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Datasets supporting the publication, "Learning orientation-invariant representations enables accurate and robust morphologic profiling of cells and organelles". Dataset 1,PCST: Profiling Cell Shape and Texture (PCST) benchmark Synthetic dataset created for this publication. See `README_PCST.md` for more details. File `PCST.tar.gz` is the full (very large) dataset. Each image is one file. File `PCST_subsets_processed.tar.gz` is a subset and processed. Each file here is the first 15,000 images in tensors: one tensor is the 3-channel image, and the second tensor is the segmentation mask. On a unix system, open data with `tar -xzvf PCST_subsets_processed.tar.gz` for subset data, or`tar -xzvfPCST.tar.gz` for the full dataset. Dataset 2, mefs: Fluorescence Image of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast seeded on Circle and Triangle micro-patterns. The original dataset is from the paper "A robust unsupervised machine-learning method to quantify the morphological heterogeneity of cells and nuclei". (See the paper's data availability statement for the original dataset). The dataset here is the segmentations and our CellProfiler segmentation pipeline. See README.md for more details. On a unix system, open data with `tar -xzvf PCST.tar.gz`'

Several tentative associations between high-energy neutrinos and astrophysical sources have been recently reported, but a conclusive identification of these potential neutrino emitters remains challenging. We explore the use of Monte Carlo simulations of source populations to gain deeper insight into the physical implications of proposed individual source--neutrino associations. In particular, we focus on the IC170922A--TXS~0506+056 observation. Assuming a null model, we find a 7.6\% chance of mistakenly identifying coincidences between $\gamma$-ray flares from blazars and neutrino alerts in 10-year surveys. We confirm that a blazar--neutrino connection based on the $\gamma$-ray flux is required to find a low chance coincidence probability and, therefore, a significant IC170922A--TXS~0506+056 association. We then assume this blazar--neutrino connection for the whole population and find that the ratio of neutrino to $\gamma$-ray fluxes must be $\lesssim 10^{-2}$ in order not to overproduce the total number of neutrino alerts seen by IceCube. For the IC170922A--TXS~0506+056 association to make sense, we must either accept this low flux ratio or suppose that only some rare sub-population of blazars is capable of high-energy neutrino production. For example, if we consider neutrino production only in blazar flares, we expect the flux ratio of between $10^{-3}$ and $10^{-1}$ to be consistent with a single coincident observation of a neutrino alert and flaring $\gamma$-ray blazar. These constraints should be interpreted in the context of the likelihood models used to find the IC170922A--TXS~0506+056 association, which assumes a fixed power-law neutrino spectrum of $E^{-2.13}$ for all blazars., Comment: Accepted version

The Association Research Circulation Osseous developed a novel classification for early-stage (precollapse) osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). We hypothesized that the novel classification is more reliable and valid when compared to previous 3 classifications: Steinberg, modified Kerboul, and Japanese Investigation Committee classifications.In the novel classification, necrotic lesions were classified into 3 types: type 1 is a small lesion, where the lateral necrotic margin is medial to the femoral head apex; type 2 is a medium-sized lesion, with the lateral necrotic margin being between the femoral head apex and the lateral acetabular edge; and type 3 is a large lesion, which extends outside the lateral acetabular edge. In a derivation cohort of 40 early-stage osteonecrotic hips based on computed tomography imaging, reliabilities were evaluated using kappa coefficients, and validities to predict future femoral head collapse by chi-squared tests and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. The predictability for future collapse was also evaluated in a validation cohort of 104 early-stage ONFH.In the derivation cohort, interobserver reliability (k = 0.545) and intraobserver agreement (63%-100%) of the novel method were higher than the other 3 classifications. The novel classification system was best able to predict future collapse (P.05) and had the best discrimination between non-progressors and progressors in both the derivation cohort (area under the curve = 0.692 [0.522-0.863], P.05) and the validation cohort (area under the curve = 0.742 [0.644-0.841], P = 2.46 × 10This novel classification is a highly reliable and valid method of those examined. Association Research Circulation Osseous recommends using this method as a unified classification for early-stage ONFH.Level III, diagnostic study.

We investigated the extent to which contact with mineral surfaces affected the molecular integrity of a model protein, with an emphasis on identifying the mechanisms (hydrolysis, oxidation) and conditions leading to protein alteration. To this end, we studied the ability of four mineral surface archetypes (negatively charged, positively charged, neutral, redox-active) to abiotically fragment a well-characterized protein (GB1) as a function of pH and contact time. GB1 was exposed to the soil minerals montmorillonite, goethite, kaolinite, and birnessite at pH 5 and pH 7 for 1, 8, 24, and 168 h and the supernatant was screened for peptide fragments using Tandem Mass Spectrometry. To distinguish between products of oxidative and hydrolytic cleavage, we combined results from the SEQUEST algorithm, which identifies protein fragments that were cleaved hydrolytically, with the output of a deconvolution algorithm (DECON-Routine) designed to identify oxidation fragments. All four minerals were able to induce protein cleavage. Manganese oxide was effective at both hydrolytic and oxidative cleavage. The fact that phyllosilicates-which are not redox active-induced oxidative cleavage indicates that surfaces acted as catalysts and not as reactants. Our results extend previous observations of proteolytic capabilities in soil minerals to the groups of phyllosilicates and Fe-oxides. We identified structural regions of the protein with particularly high susceptibility to cleavage (loops and β strands) as well as regions that were entirely unaffected (α helix).

BACKGROUND Emerging research suggests that mobile apps can be used to effectively treat common mental illnesses like depression and anxiety. Despite promising efficacy results and ease of access to these interventions, adoption of mobile health (mHealth; mobile device–delivered) interventions for mental illness has been limited. More insight into patients’ perspectives on mHealth interventions is required to create effective implementation strategies and to adapt existing interventions to facilitate higher rates of adoption. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine, from the patient perspective, current use and factors that may impact the use of mHealth interventions for mental illness. METHODS This was a cross-sectional survey study of veterans who had attended an appointment at a single Veterans Health Administration facility in early 2016 that was associated with one of the following mental health concerns: unipolar depression, any anxiety disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder. We used the Veteran Affairs Corporate Data Warehouse to create subsets of eligible participants demographically stratified by gender (male or female) and minority status (white or nonwhite). From each subset, 100 participants were selected at random and mailed a paper survey with items addressing the demographics, overall health, mental health, technology ownership or use, interest in mobile app interventions for mental illness, reasons for use or nonuse, and interest in specific features of mobile apps for mental illness. RESULTS Of the 400 potential participants, 149 (37.3%, 149/400) completed and returned a survey. Most participants (79.9%, 119/149) reported that they owned a smart device and that they use apps in general (71.1%, 106/149). Most participants (73.1%, 87/149) reported interest in using an app for mental illness, but only 10.7% (16/149) had done so. Paired samples t tests indicated that ratings of interest in using an app recommended by a clinician were significantly greater than general interest ratings and even greater when the recommending clinician was a specialty mental health provider. The most frequent concerns related to using an app for mental illness were lacking proof of efficacy (71.8%, 107/149), concerns about data privacy (59.1%, 88/149), and not knowing where to find such an app (51.0%, 76/149). Participants expressed interest in a number of app features with particularly high-interest ratings for context-sensitive apps (85.2%, 127/149), and apps focused on the following areas: increasing exercise (75.8%, 113/149), improving sleep (73.2%, 109/149), changing negative thinking (70.5%, 105/149), and increasing involvement in activities (67.1%, 100/149). CONCLUSIONS Most respondents had access to devices to use mobile apps for mental illness, already used apps for other purposes, and were interested in mobile apps for mental illness. Key factors that may improve adoption include provider endorsement, greater publicity of efficacious apps, and clear messaging about efficacy and privacy of information. Finally, multifaceted apps that address a range of concerns, from sleep to negative thought patterns, may be best received.

Hemorrhage control during surgery remains a major clinical challenge for surgeons. Bleeding can affect the safety and efficacy of any surgical procedure. There are well-established methods to address this side-effect of surgery, but all current technologies require the surgeon to direct attention to hemostasis rather than the continuance of the procedure. We have developed a novel surgical method, titled aqueous immersion surgery (AIS), that is able to sustain a bloodless surgical field by providing a controlled hydraulic pressure (immersion pressure) on the bleeding site. Together with the replenishment of an immersion fluid (immersion flow rate), AIS maintains optical clarity of the surgical field. This numerical study was undertaken to investigate the influence of the rate exchange of the immersion fluid on the concentration of blood, hence optical clarity therein. A 3-dimensional multicomponent simulation was performed to evaluate the mixing of blood from an idealized arterial bleeding vessel under pulsatile conditions. With an increase in immersion pressure, bleeding was reduced and increased perfusion was observed. Additionally, the magnitude and direction of the flow field affected the deflection of the bleeding trajectory and, in turn, affected the removal rate of blood from the surgical field. For an idealized case, an optimal immersion flow rate was found for immersion pressures of 100 and 110 mm Hg. From this study, fluid dynamic guidelines are postulated to support future development of AIS.

INTRODUCTION Expeditionary spaceflight is fraught with significant risks to human health, including trauma and other emergency medical events. To address several of the basic challenges of surgical care in reduced gravity, we are developing the Aqueous Immersion Surgical System (AISS), an optically clear enclosure pressurized by a fluid medium. The AISS is designed to prevent contamination of the spacecraft with blood and tissue debris, reduce intraoperative blood loss, and maintain visualization of the operative field. METHODS An early prototype of the AISS was tested in reduced gravity during parabolic flight. A clear, aqueous field was created in a watertight chamber containing a mock vascular network. Hemorrhage was simulated by severing several of the analogue vessels. Experiments were performed to evaluate the benefits of surrounding a surgical cavity with fluid medium, as compared to an air environment, with respect to maintaining a clear view and achieving hemostasis. RESULTS Qualitative evaluation of audio and video recorded during parabolic flight confirm AISS capacity to maintain visualization of the surgical field during a hemorrhage situation and staunch bleeding by raising interchamber pressure. DISCUSSION Evaluation of the AISS in reduced gravity corroborates observations in the literature regarding the difficulty in maintaining visualization of the surgical field when performing procedures in an air environment. By immersing the surgical field in fluid we were able to apply suction directly to the hemorrhage and also achieve hemostasis.

Platelets contain an array of growth factors, extracellular matrix molecules, and other signaling molecules that are released into the injury site upon platelet activation, thus providing the cues needed to help initiate and orchestrate tissue repair. In an effort to harness this activity for therapeutic use, autologous concentrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has become a popular therapy, particularly in sports medicine, where the desired outcome is to overcome the body's limitations to tissue repair and accelerate healing. However, the effectiveness of PRP therapies remains controversial due to variable clinical outcomes. Potential sources of variability include the different types of platelet concentrators as well as the inherent variation in patient-to-patient platelet and growth factor quality and quantity. Additionally, PRP, either activated pre- or postinjection, cannot be spatially contained in an injury site and is rapidly resorbed. A further limitation to PRP is that it is not a simple, ...

TeraDiode is manufacturing multi-kW-class ultra-high brightness fiber-coupled direct diode lasers for industrial applications. A fiber-coupled direct diode laser with a power level of 4,680 W from a 100 μm core diameter

Since its launch in 2008, the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) has triggered and located on average approximately two gamma-ray bursts (GRB) every three days. Here we present the third of a series of catalogs of GRBs detected by GBM, extending the second catalog by two more years, through the middle of July 2014. The resulting list includes 1405 triggers identified as GRBs. The intention of the GBM GRB catalog is to provide information to the community on the most important observables of the GBM detected GRBs. For each GRB the location and main characteristics of the prompt emission, the duration, peak flux and fluence are derived. The latter two quantities are calculated for the 50-300~keV energy band, where the maximum energy release of GRBs in the instrument reference system is observed, and also for a broader energy band from 10-1000 keV, exploiting the full energy range of GBM's low-energy NaI(Tl) detectors. Using statistical methods to assess clustering, we find that the hardness and duration of GRBs are better fitted by a two-component model with short-hard and long-soft bursts, than by a model with three components. Furthermore, information is provided on the settings and modifications of the triggering criteria and exceptional operational conditions during years five and six in the mission. This third catalog is an official product of the Fermi GBM science team, and the data files containing the complete results are available from the High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC)., Comment: 225 pages, 13 figures and 8 tables. Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Supplement 2016

Background Fecal microbiota transplantation is an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and is being investigated as a treatment for other microbiota-associated diseases. To facilitate these activities, an international public stool bank has been created, which screens donors and processes stools in a standardized manner. The goal of this research is to use mathematical modeling and analysis to optimize screening and donor management at the stool bank. Results Compared to the current policy of screening active donors every 60 days before releasing their quarantined stools for sale, costs can be reduced by 10.3 % by increasing the screening frequency to every 36 days. In addition, the stool production rate varies widely across donors, and using donor-specific screening, where higher producers are screened more frequently, also reduces costs, as does introducing an interim (i.e., between consecutive regular tests) stool test for just rotavirus and C. difficile. We also derive a donor release (i.e., into the system) policy that allows the supply to approximately match an exponentially increasing deterministic demand. Conclusions More frequent screening, interim screening for rotavirus and C. difficile, and donor-specific screening, where higher stool producers are screened more frequently, are all cost-reducing measures. If screening costs decrease in the future (e.g., as a result of bringing screening in house), a bottleneck for implementing some of these recommendations may be the reluctance of donors to undergo serum screening more frequently than monthly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40168-015-0140-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

We describe the case of a 79-year-old lady who developed pulmonary emboli on a background of active Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). The literature reports an increased association of venous thromboembolic disease and the small vessel vasculitides, including WG. This case report explores the issues surrounding systemic anticoagulation in the context of a systemic vasculitis that predisposes to severe bleeding, in particular from the respiratory tract.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the implementation of the Welsh Network of Healthy School Schemes (WNHSS) at national, local and school levels, using a systems approach drawing on the Ottawa Charter.Design/methodology/approachThe approach takes the form of a single‐case study using data from a documentary analysis, interviews with Healthy Schools Co‐ordinators (n=23) and stakeholder (n∼93) discussion of interim findings at three regional workshops.FindingsThere was almost universal adherence to a national framework based on Ottawa Charter principles. Substantial progress had been made with advocacy and mediation, although the framework provided less specific guidance regarding enablement. All‐Wales training for co‐ordinators, the commitment of co‐ordinators to working across administrative and professional boundaries, and support from local education and health partnerships, were important determinants of healthy school schemes' growth and efficiency. Primary schools were more successful than secondary schools in embedding health‐related changes.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough findings are largely based on indirect evidence, the use of a social‐ecological model of evaluation provided valuable insights into implementation processes at multiple levels. Findings suggest that strong national support benefits programme development and dissemination and should include effective monitoring of local performance. The national strategic environment was influential at all levels of programme implementation. Priorities for further research include application of the social‐ecological model and organisational theory to investigate indicators of sustainability and influences on inequalities in health in school health promotion programmes.Originality/valueThe review illustrates the importance of evaluating health promotion programmes at multiple levels using a systems approach.

It is appealing to develop and understand new approaches to generate anisotropic metal nanoparticles (NPs) owing to their application in optical-based sensing platforms. Empirically, the formation of anisotropic NPs is typically back-rationalized by speculating that shape-directing ions or molecules preferentially adsorb on different crystallographic facets of the growing particle. An alternative strategy is described herein whereby electrochemical measurements of pyridine-derivative adsorption on different low index single crystal surfaces conclusively demonstrate preferentially adsorption on Au(100} surfaces. This serves as a starting basis for developing rational approaches to generate homogeneous and heterogeneous anisotropic NPs through chemical and electrochemical reduction of AuIII precursors. The pyridine derivatives are shown to play a critical role in the formation of Au nanopods and nanodaggers. Electrochemical evidence is provided of a two-step reduction of tetrachloroaurate involving a pyridine-stabilized AuI species which plays a key role in producing anisotropic structures. Both electrodeposited and suspended NPs have surface plasmon resonances that extend well into the near IR (λmax ≈ 1000-1350 nm). Near-IR Raman sensing applications are demonstrated using FT-Raman with 1064 nm excitation. Electrodeposited nanodaggers provide SERS enhancement factors greater than 106 for monolayers of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP).

We developed and tested a small electromagnetically tracked 5DOF bone screw. We examined accuracy compared to conventional optical tracking systems and developed devices and techniques for implanting the sensor during an interventional percutaneous procedure. Finally we conducted “proof-of-concept” experiments for percutaneous spine procedures by implanting the tracking sensors in the vertebral body of an interventional phantom and cadaver. Experiments were done in an interventional fluoroscopy suite to evaluate the susceptibility of the magnetic tracking system to potential interference sources in a hospital setting. Despite the presence of environmental metal, we were able track it robustly throughout the volume of interest. By using two or more of these screws, a rigid body reference definition was created. In image space, fiducials embedded in the screws were easily visualized on fluoroscopic images. Orientation errors of the new screw compared to the RCM-PAKY robot averaged 0.8° compared to 0.2° for the bare coil. Positioning error compared to the robot averaged 1.7 mm for the screw and 1.9 mm for the bare coil. Largest discrepancies occurred at the extremes of the volume. When using six DOF targets (employing two coils), positioning error averaged 1.5 mm. The magnetically tracked bone screw has good potential for reducing the invasiveness of many procedures that currently require separate registration and tracking. Accuracy is acceptable in the operating room, and the technique is not a major departure from current clinical practice.

Recent advances in medical image segmentation, grid generation, flow solvers, realistic boundary conditions, fluid–structure interaction, data reduction and visualization arc reviewed with special emphasis on patient-specific flow prediction. At the same time, present shortcomings in each one of these areas are identified. Several examples are given that show that this methodology is maturing rapidly, and may soon find widespread use in medicine. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.