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Purpose: This study was conducted to establish occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from cow milk (Nono) sold within University of Abuja campuses. Methodology: Fifty (50) samples of “nono” milk were randomly collected from vendors in mini and main campus of University of Abuja from August to October 2021. All samples were analyzed using pour and surface plating methods. Presumptive E. coli isolates on Eosin methylene blue agar were characterized using preliminary and standard biochemical identification methods such as microbial plate count, Gram staining, oxidase, indole, methyl red, voges-proskauer, citrate and catalase tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on positive isolates using the disc diffusion method. Findings: Out of the 50 samples of nono milk cultured, thirty (30) yielded growth for Escherichia coli which appeared as greenish metallic sheen on EMB agar plate and Gram-negative short rods on microscopic examination, representing an overall prevalence of 60%. The overall viable count of all samples was extremely high, with 8.7x10^7cfu/ml recorded as the highest colony forming unit per milliliter (CFU/ml) and 1.5×10^7cfu/ml recorded the lowest colony forming unit per milliliter (CFU/ml). All isolates were indole positive, methyl red positive, oxidase negative, citrate negative, catalase positive and voges-proskauer negative. E. coli isolates in this study were susceptible to sparfloxacin (66.7%), gentamicin (66.7%), ciprofloxacin (60%), streptomycin (60%), and tarivid (53.3%) and resistant to Septrin (73.3%), Augumentin (60%), Pefloxacin (66.7%), chloramphenicol (60%) and amoxicillin (53.3%). In conclusion, this study showed that the degree of contamination of E. coli in vended milk in the study area is higher than the maximum permissible bacteria count recommended by Codex Alimentarius standard for fermented milk products which is indicative of potential hazard to consumers. Recommendation: Public enlightenment on hygienic handling of milk during milking and especially vending by milk vendors is hereby recommended. Use of cool thermos for milk hawking is also advocated.

IntroductionGlobally, the highest burden of bovine and human tuberculosis resides in Africa and Asia. Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading single infectious killer after severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARSCOV-2). Bovine TB remains a treat to wild and domesticated animals, humans and hinders international trade in endemic countries like Nigeria. We aimed at determining the prevalence of bovine and human tuberculosis, and the spoligotypes ofMycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex in cattle and humans in Maiduguri.MethodsWe conducted a cross sectional study on bovine and human tuberculosis in Maiduguri, Borno state. We calculated sample size using the method of Thrusfield. Lesions suggestive of TB from 160 slaughtered cattle were obtained from Maiduguri Central Abattoir. Sputum samples from humans; 82 abattoir workers and 147 suspected TB patients from hospitals/clinics were obtained. Lesions and sputum samples were cultured for the isolation ofMycobacteriumspp. Positive cultures were subjected genus typing, deletion analysis and selected isolates were spoligotyped. Data was analysed using SPSS VERSION 16.0.ResultsPrevalence of 32.5% (52/160) was obtained in cattle. Damboa local government area (LGA), where majority of the infected animals were obtained from had 35.5% bTB prevalence. All categories analysed (breed, age, sex, body conformation and score) hadP-values that were not significant (P > 0.05). Sputum culture revealed a prevalence of 3.7% (3/82) from abattoir workers and 12.2% from hospitals/clinics. A significantP-value (0.03) was obtained when positive culture from abattoir and that of hospitals/clinics were compared. Out of the 52 culture positive isolates obtained from cattle, 26 (50%) belonged toM. tuberculosiscomplex (MTC) and 17/26 (65.4%) were characterized asM. bovis. In humans, 7/12 (58.3%) MTC obtained were characterized asM. tuberculosis. Spoligotyping revealed SB0944 and SB1025 in cattle, while SIT838, SIT61 of LAM10_CAM and SIT1054, SIT46 of Haarlem (H) families were obtained from humans.ConclusionsCattle in Damboa LGA need to be screened for bTB as majority of the infected animals were brought from there. Our findings revealed the presence of SB0944 and SB1025 spoligotypes from cattle in Borno state. We isolatedM. tuberculosisstrain of the H family mainly domiciled in Europe from humans.

Most Escherichia coli strains are harmless intestinal bacteria of animals, but some are implicated in food infection/poisoning especially Shiga toxin (or Vero toxin) producing E. coli (STEC) due to consumption of meat. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 (STEC) from retailed miscellaneous fish and meat types in Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. A total of 256 meat and fish consisting of cow muscles, intestines, rumen-sacs, livers and tails, cat-fish, frozen fish (mackerel and herrings) were examined. Escherichia coli were isolated by enrichment culture cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar (CT-SMAC), morphological, biochemical, serotype latex agglutination and disk diffusion methods. Of the 256 samples, 138 (53.9%) were contaminated with E. coli and 28 (21.7%) E. coli strains were positive for Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 (STEC). Meat muscles had the highest prevalence of STEC (7.41%) among meat samples, followed by rumen-sacs (6.0%), intestines (5.77%), tails (4.0%), and the prevalence of STEC in Fish includes Cat-fish intestine (26.7%), skin (21.4%), Mackerel intestine (26.7%), skin (14.3%), and Herrings skin (15.4%), gill (7.1%). All the STEC assessed indicated multi-drug resistance, with the isolates showing 100% resistant to ampicilin, and erythromycin, nitrofurantoin (95.7%), amoxicilin clavulanic acid (84.3%), sulphamethaxazole/trimethoprim (75%), streptomycin (75%), tetracycline (66.17%), and gentamycin (53.6%). The isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (66.7%), Cefoxitin (66.7%), amikacin (39.3%), and chloramphenicol (35.7%). The implication of STEC in this study suggests that contaminated meat types are sold to consumers and can result to serious foodborne hazards. Prescription of ciprofloxacin and cefoxicilin are recommended against this organism. Application of good hygienic procedures in meat and fish handling processes and proper boiling before consumption can mitigate the risk of infection due to resistance STEC strains.

Introduction: In Nigeria, limited data exist to elucidate the inter-transmission of tuberculosis (TB) between humans and cattle. The study aimed at determining the circulating spoligotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in cattle and humans, in Maiduguri.Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study on bovine and human tuberculosis in Maiduguri, Borno state. We calculated sample size using the method Thrusfield and Lesions suggestive of TB from 160 slaughtered cattle was obtained from Maiduguri Central Abattoir. Sputum samples from humans; 82 abattoir workers and 147 suspected TB patients from Hospitals/clinics were obtained. Lesions and sputum samples were cultured for the isolation of Mycobacterium spp. Positive cultures were subjected to deletion analysis and selected isolates were spoligotyped. Results: Fifty-two isolates were obtained from cattle. Of these, 26 (50%) belonged to M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) of which 17/26 (65.4 %) were characterized as M. bovis. In humans, seven of 12 (58.3%) MTC obtained were characterized as M. tuberculosis. Spoligotyping revealed SB0944 and SB1025 in cattle, while SIT838, SIT61 of LAM10_CAM and SIT1054, SIT46 of Haarlem (H) families were obtained from humans. Conclusions: Our findings reiterate the dominance of SB0944 and SB1025 in cattle in Nigeria. We isolated M. tuberculosis strain of the H family mainly domiciled in Europe from humans.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS) are of increasing importance to animal and public health where it has been isolated in food production line. The presence of Staphylococci on fish is an indication of contamination or disease in fish. This study was conducted to isolate and phenotypically characterize MRSA and MRCoNS from fresh fish, fish handlers, utensils used for fish processing and the scavenging animals within two major markets supplying fresh fish in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A total isolation rate of 121 (21.1%), 38 (6.6%) and 39 (6.8%) were detected as S. aureus, MRSA and MRCoNS, respectively. MRSA was isolated from fresh fish (2.6%), fish handlers (15%), utensils (4.5%) and scavenging animals (15.9%). MRCoNS was isolated from fresh fish 9 (3.4%), fish handlers 8 (13.3%), utensils 9 (5.8%) and scavenging animals 13 (13.8%). MRSA isolates showed resistance to cefoxitin (100%), gentamicin (89.5%), ciprofloxacin (94.7%), oxacillin (76.3%) and tetracycline (68.4%). Similarly, MRCoNS isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (100%), oxacillin (79.4%), cephazolin (66.6%) and tetracycline (64.1%). MRSA and MRCoNS were detected in most parts of fresh fish and the marketing environments supplying fish to consumers in Maiduguri. Further studies are needed to elucidate transmission routes of MRSA in relation to fresh fish and to provide tools for preventing the spread of MRSA.

Lentinus squarrosulus , an indigenous Nigerian mushroom species, was cultured on six different media that were inoculated separately with three different spawn grains and amended with six different oils at five different rates. The results revealed that the interaction of the different spawn grains with the various oil types produced a highly significant effect (p Keywords : Lentinus squarrosulus , spawn grain, carpophore production. AJFAND Vol. 8 (4) 2008: pp. 481-491

Mastitis in cows was investigated by surveying a number of herds located within and around Maiduguri, Nigeria. Five thousand cows (in lactation and dry) were examined. The prevalence of mastitis was assessed by the results of physical examinations of the mammary gland by palpation, and by evaluation of milk secretion. Bacteriological examination also was carried out on all milk samples collected from affected cows, as well as some selected control cows. One hundred and four (2.1%) of the 5,000 cows examined showed evidence of clinical mastitis. There was no significant difference in the number of quarters affected in relation to their anatomical positions (fore- and hindquarters). The survey revealed that the majority of cases occurred in cows between 4 and 7 years of age and that the incidence declined as the animals became older. One hundred and fifty-four apparently normal cow udders (53%) contained bacterial pathogens. On a cultural examination of 104 milk samples from affected cows, the recovery rate was 77%. Staphylococcus aureus (34.6%) occurred most frequently in the mastitic milk, followed by coagulase negative staphylococci (15.4%). Other bacteria isolated from mastitic cows milk were Streptococcus sp. (9.6%); Escherichia coli (6.7%); Actinomyces pyogenes (5.8%); Bacillus spp. (2.9%) and Salmonella sp. (1.9%). The prevalence of bovine mastitis in this area was sufficiently high as to cause substantial economic loss to farmers. It is therefore imperative that measures aimed at prevention and control of the disease (mastitis) be instituted in all the herds., Istraživan je mastitis u krava u nizu stada u i oko pokrajine Maiduguri u Nigeriji. Pregledano je 5.000 krava u laktaciji ili suhostaju. Učestalost mastitisa je ocjenjivana prema rezultatima pregleda vimena palpacijom i pregledom mliječnog sekreta. Uzorci mlijeka prikupljeni od krava bolesnih vimena kao i od nekih odabranih kontrolnih krava pregledani su bakteriološki. Stotinu i četiri (2,1%) od 5.000 pregledanih krava je pokazivalo kliničke znakove mastitisa. Nije bilo značajne razlike u broju zahvaćenih četvrti vimena s obzirom na njihov anatomski položaj (prednje i stražnje četvrti). Pregled je pokazao da se većina slučajeva pojavljivala u krava u dobi od 4 do 7 godina, te da se učestalost smanjivala s dobi životinja. Bakterijski uzročnici pronađeni su u 154 (53%) klinički zdravih kravljih vimena. Bakterije su ustanovljene u 77% od 104 pretražena uzorka mlijeka od zahvaćenih krava. U mlijeku iz vimena s mastitisom najčešće je utvrđen Staphylococcus aureus (34,6%), a slijedili su ga stafilokoki negativni na koagulazu (15,4%). Ostale bakterije utvrđene u mlijeku krava s mastitisom su bile: Streptococcus sp. (9,6%), Esherichia coli (6,7%), Actinomyces pyogenes (5,8%), Bacillus spp. (2,9%) i Salmonella sp. (1,9%). Učestalost mastitisa u ovom području bila je dovoljno visoka da izazove osjetne gospodarske gubitke stočarima. Stoga je neophodno da se uvedu mjere prevencije i kontrole mastitisa u svim stadima.

In a study to investigate the current status of inflammatory mycoplasmosis in caprine udders in Nigeria, a total of 57 and 24 milk samples were collected from udders of goats affected by mastitis and apparently normal healthy goats udders, respectively. Mycoplasma agalactiae and M. capriolum occurred significantly higher (P, U istraživanju stanja upalnih mikolplazmoza kozjih vimena u Nigeriji pregledani su uzorci mlijeka iz ukupno 57 oboljelih od upale vimena i iz 24 zdravih kozjih vimena. U vimenima s upalom vimena pronađeno je značajno više (P