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Sometimes we must choose between competing claims to aid or assistance, and sometimes those competing claims differ in strength and quantity. In such cases, we must decide whether the claims on each opposing side can be aggregated. Relevance views argue that a set of claims can be aggregated only if they are sufficiently strong (compared to the claims with which they compete) to be morally relevant to the decision. Relevance views come in two flavours: Local Relevance and Global Relevance. This paper presents a trilemma for both. Namely, that neither view can capture our intuition in tie-break cases, without forfeiting our intuitions in other important cases.The paper then presents a way to salvage relevance views and capture all our intuitions using a Hybrid view. By distinguishing between two types of relevance we can combine the strengths of Local and Global Relevance views such that we can hold all our intuitions, consistently and in a non-ad-hoc manner. Building on this, the paper demonstrates how we might amend the strongest formulation of a Relevance view, into a Hybrid account.The main focus of this paper is to develop a relevance view that can capture all the intuitions we have; however deeper justifications will still be needed for a full account of any relevance view. Thus, the end of the paper briefly considers what deeper justification might support the Hybrid view, indicating the direction such literature might go. Lastly, the paper considers the advantages of this view over a rival Hybrid view.

Physical activity and a healthy lifestyle are crucial factors for delaying and reducing the effects of sarcopenia. Cycling has gained popularity in the last decades among midlife men. While the cardiovascular benefits of cycling and other endurance exercises have been extensively proved, the potential benefits of lifelong aerobic exercise on muscle health have not been adequately studied. Our aim was to quantify the benefits of cycling in terms of muscle health in middle-aged men, using magnetic resonance imaging. We ran a cross-sectional study involving two groups of middle-aged male adults (mean age 49 years, range 30–65) that underwent Dixon MRI of the pelvis. The groups consisted of 28 physically inactive (PI) and 28 trained recreational cyclists. The latter had cycled more than 7000 km in the last year and have been training for 15 years on average, while the PI volunteers have not practiced sports for an average of 27 years. We processed the Dixon MRI scans by labelling and computing the fat fraction (FF), volume and lean volume of gluteus maximus (GMAX) and gluteus medius (GMED); and measuring the volume of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). We found that the cyclists group had lower FF levels, a measure of intramuscular fat infiltration, compared to the PI group for GMAX (PI median FF 21.6%, cyclists median FF 14.8%, p

Femoral neck osteotomy creates a critical anatomical landmark for surgeons performing primary Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA); it affects the final height and position of the femoral component. Patient Specific Instrumentation (PSI) has been developed to guide the osteotomy. We aimed to assess the accuracy of a patient-specific (PS) femoral osteotomy guide in primary THA using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) analysis. We included pre- and post-operative CT data of 103 THAs. All patients underwent 3D planning to define the optimal femoral neck osteotomy level. Our primary objective was to quantify the discrepancy between the achieved and planned osteotomy level; our secondary objective was to evaluate the clinical outcome. The median (Interquartile Range—IQR) discrepancy between the achieved and planned osteotomy level was 0.3 mm (−1 mm to 2 mm). We found a strong positive correlation between the planned and achieved osteotomy level (R2 = 0.9, p < 0.001). A satisfactory clinical outcome was recorded. Our findings suggest that surgeons can use 3D-printed PS guides to achieve a femoral neck osteotomy with a high level of accuracy to the plan.

Transverse solute mixing across a vegetation generated horizontal shear layer was quantified using laser induced fluorometry techniques for artificial and real vegetation. A two-dimensional finite ...

Temporal concentration profiles resulting from an injected pulse of fluorescent tracer were recorded at multiple locations along a pipe during controlled unsteady flow conditions. A linear temporal change in discharge over durations of 5, 10, or 60 s for both accelerating and decelerating flow conditions was studied. Tests were performed for flows that changed within the turbulent range, between Reynolds numbers of 6,500 and 47,000, and for laminar to turbulent flows, between Reynolds numbers of 2,700 and 47,000. Analysis of the data shows the limitations of employing steady-state routing of temporal concentration profiles in unsteady flows. Employing a ‘flow weighted time’ routing approach, using tracer mean velocity and dispersion coefficients, provides accurate predictions of mixing in unsteady flow. For decelerating flows, longitudinal dispersion coefficients were lower than for the equivalent mean steady discharge. Previously unreported disaggregation of the tracer cloud was observed during all experiments accelerating from laminar to turbulent conditions.

11002 Background: Gender disparity is an important issue in medicine, as women occupy a minority of academic leadership positions despite increased representation in the physician workforce. One important aspect is the gender gap of speakers at academic meetings, which limits opportunities for career advancement and mentorship. This underrepresentation of women is largely anecdotal in oncology. We hypothesized that original research is less frequently presented by women at the annual ASCO meeting. We sought to examine presentation patterns from recently featured ASCO speakers, categorized by presentation type and gender. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational review of data from the 2018-2021 ASCO annual meetings. Mixed-gender coders extracted data from the ASCO Annual Meeting library and institutional public websites. Speaker-identified gender was unavailable; binary gender was determined by presenter name, pronouns, and video files. For original research, we collected data on last authors as well as these roles are also considered meritorious. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests were used to investigate the association of gender and roles adjusted for each stratification variable individually. Common odds ratios (ORs) were estimated for each association. Breslow-Day Tests were used to test the homogeneity of these ORs among the different levels of each stratification variable. No adjustments for multiple testing were used. Results: We reviewed 4267 unique presentations, including those which highlighted original research (Poster Discussion, Oral Abstract, Clinical Science Symposium, Plenary) vs. education (Case-Based Panel, Education Sessions, Highlights of the Day). For original research, women were significantly more likely to have an ASCO-appointed role (discussant, speaker, or chair) than a first or last author role (48% vs. 32.7% of presentations, p < 0.0001), even after adjusting for conference year (OR 0.53, 95% CI: 0.45-0.61), session type (0.52, 0.45-0.61), degree (0.50, 0.43-0.58), academic rank (0.55, 0.47-0.64), and geographic region (0.58, 0.50-0.68). There was no difference between in-person and virtual conferences (p = 0.584). For education sessions, women comprised 46.1% (n = 626), nearly half, of these speaking roles (all ASCO-appointed) compared with men. 38% of the data was independently re-reviewed to confirm accuracy; 96.4% concordance was observed in presenter gender. Conclusions: Women are less likely to present highlighted original research and are more likely to have an appointed educational role at ASCO annual meetings. This likely reflects broader gender disparity within academia. Future analyses could be improved by examining speaker-identified gender. As high-profile original research can elevate careers, examining factors contributing to this observed disparity may reveal important approaches to address gender leadership gaps in oncology.

e18617 Background: Precision oncology, targeting therapy to the molecular specifics of one patient’s cancer, improves outcomes and decreases toxicity. Previous studies have documented underuse of next generation sequencing (NGS) in both the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and private sector cancer care. Our group’s work has found that requiring providers to order and review tests in multiple electronic medical record systems for a single patient is a significant barrier to precision oncology. Following the incorporation of electronic medical record (EMR) NGS ordering into the VA EMR (CPRS) at a New York VA Medical Center, we examined the effect of the ordering change on precision oncology care for veterans. Methods: We identified patients eligible for NGS testing who had medical oncology clinic visits at the Manhattan VA in 2021, and divided patients into those whose NGS required external ordering (EO) (i.e. direct to Foundation Medicine (FM)) and those whose NGS used internal ordering (IO) (i.e. integrated CPRS ordering). We collected demographic and clinical information, including intention to order NGS, date of NGS order, specimen receipt, and testing results, on all patients from CPRS and FM web-based portal. Descriptive statistics were calculated and variables were compared with chi-square, T-tests, and Mood’s median test. Results: A total of 138 patients were identified, 99 in the EO group and 38 in the IO group. The groups were vastly male, (100% EO vs 95% IO), had similar ages (average age 69 and 75, respectively, p = 0.24), approximately half were self-reported Black race (48% EO vs 46% IO; p = 0.89), and the preponderance of prostate cancer was higher in the EO group vs the IO group (81% EO vs 62% IO, p = 0.02). For the 99 EO patients, 74 (75%) had a documented intention to order, and 47 (64%) of those had a specimen received by FM. Of the 38 patients in the IO group, 38 (100%) had intention to order and 25 had results received by FM (66% vs 64% IO vs EO p = 0.91). Compared to the EO group, the IO group had shorter time from intention to order to sample received (among those with positive values): mean 172 days (d) vs 18 d and median 40 d vs 6 d (p = 0.04). Among those with metastatic disease and documented intention to order NGS (EO n = 72, IO n = 32), the time from diagnosis of metastatic disease to intention to order NGS was significantly shorter after implementation of internal ordering: mean 764 d vs 698 d, median 226 d vs 15 d, (p = 0.004). The time from diagnosis of metastatic disease to NGS result in FM was also significantly shorter for IO patients (mean 980 d vs 251 d; median 46 d vs 428 d, p = 0.0003). Conclusions: We found that incorporating NGS testing into CPRS decreased delay from diagnosis of metastatic disease to intention to order NGS testing, and from intention to order NGS testing to results received, ultimately enabling faster precision oncology care for patients.

Rising sea levels are causing more frequent flooding events in coastal areas and generate many issues for coastal communities such as loss of property or damages to infrastructures. To address this issue, this paper reviews measures currently in place and identifies possible control measures that can be implemented to aid preservation of coastlines in the future. Breakwaters present a unique opportunity to proactively address the impact of coastal flooding. However, there is currently a lack of research into combined hard and soft engineering techniques. To address the global need for developing sustainable solutions, three specific breakwater configurations were designed and experimentally compared in the hydraulic laboratory at Coventry University to assess their performance in reducing overtopping and the impact of waves, quantifying the effectiveness of each. The investigation confirmed that stepped configurations work effectively in high amplitudes waves, especially with the presence of a slope angle to aid wave reflection. These results provide a very valuable preliminary investigation into novel sustainable solutions incorporating both artificial and natural based strategies that could be considered by local and national authorities for the planning of future mitigation strategies to defend coastal areas from flooding and erosion.

Beavers have influenced the world&rsquo, s ecosystem for millions of years. Their dams create ponds and wetlands that provide a large range of hydraulic and ecological benefits to the natural world, including mitigation against flooding and improving water quality. As beavers are now being reintroduced to many parts of the world, it is important to fully understand the impact of their dams on the flow characteristics of the water-courses on which they are built. This paper investigates the relationship between the physical properties of a model beaver dam and its fundamental hydraulics and pollutant dispersion characteristics. The first objective of this paper was to develop a modelling framework to relate discharge to flow-depth for dams with a combination of porous and impermeable sections. The second objective was to utilize a similar framework to predict the down-stream concentration distribution of an up-stream pollution event passing through such systems. The ability to model these parameters for dams with variable lengths of porous and impermeable sections is important as the porosity of beaver dams can vary with depth, depending on which sections are constructed from branches, rocks, or compacted mud. The analysis and modelling developed in this paper show that a single, general relationship can be obtained between discharge and flow-depth regardless of the presence of sections that are both porous or impermeable, provided the relative depths of these sections are known and accounted for. It is also shown that the Nominal Residence Time and the Advection Dispersion Equation can be used to predict pollutant transport in such systems. These two equations have previously been shown to have limitations when applied to some complex systems, so demonstrating they can be applied to a porous dam with combinations of porous and impermeable sections at the relative discharges investigated is noteworthy.

Flooding events are becoming more frequent and the negative impacts that they are causing globally are very significant. Current predictions have confirmed that conditions linked with future climate scenarios are worsening; therefore, there is a strong need to improve flood risk modeling and to develop innovative approaches to tackle this issue. However, the numerical tools available nowadays (commercial and freeware) need essential data for calibration and validation purposes and, regrettably, this cannot always be provided in every country for dissimilar reasons. This work aims to examine the quality and capabilities of open-source numerical flood modeling tools and their data preparation process in situations where calibration datasets may be of poor quality or not available at all. For this purpose, EPA’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was selected to investigate 1D modeling and LISFLOOD-FP was chosen for 2D modeling. The simulation results obtained with freeware products showed that both models are reasonably capable of detecting flood features such as critical points, flooding extent, and water depth. However, although working with them is more challenging than working with commercial products, the quality of the results relative to the reference map was acceptable. Therefore, this study demonstrated that LISFLOOD-FP and SWMM can cope with the lack of these variables as a starting point and has provided steps to undertake to generate reliable results for the need required, which is the estimation of the impacts of flooding events and the likelihood of their occurrence.

Due to the increased frequency and magnitude of urban flooding events, there is a pressing need to improve the accuracy of numerical tools to better assess the hydraulic performance of new drainage systems. Nowadays, such models are inherently difficult to verify due to the difficultly of acquiring reliable data during the flood event, meaning that most models are calibrated using only an estimated measure of the extent of flooding. To address this gap, this study investigated flooding scenarios using an experimental scale facility of an urban street and manhole network, delivering a novel data-set in terms of the scale of the facility used. Several hydraulic conditions are investigated within a variety of street configurations incorporating parking slots, cars on the road and various locations of the manhole within the street. This enabled the quantification of flow exchange during hypothetical flood events for multiple cases, as well as the characterisation of energy losses, a crucial parameter that is often a source of uncertainty within numerical modelling tools. Furthermore, the experimental system was equipped with an injection system to replicate the transport of pollutants during flooding events, and the equipment available enabled the estimation of the exchange of soluble pollutants between the minor and major systems for each flooding scenario. Results obtained have confirmed the applicability of the orifice equation for the estimation of flow exchange between the two systems, showing that i) the discharge coefficients obtained (0.126-0.138) decrease as the width of the street/channel becomes narrower, ii) the surface energy loss coefficient was unaffected by all street configurations tested, iii) all tested geometries displayed significant pollutant exchange from the sewer to the street, in the range of 28-39%, demonstrating that situating the manhole closer to the edge of the street increased the mass of pollutants being exchanged to the surface and the presence of parking spaces alone did not appear to affect the mass of pollutant exchanged. These results have provided a novel series of datasets (including flowrates, flow exchange, energy losses and discharge coefficients) that could be used to calibrate and validate numerical models and be used as a benchmark.

In his 2005 dissertation, Antoine Vella explored combinatorical aspects of finite graphs utilizing a topological space whose open sets are intimately tied to the structure of the graph. In this paper, we go a step further and examine some aspects of the open set lattices induced by these topological spaces. In particular, we will characterize all lattices that constitute the opens for finite simple graphs endowed with this topology, explore the structure of these lattices, and show that these lattices contain information necessary to reconstruct the graph and its complement in several ways.

To compare the clinical and economic outcomes of EVICEL (Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ) and TISSEEL (Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Westlake Village, CA) use in patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.Retrospective database analysis.Premier prospective hospital database (June 2009 through March 2014) covering approximately 20% of hospital discharges in the United States.Adults undergoing primary CABG surgery who received either EVICEL or TISSEEL on the day of surgery (index date).Two intervention groups were formed, EVICEL and TISSEEL. Clinical outcomes compared included postoperative bleeding complications (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code: 998.1) and number of blood transfusions received on the index day. Economic outcomes compared included hospital length of stay, hospital costs, and 30-day readmission rates. Propensity-score matching was used to control for patient and hospital characteristics.A total of 129,014 primary CABG surgery patients were identified; 986 patients (mean age: 64 years, 73% male) received EVICEL and 6,340 patients (mean age: 65 years, 75% male) received TISSEEL on the index day. After propensity-score matching, patients who received EVICEL compared with TISSEEL had significantly fewer postoperative bleeding complications (3.0% v 5.0%, p = 0.0197), index-day blood transfusion rates (19% v 34%, p0.0001), readmission rates (18% v 32%, p0.0001), and costs ($40,736 [standard deviation $19,465] v $46,005 [standard deviation $24,049], p0.0001). Results from a sensitivity analysis using a generalized linear model to control for other hemostatic agent use also favored EVICEL over TISSEEL.Results from this real-world retrospective database analysis showed fewer bleeding complications and lower costs in patients undergoing primary CABG surgery who received EVICEL compared with TISSEEL.

Understanding solute mixing within real vegetation is critical to predicting and evaluating the performance of engineered natural systems such as storm water ponds. For the first time, mixing has been quantified through simultaneous laboratory measurements of transverse and longitudinal dispersion within artificial and real emergent vegetation. Dispersion coefficients derived from a routing solution to the 2-D Advection Dispersion Equation (ADE) are presented that compare the effects of vegetation type (artificial, Typha latifolia or Carex acutiformis) and growth season (winter or summer). The new experimental dispersion coefficients are plotted with the experimental values from other studies and used to review existing mixing models for emergent vegetation. The existing mixing models fail to predict the observed mixing within natural vegetation, particularly for transverse dispersion, reflecting the complexity of processes associated with the heterogeneous nature of real vegetation. Observed stem diameter distributions are utilized to highlight the sensitivity of existing models to this key length-scale descriptor, leading to a recommendation that future models intended for application to real vegetation should be based on probabilistic descriptions of both stem diameters and stem spacings.

L-selectin (CD62L) is a type-I transmembrane glycoprotein and cell adhesion molecule that is expressed on most circulating leukocytes. Since its identification in 1983, L-selectin has been extensively characterized as a tethering/rolling receptor. There is now mounting evidence in the literature to suggest that L-selectin plays a role in regulating monocyte protrusion during transendothelial migration (TEM). The N-terminal calcium-dependent (C-type) lectin domain of L-selectin interacts with numerous glycans, including sialyl Lewis X (sLex) for tethering/rolling and proteoglycans for TEM. Although the signals downstream of L-selectin-dependent adhesion are poorly understood, they will invariably involve the short 17 amino acid cytoplasmic tail. In this review we will detail the expression of L-selectin in different immune cell subsets, and its influence on cell behavior. We will list some of the diverse glycans known to support L-selectin-dependent adhesion, within luminal and abluminal regions of the vessel wall. We will describe how each domain within L-selectin contributes to adhesion, migration and signal transduction. A significant focus on the L-selectin cytoplasmic tail and its proposed contribution to signaling via the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family of proteins will be outlined. Finally, we will discuss how ectodomain shedding of L-selectin during monocyte TEM is essential for the establishment of front-back cell polarity, bestowing emigrated cells the capacity to chemotax toward sites of damage.

CO2 electrochemical reduction to formate has emerged as one of the promising routes for CO2 conversion to useful chemicals and renewable energy storage. Palladium has been shown to make formate with a high selectivity at minimal overpotential. However, production of CO as a minor product quickly deactivates the catalyst during extended electrolysis. Here, we present nanoporous Pd alloys (np-PdX) formed by electrochemical dealloying of Pd15X85 alloys (X = Co, Ni, Cu, and Ag) as active free standing electrocatalysts with high formate selectivity and superior CO poisoning tolerance. Rate of deactivation under constant potential electrolysis, due to CO passivation, is strongly correlated to the identity of the transition metal alloying component. We purport that this composition dependent behavior is due to the induced electronic changes in the active Pd surface, affecting both the CO adsorption strength and the near surface hydrogen solubility which can impact the adsorption strength of active/inactive intermediates and reaction selectivity. Free-standing np-PdCo is found to exhibit high areal formate partial current densities, > 40 mA cm-2, with superior CO poisoning tolerance and minimal active area loss at cathodic potentials, demonstrating the utility of these materials for selective and stable CO2 electrolysis

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) has gradually replaced longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) across much of the coastal southeastern United States. Given recent interest in the regeneration of longleaf pine ecosystems, understanding how these two species will respond to drier conditions associated with climate change will be critically important. We conducted a progressive water-stress experiment on germinants of P. palustris and P. taeda over the course of 9 weeks, measuring gas exchange, allometry, water relations, and tracheid anatomy. P. palustris developed more overall biomass, had wider tracheids, allocated more of its biomass into leaf tissue, and maintained a narrower safety margin against hydraulic failure than P. taeda. Both species reduced leaf gas exchange as water stress increased, though P. palustris experienced earlier and greater declines in photosynthetic rates than P. taeda. The greater aboveground growth and narrower hydraulic safety margin observed in P. palustris represents a trade-off between growth and hydraulic safety and is likely related to the species’ defensive strategy against fire. We suggest that this trade-off may limit P. palustris germinant regeneration on sandier, xeric sites as climate change intensifies.

In surgery, rapid hemostasis can be required in various settings and bleeding intensities to minimize complications related to blood loss. While effective hemostats are available for mild-to-moderate surgical bleeding, few are effective against challenging severe hemorrhage. We report the effectiveness and safety of the fibrin pad (FP), a novel combination hemostat (device/human biologic), in controlling severe soft-tissue bleeding as compared to the standard of care (SoC).This randomized, controlled, superiority study enrolled subjects ≥18 years, requiring elective abdominal, retroperitoneal, pelvic, or thoracic (non-cardiac) surgery. A severe target bleeding site (TBS) was identified intra-operatively following which, subjects were randomized to the FP or the SoC group. Hemostatic status was observed at 4 min (primary endpoint) and 10 min post-randomization. Safety variables included TBS-related bleeding and thrombotic events.At 4 min post-randomization, 50/59 (84.7 %) subjects in the FP group and 10/32 (31.3%) [Corrected] subjects in the SoC group achieved hemostasis without needing re-treatment (P0.0001). Compared to the SoC group, the FP group showed better hemostasis at 10 min post-randomization [58/59 (98.3 %) vs. 28/32 (87.5 %); P = 0.01], lower mean time to hemostasis (6.1 ± 13.5 vs. 17.8 ± 32.0 min), and a less frequent need for re-treatment (5.1 vs. 53.1 %). The triangular test for binary response demonstrated the FP to be superior to SoC (95 % CI 1.474-3.290; P0.0001). Safety profiles in both groups were similar to those typically observed after long-duration surgery.The FP is safe and superior to SoC for controlling challenging severe soft-tissue bleeding encountered during intra-abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures.

Recent trends suggest that young people in Britain are refraining from engaging in formal political processes. At the same time, they are increasingly expressing support for, and turning toward, a new and diverse range of non-institutionalized forms of political action in order to actualize their interests. Using Inglehart's ideas on postmaterialism, we consider whether this apparent rejection of mainstream politics in favour of less conventional - and sometimes radical - forms of political action is changing over time in Britain, reflecting fluctuating economic conditions witnessed over the last two decades. We do this by comparing results from surveys of British 18 year olds conducted in 2002 during an era of relative global prosperity, and then in 2011 at the height of the current global crisis. The findings suggest that British young postmaterialists are considerably more likely than materialists to participate in and support both institutionalized and non-institutionalized forms of political action.

Human cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a common craniofacial abnormality caused by impaired fusion of the facial prominences. We have previously reported that, in the mouse embryo, epithelial apoptosis mediates fusion at the seam where the prominences coalesce. Here, we show that apoptosis alone is not sufficient to remove the epithelial layers. We observed morphological changes in the seam epithelia, intermingling of cells of epithelial descent into the mesenchyme and molecular signatures of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Utilizing mouse lines with cephalic epithelium-specific Pbx loss exhibiting CL/P, we demonstrate that these cellular behaviors are Pbx dependent, as is the transcriptional regulation of the EMT driver Snail1. Furthermore, in the embryo, the majority of epithelial cells expressing high levels of Snail1 do not undergo apoptosis. Pbx1 loss- and gain-of-function in a tractable epithelial culture system revealed that Pbx1 is both necessary and sufficient for EMT induction. This study establishes that Pbx-dependent EMT programs mediate murine upper lip/primary palate morphogenesis and fusion via regulation of Snail1. Of note, the EMT signatures observed in the embryo are mirrored in the epithelial culture system.

One of the more recent developments on the Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) landscape lies in critical applications of Cognitive Linguistics (e.g. Chilton 2004; Koller 2004; Hart 2010, 2011a, 2014a; Hart and Lukes 2007). Critical Linguistic CDS (CL-CDS) is characterised by a shift in focus to the interpretation-stage of analysis (O’Halloran 2003; Hart 2010). That is, CL-CDS addresses the cognitive-semiotic processes involved in understanding discourse and the fundamental role that these processes play in the construction of knowledge and the legitimation of action. Cognitive Linguistic approaches to CDS thus typically present detailed semantic analyses of language usages. In particular, CL-CDS emphasises the conceptual nature of meaning construction and is concerned with modelling the conceptual structures and processes which, invoked by text in the course of discourse, constitute an ideologised understanding of the situations and events being described. Cognitive Linguistics itself is not a specific theory but a paradigm within linguistics comprised of several related theories. Accordingly, Cognitive Linguistics makes available to CDS a set of alternative ‘tools’ as different theories may be operationalised as methodologies in critical analyses of discourse. Theories in Cognitive Linguistics, however, share a common set of assumptions about the nature of language. These assumptions are naturally shared by Cognitive Linguistic studies in CDS and thus provide the common thread and theoretical backdrop that defines a more general Cognitive Linguistic school of CDS (cf. Hart 2011b, 2015b). In this chapter, then, I begin, in Section 2, by introducing the Cognitive Linguistic perspective, reviewing the common aims and commitments of Cognitive Linguistic approaches. In section 3, I introduce some of the methods employed in Cog Linguistic approaches. And finally in Section 4, I provide an example analysis using data sourced from three online newspaper articles reporting on the 2014 Million Mask March in London.

The use of waters of impaired quality has been suggested as a means to expand available water resources supply for water-limited communities. An ongoing concern is the safety of supplies that use wastewater because of the potential for introduction of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals into drinking water supplies. Prior research into contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) have included a variety of methods, but the only consistent removal is with reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, ultraviolet light (UV), and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). However, few of these prior studies have measurable quantities of these contaminants in the influent wastewater, so determining actual removal percentages is difficult. This project was designed to evaluate the removal of CECs to verify that a 3-log removal of common constituents was realized. Spike testing was used to compare to prior research and to evaluate whether the project costs were competitive with other forms of reuse or other water supplies. The combination of RO/UV/AOP was effective at obtaining a 3-log removal of CECs, but the RO and UV/AOP processes alone were not capable of removing all substances. However, despite the extensive treatment, the proposed process was both competitive cost-wise and met the water quality goals.

The City of Pembroke Pines is embarking on an alternative water supply (AWS) project that includes the potential of using treated wastewater for aquifer recharge. The concept includes the use of reverse osmosis membranes, ultraviolet disinfection and advanced oxidation processes downstream of activated sludge and microfiltration. One of the problems is that the permeate leaves the process grossly under-saturated, because with respect to minerals, virtually everything in the water is removed by the reverse osmosis membranes. The practical natural minimum hardness level for water is 40 mg L−1 as CaCO3, while the permeate water was

IntroductionHaemostasis after liver resection may be difficult to achieve as a result of the presence of challenging bleeding, the anatomic landscape of the liver and the quality of tissue making up the hepatic parenchyma. The fibrin pad (FP) is a topical absorbable haemostat designed to be effective in a variety of tissues and across multiple bleeding intensities. This is the first clinical trial to evaluate the hemostat's safety and effectiveness in controlling bleeding during elective hepatic resection.MethodsThis prospective, randomized, controlled superiority trial enrolled 104 subjects undergoing elective hepatectomy in 5 countries. After parenchymal transection, subjects with an appropriately defined target bleeding site (TBS) were stratified according to the type of hepatic parenchyma and immediately randomized 1:1: FP versus Standard of Care (SoC). SoC comprised manual compression with the use of an approved topical absorbable haemostat. The primary endpoint was haemostasis at 4 min from identification of the TBS, with no re‐bleeding requiring re‐treatment prior to abdominal closure. Results were stratified for both normal and abnormal (steatosis or cirrhosis) hepatic parenchyma. All subjects were followed for 60 days post‐operatively.ResultsThe intent‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis showed an overall treatment difference of 53.0% (P < 0.001), 82.5% (33/40 FP) versus 29.5% (13/44 SoC) in achieving haemostasis at 4 min with no re‐bleeding requiring treatment up to wound closure. The per protocol analysis showed an overall treatment difference of 65.7% (P < 0.001), with 33/35 successes (94.3%) in the FP group and 12/42 in the SoC group (28.6%). The stratification results showed treatment differences between the normal parenchyma group, 63.6% (95.8% FP versus 32.3% SoC P < 0.001) and a larger difference of 72.7% in the abnormal parenchyma group (90.9% FP versus 18.2% SoC P = 0.0003). Post‐operative intra‐abdominal fluid collections were less frequent in the FP group (3.4% FP versus 13.3% SoC P = 0.059). There was no difference in the safety profile between the FP or SoC groups.ConclusionsThe FP is safe and effective when used as an adjunct to achieve haemostasis during hepatic surgery. The success rate of achieving haemostasis with a FP remained high compared with the SOC group, especially in steatotic or cirrhotic liver tissue where the control success rates diminish. In addition, FP treatment of hepatic parenchymal surfaces may reduce the risk of post‐operative biliary and fluid collections.

Longitudinal dispersion processes are often described by the advection dispersion equation (ADE), which is analogous to Fick’s law of diffusion, where the impulse response function of the spatial concentration distribution is assumed to be Gaussian. This paper assesses the validity of the assumption of a Gaussian impulse response function, using residence time distributions (RTDs) obtained from new laboratory data. Measured up- and downstream temporal concentration profiles have been deconvolved to numerically infer RTDs for a range of turbulent, critical, and laminar pipe flows. It is shown that the Gaussian impulse response function provides a good estimate of the system’s mixing characteristics for turbulent and critical flows, and an empirical equation to estimate the dispersion coefficient for the Reynolds number, R, between 3,000 and 20,000 is presented. For laminar flow, here identified as R

Robust practical routes to three different carbon-substituted nucleosides are described. Short synthetic procedures for preparing 1′-homonucleosides, 2′- C -methyl-carbanucleosides and 2′- C -methyl-cyclopropyl/cyclopentyl fused bicyclic ribose analogues are described starting from readily available building blocks.

BACKGROUND Watertight repair of the dura is imperative after neurosurgical procedures involving the brain or spinal cord because inadequately treated leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from punctured dura can have serious consequences such as meningitis, arachnoiditis, or epidural abscess. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of Evicel Fibrin Sealant (Human) to prevent CSF leakage using a 2.0-cm durotomy mongrel dog repair model and to compare the tissue response with Tisseel (a fibrin sealant) and Duraseal (a synthetic polyethylene glycol [PEG] hydrogel sealant). METHODS The canine durotomy repair model was used. This well-characterized model assesses the ability of sealants to achieve intraoperative watertight seals of the dura mater, as well as long-term safety and efficacy. This study included 27 mongrel dogs and had a 28-day duration. RESULTS The 3 sealants were 100% effective in preventing CSF leakage intraoperatively at 15 mm Hg. The 2 fibrin sealants were 100% effective in postoperative sealing; the PEG hydrogel was not. Microscopically, the tissue changes induced by Evicel at the durotomy site were similar in nature except for foamy macrophages seen only with the PEG hydrogel. The extent and severity of adhesions at 28 days were less with the fibrin sealants than with the PEG hydrogel. CONCLUSION Evicel, a fibrin sealant, was safe and effective in achieving and maintaining a watertight seal of the dura. The performance of the fibrin sealants was similar to that of the synthetic PEG hydrogel sealant with the exception of a Duraseal seal, which leaked.

Because there are few undeveloped or underused high-quality water sources in the United States, many utilities are considering impaired water sources to meet increasing demands. Utilities are increasingly expressing interest in developing aquifer recharge projects and desalination technologies. The evolution of those processes offers significant promise to meet future water supply needs. This project investigated the potential to turn wastewater into a high-quality water supply that meets all applicable state and local standards for groundwater recharge to supplement water supplies. The project showed that membranes can meet virtually every regulatory limit imposed, treating the permeate to resolve saturation issues was straightforward, and emerging constituents were removed efficiently.

A novel systematic approach to the synthesis of 2-cyano-7-deaza-8-azapurinederived nucleosides is described. It is shown how this chemistrywas developed with the labile 2-substituted nitrile position inmind, and also how the same approach is applicable to 2-cyano-8-azapurinederived nucleosides.

Previous studies have reported VTE rates during surgical stays in hospitals or by diagnoses over extended periods without being linked to specific surgical events. The purpose of this project was to assess the potential rate of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer after a surgical procedure within the immediate posthospital admission period of 30 days, with special emphasis in increased sensitivity of detection. Patients with cancer who had a major surgery were identified in a large commercial (non-Medicare) database containing data from more than 22 million patients in the United States. Those with a new diagnosis of VTE within 30 days postadmission for surgery were identified. Additional drug-based criteria were used to vary the VTE definition in a sensitivity analysis. VTE rates are reported for each of the surgical procedure group and overall. The overall 30-day VTE rate was 3.5% with a diagnosis based definition, with rates ranging by procedure from 1.8 to 13.2%. Esophageal resection patients have a VTE rate of 13.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), 8.8–18.9%), whereas prostatectomy patients have a VTE rate of 1.8% (95% CI, 1.5–2.1%). Of the 3.5% of patients with a VTE diagnosis on or before postoperative day 30, 73% of those have the VTE diagnosis by day 14. Another 1.15% is added to the overall VTE rate as the definition sensitivity is increased with outpatient pharmacy claims data. Using administrative data from large populations provides valuable insight into the potential VTE rates that occur within the 30-day post period after various cancer-related surgeries. The information can be used by surgeons as one component of the benefit-risk decision regarding postoperative VTE prophylaxis in surgical patients.