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The recent protests regarding the state of policing in the United States clearly demonstrate that how the police do their job creates a salient potential for harm to the public. This study applies a multidimensional paradigm of risk perception to quantify evaluations of police-caused harm. Using data from a national (U.S.) convenience sample ( n = 1,890) that oversampled individuals who self-identified as black or Muslim, we tested whether these evaluations vary systematically (using confidence intervals), whether they covary with police legitimacy (using structural equation modeling), and the extent to which that covariance differs by demographic status (using multiple groups structural equation modeling). Our results suggest that black and Muslim individuals evaluate police-caused harm differently than do majority group members (white and Christian) on most, but not all, of the measured dimensions. We also find that those evaluations are predictive of trust and provide evidence of some level of consistency across communities.

The oxidation kinetics of nitrite to nitrate ions by potassium ferrate(VI) in a wide range of pH, from neutral to alkaline medium has been studied. Two series of kinetic experiments based on the different technologies for obtaining potassium ferrate(VI) were conducted. In the first series of experiments, crystalline potassium ferrate(VI) was prepared by the chemical synthesis. In the pH range 6.5–11, solid K 2 FeO 4 was added to solutions of nitrite ions at known concentration and pH. Kinetic studies were performed under pH and ionic strength controlled conditions. Half times for these experiments ranged from milliseconds to a few minutes. In the second series of experiments, solutions of K 2 FeO 4 were generated by the electrochemical synthesis. Alkaline solutions of potassium ferrate(VI) in 8.0 M KOH were obtained at t=20 o C by electrochemical dissolution of steel plates (S=10 cm 2 ) containing: C – 0.16 %; Mn – 0.43 %; Si – 0.04 %; S – 0.03 %; P – 0.04 %; the rest is Fe. The experiments were performed with fresh solutions of potassium ferrate(VI) and solutions, aged after the synthesis for several days. Kinetic studies were performed under nitrite concentrations controlled conditions. Half times in this case were in the range of several minutes to hours. It is found out that the maximum reaction rate is achieved by aging solution K 2 FeO 4 after the synthesis for 8 days. Both methods show that the oxidation rate is controlled by the concentration of protonated ferrate, . The dependence of the observed rate constants on pH, nitrite concentrations and ionic strength has been investigated. The true rate constants of reaction are found. Particular orders of the reaction by nitrite and ferrate ions and the overall order of the reaction are calculated. The oxidation rate constant of water by Fe(VI) is found. The studies presented in this paper are important because the oxidation kinetics of harmful inorganic and organic substances by ferrates(VI) of alkali metals is widely used to determine the optimal parameters of technological processes for the purification of surface water, industrial wastewater and air.

Contrary to previous linear projections of steel corrosion in seawater, analysis of an inert marker embedded in USS Arizona concretion since the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor reveals evidence that the effective corrosion rate decreases with time. The secant rate of corrosion, or SRC correlation, derived from this discovery could have a significant impact on failure analysis investigations for concreted shipwrecks or underwater structures. The correlation yields a lower rate of metal thinning than predicted. Development of the correlation is described.

Research in organizational psychology has consistently demonstrated that employee perceptions of organizational justice have significant effects on employee attitudes, perceptions, and beha...

Positive public perceptions are a critical pillar of the criminal justice system, but the literature addressing them often fails to offer clear advice regarding the important constructs or the relationships among them. The research reported here sought to take an important step toward this clarity by recruiting a national convenience sample to complete an online survey about the police in the respondent’s community, which included measures of the process-based model of legitimacy and the classic model of trust. Our results suggest that although both are predictive, the models can be integrated in a way that allows the strengths of each model to address the weaknesses of the other. We therefore present this model as a first step toward an Integrated Framework of Police Legitimacy that can meaningfully incorporate much of the existing scholarship and provide clearer guidance for those who seek to address these constructs in research and practice.

The Weins number model and concretion equivalent corrosion rate methodology were developed as potential minimum-impact, cost-effective techniques to determine corrosion damage on submerged steel structures. To apply the full potential of these technologies, a detailed chemical and structural characterization of the concretion (hard biofouling) that transforms into iron bearing minerals is required. The fractions of existing compounds and the quantitative chemistries are difficult to determine from x-ray diffraction. Environmental scanning electron microscopy was used to present chemical compositions by means of energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). EDS demonstrates the chemical data in mapping format or in point or selected area chemistries. Selected-area EDS data collection at precise locations is presented in terms of atomic percent. The mechanism of formation and distribution of the iron-bearing mineral species at specific locations will be presented. Based on water retention measurements, porosity in terms of void volume varies from 15 v/o to 30 v/o (vol.%). The void path displayed by scanning electron microscopy imaging illustrates the tortuous path by which oxygen migrates in the water phase within the concretion from seaside to metalside.

The assessment of corrosion on the USS Arizona included the pioneering development of a minimum-impact cost-effective technique to determine the corrosion rate of steel-hulled shipwrecks in seawater. The technique, with potential application worldwide, is illustrated in this paper with the application to a World War II Japanese midget submarine submerged in deep waters off the Oahu, Hawaii, coast.

Current research on USS Arizona is focused on a minimum-impact technique for calculating corrosion rate of the battleship's steel hull by analysing physical and chemical properties of marine encrustation covering the exposed hull. An equation is derived that allows concretion thickness, density, and total iron content to be used to calculate corrosion rate of steel hull plate. © 2006 The Authors

Lincoln's municipal wellfield consists of 44 wells located adjacent to the Platte River near Ashland, Nebraska. The herbicide atrazine was monitored in the river and two transects of monitoring, wells. The amount of atrazine transported down the Platte River in 1989, 1990, and 1991 was shown to increase each year. Induced recharge from the Platte River results in movement of atrazine from the river into the aquifer. A 21-day lag time was determined for the movement of atrazine from the river to a transect of monitoring wells 10 feet West of the bank. The role that colloids play on the transport of atrazine was determined to be insignificant. A small percentage of atrazine found in the river was determined to come from rain water. The infiltration of agrichemical-contaminated river water was shown to significantly reduce the quality of raw water and finished water being produced by the adjacent aquifer.

Lincolns municipal wellfield consists of 44 wells developed in an alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Platte River near Ashland, Nebraska Induced recharge from the river is the primary source of water for the wellfield. Wafer samples were collected on a periodic basis from the Platte River arid two transects of monitoring wells. These samples were analyzed for the herbicide atrazine, which was used as a tracer of induced recharge in this stream-aquifer system. Atrazine concentrations in the river and aquifer were much less than 1.0 ppb during late fall and winter, but increased to as high as 18.9 ppb during spring and summer, associated with runoff from upgradient agricultural lands. There was approximately a 21-day lag time from the first detection of increasing atrazine concentration in the river to the first detection in monitoring wells immediately adjacent to the river. This lag time was relatively constant throughout the year and from one year to the next, even with major fluctuations of river stage and wellfield production. This consistency of lag time indicated that the travel times from the river to the first set of monitoring wells immediately adjacent to the river were fairly constant. Paths of preferential flow were identified in the aquifer at a depth of 25 to 35 feet below land surface. This aquifer zone appeared to play a significant role in movement of water from beneath the river into the wellfield. Aquifer dispersivity was calculated using a method described by Hoehn and Santschi (1987). Macrodispersivity (AL) was shown to increase linearly over the scale of the wellfield. Calculated values of AL were within limits of other reported values for this type of aquifer material and agreed well with values reported by Hoehn and Santschi (1987); These findings will be extremely beneficial for planning and management of the municipal wellfield.

A method was developed to detect atrazine at a 0.05 ppb detection limit with a 10 ml_ sample volume. The herbicide Is extracted from 10 mL water with C18 solid-phase extraction and eluted into a reduction vessel with ethyl acetate. The sample is then evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen and redlssolved for Injection Into a gas chromatograph/ mass spectrometer. Terbuthylazlne is used as Internal standard to compensate for extraction process variables. Standard curves have consistently shown correlation coefficients of 0.99 or better. Duplicate samples show a variance of 5% or less. Twelve samples can be extracted In about 1.5 h with

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009

Cuttings of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch 'Dark Red Annette Hegg' were grown hydroponically in minus S Hoagland's solution modified to supply 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 mg S/liter for 8 weeks. Nutrient solution changes; visual observations, sampling of tissue, and measurement of electrical conductivity and pH were done every 2 weeks. Deficiency symptoms appeared after 4 weeks of growth in treatments supply- ing 0 or 1 mg S/liter and occasionally in treatments supplying 2 mg S/liter. Symptoms included reddening of the petiole and main vein of new leaves followed by yellowing of these leaves. Leaf tissue S levels ranged from 700 to 3600 mg S/kg of plant. Deficient levels were identified as

An economical ground-water sampling system was constructed using readily available parts. The design is durable and easy to use in the field. Problems with cross contamination between wells are minimized; however, this sampling system is limited to shallow depths and is not appropriate when change in sample pressure would significantly affect the water chemistry.

The nature, occurrence and analysis of water pollutants is interesting chemically and relates well to the interdisciplinary nature of the modern chemistry curriculum. The issue is of worldwide significance and affects both wealthy and poor nations. In the first part of this paper we present an overview of water pollution in the United States and Mexico, including sources, federal regulations and standards, and standard methods for the assessment of overall water quality. The second part of the paper focuses on three water pollutants, lead, atrazine, and nitrate. We chose these as important representative examples of heavy metals, organic herbicides and inorganic pollutants. In addition to a background discussion of each substance and analysis methods for it, we describe laboratory activities that are suitable for the high school audience.

The Orange Juice Clock, in which a galvanic cell is made from the combination of a magnesium strip, a copper strip, and juice in a beaker, has been a popular classroom, conference, and workshop demonstration for nearly 10 years. The discussion that follows considers the recent history, chemistry, and educational uses of the demonstration.

An explanation for the reason that several sets of coefficients will balance the reaction equation between copper and nitric acid.

Oxidation of simple alcohols by K2FeO4 is shown to follow a mixed order rate equation. The rate equation shows three terms, the first two terms being first order and second order in concentration of K2FeO4, respectively. The third term contains the conditional rate constant that depends on the concentration of the substrate (alcohol). This third term will also be shown to be first order dependent on K2FeO4 concentration.

Eight coal samples obtained from the Honey Creek, Lorton, Wamego, Elmo, and Nodaway coals of the Wabaunsee Group (Upper Pennsylvanian) were analyzed for their concentration of certain trace elements. Analysis of the data suggests (a) a general decrease of trace element concentrations away from the Precambrian Nemaha Arch in a basinward direction, and (b) the post-diagenetic emplacement of lead, zinc and cadmium typical of mid-continent coals.

Oxidation of simple aldehydes is shown to follow a mixed order rate equation(1), which contains three terms: the first, first order in the concentration of potassium ferrate (K2FeO4); the second, second order in K2FeO4; and the third contains the conditional rate constants which are substrate (aldehyde) concentration dependent. The third term is first order dependent on (K2FeO4). Aldehydes studied included chloral, acetaldehyde, and trimethylacetaldehyde.

The kinetics of dissociation of magnesium aminocarboxylate complexes of the EDTA type have been examined and the results used to determine the rate constants for formation of the complexes and to find the rate-determining steps in the mechanism. The results indicate that loss of the first water molecule from the hydration sheath of the magnesium ion and formation of the first metal-ligand bond is the rate-determining step.