Springthorpe, 2005 is transferred to Tepidopleustes in the pleustid subfamily Austropleustinae. New species include: Protohyale solitaire sp. nov. (Hyalidae); Ericthonius rodneyi sp. nov. and Ericthonius forbesii sp. nov. (Ischyroceridae); Liljeborgia polonius sp. nov. (Liljeborgiidae); Elasmopus arrawarra sp. nov. and Hoho cornishi sp. nov. (Melitidae); Gammaropsis legoliath sp. nov. (Photidae); Tepidopleustes coffsiana sp. nov. (Pleustidae); and Telsosynopia trifidilla sp. nov. (Synopiidae).