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1. Neutralizing antibodies after the third COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers with or without breakthrough infection

Author

Reinholm, Arttu, Maljanen, Sari, Jalkanen, Pinja, Altan, Eda, Tauriainen, Sisko, Belik, Milja, Skön, Marika, Haveri, Anu, Österlund, Pamela, Iakubovskaia, Alina, Pasternack, Arja, Naves, Rauno A., Ritvos, Olli, Miettinen, Simo, K. Häkkinen, Hanni, Ivaska, Lauri, Tähtinen, Paula A., Lempainen, Johanna, Kantele, Anu, Kakkola, Laura, Julkunen, Ilkka, and Kolehmainen, Pekka

Published
2024
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3. Comparative analysis of COVID-19 vaccine responses and third booster dose-induced neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants

Author

Belik, Milja, Jalkanen, Pinja, Lundberg, Rickard, Reinholm, Arttu, Laine, Larissa, Väisänen, Elina, Skön, Marika, Tähtinen, Paula A., Ivaska, Lauri, Pakkanen, Sari H., Häkkinen, Hanni K., Ortamo, Eeva, Pasternack, Arja, Ritvos, Mikael A., Naves, Rauno A., Miettinen, Simo, Sironen, Tarja, Vapalahti, Olli, Ritvos, Olli, Österlund, Pamela, Kantele, Anu, Lempainen, Johanna, Kakkola, Laura, Kolehmainen, Pekka, and Julkunen, Ilkka

Published
2022
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4. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induced antibody responses against three SARS-CoV-2 variants

Author

Jalkanen, Pinja, Kolehmainen, Pekka, Häkkinen, Hanni K., Huttunen, Moona, Tähtinen, Paula A., Lundberg, Rickard, Maljanen, Sari, Reinholm, Arttu, Tauriainen, Sisko, Pakkanen, Sari H., Levonen, Iris, Nousiainen, Arttu, Miller, Taru, Välimaa, Hanna, Ivaska, Lauri, Pasternack, Arja, Naves, Rauno, Ritvos, Olli, Österlund, Pamela, Kuivanen, Suvi, Smura, Teemu, Hepojoki, Jussi, Vapalahti, Olli, Lempainen, Johanna, Kakkola, Laura, Kantele, Anu, and Julkunen, Ilkka

Published
2021
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6. Persistent T cell-mediated immune responses against Omicron variants after the third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose

Author

Belik, Milja, primary, Liedes, Oona, additional, Vara, Saimi, additional, Haveri, Anu, additional, Pöysti, Sakari, additional, Kolehmainen, Pekka, additional, Maljanen, Sari, additional, Huttunen, Moona, additional, Reinholm, Arttu, additional, Lundberg, Rickard, additional, Skön, Marika, additional, Österlund, Pamela, additional, Melin, Merit, additional, Hänninen, Arno, additional, Hurme, Antti, additional, Ivaska, Lauri, additional, Tähtinen, Paula A., additional, Lempainen, Johanna, additional, Kakkola, Laura, additional, Jalkanen, Pinja, additional, and Julkunen, Ilkka, additional

Published
2023
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7. Strong Neutralizing Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Variants Following a Single Vaccine Dose in Subjects With Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Author

Ekström, Nina, primary, Haveri, Anu, additional, Solastie, Anna, additional, Virta, Camilla, additional, Österlund, Pamela, additional, Nohynek, Hanna, additional, Nieminen, Tuomo, additional, Ivaska, Lauri, additional, Tähtinen, Paula A, additional, Lempainen, Johanna, additional, Jalkanen, Pinja, additional, Julkunen, Ilkka, additional, Palmu, Arto A, additional, and Melin, Merit, additional

Published
2022
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8. Persistent T cell-mediated immune responses against Omicron variants after the third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose

Author

Belik, Milja, primary, Liedes, Oona, additional, Vara, Saimi, additional, Haveri, Anu, additional, Pöysti, Sakari, additional, Kolehmainen, Pekka, additional, Maljanen, Sari, additional, Huttunen, Moona, additional, Reinholm, Arttu, additional, Lundberg, Rickard, additional, Skön, Marika, additional, Osterlund, Pamela, additional, Melin, Merit, additional, Hänninen, Arno, additional, Hurme, Antti, additional, Ivaska, Lauri, additional, Tähtinen, Paula, additional, Lempainen, Johanna, additional, Kakkola, Laura, additional, Jalkanen, Pinja, additional, and Julkunen, Ilkka, additional

Published
2022
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9. Serological Follow-Up Study Indicates High Seasonal Coronavirus Infection and Reinfection Rates in Early Childhood

Author

Kolehmainen, Pekka, primary, Heroum, Jemna, additional, Jalkanen, Pinja, additional, Huttunen, Moona, additional, Toivonen, Laura, additional, Marjomäki, Varpu, additional, Waris, Matti, additional, Smura, Teemu, additional, Kakkola, Laura, additional, Tauriainen, Sisko, additional, Peltola, Ville, additional, and Julkunen, Ilkka, additional

Published
2022
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10. Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Variants-Of-Concern Six Months after the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination

Author

Jalkanen, Pinja, Kolehmainen, Pekka, Haveri, Anu, Huttunen, Moona, Laine, Larissa, Österlund, Pamela, Tähtinen, Paula A., Ivaska, Lauri, Maljanen, Sari, Reinholm, Arttu, Belik, Milja, Smura, Teemu, Häkkinen, Hanni K., Ortamo, Eeva, Kantele, Anu, Julkunen, Ilkka, Lempainen, Johanna, Kakkola, Laura, Department of Virology, HUSLAB, University of Helsinki, Infektiosairauksien yksikkö, Department of Medicine, HUS Inflammation Center, Clinicum, and Helsinki University Hospital Area

Subjects
3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, coronavirus, COVID-19, vaccines
Abstract

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has raised concern about increased transmissibility, infectivity, and immune evasion from a vaccine and infection-induced immune responses. Although COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have proven to be highly effective against severe COVID-19 disease, the decrease in vaccine efficacy against emerged Beta and Delta variants emphasizes the need for constant monitoring of new virus lineages and studies on the persistence of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies. To analyze the dynamics of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-induced antibody responses, we followed 52 health care workers in Finland for 6 months after receiving two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine with a 3-week interval. We demonstrate that, although anti-S1 antibody levels decrease 2.3-fold compared to peak antibody levels, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persist for months after BNT162b2 vaccination. Variants D614G, Alpha, and Eta are neutralized by sera of 100% of vaccinees, whereas neutralization of Delta is 3.8-fold reduced and neutralization of Beta is 5.8-fold reduced compared to D614G. Despite this reduction, 85% of sera collected 6 months postvaccination neutralizes Delta variant. IMPORTANCE A decrease in vaccine efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants has increased the importance of assessing the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteinspecific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies. Our data show that after 6 months post two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, antibody levels decrease yet remain detectable and capable of neutralizing emerging variants. By monitoring the vaccine-induced antibody responses, vaccination strategies and administration of booster doses can be optimized.

Published
2022

11. Long-Lasting T Cell Responses in BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccinees and COVID-19 Convalescent Patients

Author

Hurme, Antti, Jalkanen, Pinja, Heroum, Jemna, Liedes, Oona, Vara, Saimi, Melin, Merit, Teräsjärvi, Johanna, He, Quishui, Pöysti, Sakari, Hänninen, Arno, Jarmo, Oksi, Vuorinen, Tytti, Kantele, Anu, Tähtinen, Paula, Ivaska, Laura, Kakkola, Laura, Lempainen, Johanna, Julkunen, Ilkka, Department of Medicine, HUS Inflammation Center, Clinicum, and Infektiosairauksien yksikkö

Subjects
3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine
Published
2022

12. Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Variants-Of-Concern Six Months after the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination

Author

Jalkanen, Pinja, primary, Kolehmainen, Pekka, additional, Haveri, Anu, additional, Huttunen, Moona, additional, Laine, Larissa, additional, Österlund, Pamela, additional, Tähtinen, Paula A., additional, Ivaska, Lauri, additional, Maljanen, Sari, additional, Reinholm, Arttu, additional, Belik, Milja, additional, Smura, Teemu, additional, Häkkinen, Hanni K., additional, Ortamo, Eeva, additional, Kantele, Anu, additional, Julkunen, Ilkka, additional, Lempainen, Johanna, additional, and Kakkola, Laura, additional

Published
2022
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13. Long-Lasting T Cell Responses in BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccinees and COVID-19 Convalescent Patients

Author

Hurme, Antti, primary, Jalkanen, Pinja, additional, Heroum, Jemna, additional, Liedes, Oona, additional, Vara, Saimi, additional, Melin, Merit, additional, Teräsjärvi, Johanna, additional, He, Qiushui, additional, Pöysti, Sakari, additional, Hänninen, Arno, additional, Oksi, Jarmo, additional, Vuorinen, Tytti, additional, Kantele, Anu, additional, Tähtinen, Paula A., additional, Ivaska, Lauri, additional, Kakkola, Laura, additional, Lempainen, Johanna, additional, and Julkunen, Ilkka, additional

Published
2022
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14. Serological Follow-Up Study Indicates High Seasonal Coronavirus Infection and Reinfection Rates in Early Childhood

Author

Kolehmainen, Pekka, Heroum, Jemna, Jalkanen, Pinja, Huttunen, Moona, Toivonen, Laura, Marjomäki, Varpu, Waris, Matti, Smura, Teemu, Kakkola, Laura, Tauriainen, Sisko, Peltola, Ville, Julkunen, Ilkka, Department of Virology, HUSLAB, and University of Helsinki

Subjects
11832 Microbiology and virology, viruses, vasta-aineet, virus diseases, serology, seasonal coronavirus, lapset (ikäryhmät), epidemiat, SARS-COV-2, OC43, enzyme immunoassay, koronavirukset, NL63, stomatognathic system, children, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, respiratory infection, tartuntataudit, antibodies, hengityselinten taudit, serologia, HKU1, 229E, NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN
Abstract

Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause respiratory infections, especially in children. Currently, the knowledge on early childhood seasonal coronavirus infections and the duration of antibody levels following the first infections is limited. Here we analyzed serological follow-up samples to estimate the rate of primary infection and reinfection(s) caused by seasonal coronaviruses in early childhood. Serum specimens were collected from 140 children at ages of 13, 24, and 36 months (1, 2, and 3 years), and IgG antibody levels against recombinant HCoV nucleoproteins (N) were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Altogether, 84% (118/140) of the children were seropositive for at least one seasonal coronavirus N by the age of 3 years. Cumulative seroprevalences for HCoVs 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 increased by age, and they were 45%, 27%, 70%, and 44%, respectively, at the age of 3 years. Increased antibody levels between yearly samples indicated reinfections by 229E, NL63, and OC43 viruses in 20-48% of previously seropositive children by the age of 3 years. Antibody levels declined 54-73% or 31-77% during the year after seropositivity in children initially seropositive at 1 or 2 years of age, respectively, in case there was no reinfection. The correlation of 229E and NL63, and OC43 and HKU1 EIA results, suggested potential cross-reactivity between the N specific antibodies inside the coronavirus genera. The data shows that seasonal coronavirus infections and reinfections are common in early childhood and the antibody levels decline relatively rapidly. IMPORTANCE The rapid spread of COVID-19 requires better knowledge on the rate of coronavirus infections and coronavirus specific antibody responses in different population groups. In this work we analyzed changes in seasonal human coronavirus specific antibodies in young children participating in a prospective 3-year serological follow-up study. We show that based on seropositivity and changes in serum coronavirus antibody levels, coronavirus infections and reinfections are common in early childhood and the antibodies elicited by the infection decline relatively rapidly. These observations provide further information on the characteristics of humoral immune responses of coronavirus infections in children. The rapid spread of COVID-19 requires better knowledge on the rate of coronavirus infections and coronavirus specific antibody responses in different population groups. In this work we analyzed changes in seasonal human coronavirus specific antibodies in young children participating in a prospective 3-year serological follow-up study.

Published
2022

15. Low pre-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Finnish health care workers: a prospective cohort study

Author

Tähtinen, Paula A., primary, Ivaska, Lauri, additional, Jalkanen, Pinja, additional, Kakkola, Laura, additional, Kainulainen, Leena, additional, Hytönen, Jukka, additional, Vuorinen, Tytti, additional, Waris, Matti, additional, Peltola, Ville, additional, Oksi, Jarmo, additional, Julkunen, Ilkka, additional, and Lempainen, Johanna, additional

Published
2022
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16. Comparative analysis of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273 and ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine induced antibody responses and the 3rd BNT162b2 vaccine induced neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants

Author

Belik, Milja, primary, Jalkanen, Pinja, additional, Lundberg, Rickard, additional, Reinholm, Arttu, additional, Laine, Larissa, additional, Väisänen, Elina, additional, Skön, Marika, additional, Tähtinen, Paula, additional, Ivaska, Lauri, additional, Pakkanen, Sari, additional, Häkkinen, Hanni, additional, Ortamo, Eeva, additional, Pasternack, Arja, additional, Ritvos, Mikael, additional, Naves, Rauno, additional, Miettinen, Simo, additional, Sironen, Tarja, additional, Vapalathti, Olli, additional, Ritvos, Olli, additional, Osterlund, Pamela, additional, Kantele, Anu, additional, Lempainen, Johanna, additional, Kakkola, Laura, additional, Kolehmainen, Pekka, additional, and Julkunen, Ilkka, additional

Published
2022
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17. A Highly Sensitive and Specific SARS-CoV-2 Spike- and Nucleoprotein-Based Fluorescent Multiplex Immunoassay (FMIA) to Measure IgG, IgA, and IgM Class Antibodies

Author

Solastie, Anna, primary, Virta, Camilla, additional, Haveri, Anu, additional, Ekström, Nina, additional, Kantele, Anu, additional, Miettinen, Simo, additional, Lempainen, Johanna, additional, Jalkanen, Pinja, additional, Kakkola, Laura, additional, Dub, Timothée, additional, Julkunen, Ilkka, additional, and Melin, Merit, additional

Published
2021
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19. A Combination of N and S Antigens With IgA and IgG Measurement Strengthens the Accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 Serodiagnostics

Author

Jalkanen, Pinja, Pasternack, Arja, Maljanen, Sari, Melen, Krister, Kolehmainen, Pekka, Huttunen, Moona, Lundberg, Rickard, Tripathi, Lav, Khan, Hira, Ritvos, Mikael A., Naves, Rauno, Haveri, Anu, Osterlund, Pamela, Kuivanen, Suvi, Jaaskelainen, Anne J., Kurkela, Satu, Lappalainen, Maija, Rantasarkka, Kaisa, Vuorinen, Tytti, Hytonen, Jukka, Waris, Matti, Tauriainen, Sisko, Ritvos, Olli, Kakkola, Laura, Julkunen, Ilkka, Jalkanen, Pinja, Pasternack, Arja, Maljanen, Sari, Melen, Krister, Kolehmainen, Pekka, Huttunen, Moona, Lundberg, Rickard, Tripathi, Lav, Khan, Hira, Ritvos, Mikael A., Naves, Rauno, Haveri, Anu, Osterlund, Pamela, Kuivanen, Suvi, Jaaskelainen, Anne J., Kurkela, Satu, Lappalainen, Maija, Rantasarkka, Kaisa, Vuorinen, Tytti, Hytonen, Jukka, Waris, Matti, Tauriainen, Sisko, Ritvos, Olli, Kakkola, Laura, and Julkunen, Ilkka

Abstract

Background. Primary diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is based on detection of virus RNA in nasopharyngeal swab samples. In addition, analysis of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 has an important role in viral diagnostics and seroprevalence estimates. Methods. We developed and optimized an enzyme immunoassays (EIA) using SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (N), Si and receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein, and N proteins from SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and 4 low-pathogenic human CoVs. Neutralizing antibody activity was compared with SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA, and IgM EIA results. Results. The sensitivity of EIA for detecting immune response in COVID-19 patients (n = 101) was 77% in the acute phase and 100% in the convalescent phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection when N and RBD were used as antigens in IgG and IgA specific EIAs. SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly increased humoral immune responses against the 229E and NL63 N proteins. Si and RBD-based EIA results had a strong correlation with microneutralization test results. Conclusions. The data indicate a combination of SARS-CoV-2 Si or RBD and N proteins and analysis of IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes in sera provide an excellent basis for specific and sensitive serological diagnostics of COVID-19., QC 20210930

Published
2021
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20. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induced antibody responses against three SARS-CoV-2 variants

Author

Jalkanen, Pinja; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-4732, Kolehmainen, Pekka; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5997-8167, Häkkinen, Hanni K, Huttunen, Moona; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4745-0477, Tähtinen, Paula A, Lundberg, Rickard, Maljanen, Sari, Reinholm, Arttu, Tauriainen, Sisko; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3423-5409, Pakkanen, Sari H, Levonen, Iris, Nousiainen, Arttu, Miller, Taru, Välimaa, Hanna, Ivaska, Lauri; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8935-5032, Pasternack, Arja, Naves, Rauno, Ritvos, Olli, Österlund, Pamela; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2229-6661, Kuivanen, Suvi, Smura, Teemu, Hepojoki, Jussi; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5699-214X, Vapalahti, Olli; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-6824, Lempainen, Johanna, Kakkola, Laura, Kantele, Anu, Julkunen, Ilkka; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0165-2564, Jalkanen, Pinja; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-4732, Kolehmainen, Pekka; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5997-8167, Häkkinen, Hanni K, Huttunen, Moona; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4745-0477, Tähtinen, Paula A, Lundberg, Rickard, Maljanen, Sari, Reinholm, Arttu, Tauriainen, Sisko; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3423-5409, Pakkanen, Sari H, Levonen, Iris, Nousiainen, Arttu, Miller, Taru, Välimaa, Hanna, Ivaska, Lauri; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8935-5032, Pasternack, Arja, Naves, Rauno, Ritvos, Olli, Österlund, Pamela; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2229-6661, Kuivanen, Suvi, Smura, Teemu, Hepojoki, Jussi; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5699-214X, Vapalahti, Olli; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-6824, Lempainen, Johanna, Kakkola, Laura, Kantele, Anu, and Julkunen, Ilkka; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0165-2564

Abstract

As SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating for over a year, dozens of vaccine candidates are under development or in clinical use. The BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine induces spike protein-specific neutralizing antibodies associated with protective immunity. The emergence of the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants has raised concerns of reduced vaccine efficacy and increased re-infection rates. Here we show, that after the second dose, the sera of BNT162b2-vaccinated health care workers (n = 180) effectively neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 variant with the D614G substitution and the B.1.1.7 variant, whereas the neutralization of the B.1.351 variant is five-fold reduced. Despite the reduction, 92% of the seronegative vaccinees have a neutralization titre of >20 for the B.1.351 variant indicating some protection. The vaccinees’ neutralization titres exceeded those of recovered non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Our work provides evidence that the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine induces cross-neutralization of at least some of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Published
2021

21. A Combination of N and S Antigens With IgA and IgG Measurement Strengthens the Accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 Serodiagnostics

Author

Jalkanen, Pinja, primary, Pasternack, Arja, additional, Maljanen, Sari, additional, Melén, Krister, additional, Kolehmainen, Pekka, additional, Huttunen, Moona, additional, Lundberg, Rickard, additional, Tripathi, Lav, additional, Khan, Hira, additional, Ritvos, Mikael A, additional, Naves, Rauno, additional, Haveri, Anu, additional, Österlund, Pamela, additional, Kuivanen, Suvi, additional, Jääskeläinen, Anne J, additional, Kurkela, Satu, additional, Lappalainen, Maija, additional, Rantasärkkä, Kaisa, additional, Vuorinen, Tytti, additional, Hytönen, Jukka, additional, Waris, Matti, additional, Tauriainen, Sisko, additional, Ritvos, Olli, additional, Kakkola, Laura, additional, and Julkunen, Ilkka, additional

Published
2021
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22. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induced antibody responses and neutralizing antibodies against three SARS-CoV-2 variants

Author

Jalkanen, Pinja, primary, Kolehmainen, Pekka, additional, Häkkinen, Hanni, additional, Huttunen, Moona, additional, Tähtinen, Paula, additional, Lundberg, Rickard, additional, Maljanen, Sari, additional, Reinholm, Arttu, additional, Tauriainen, Sisko, additional, Pakkanen, Sari, additional, Levonen, Iris, additional, Nousiainen, Arttu, additional, Miller, Taru, additional, Välimaa, Hanna, additional, Ivaska, Lauri, additional, Pasternack, Arja, additional, Naves, Rauno, additional, Ritvos, Olli, additional, Österlund, Pamela, additional, Kuivanen, Suvi, additional, Smura, Teemu, additional, Hepojoki, Jussi, additional, Vapalahti, Olli, additional, Lempainen, Johanna, additional, Kakkola, Laura, additional, Kantele, Anu, additional, and Julkunen, Ilkka, additional

Published
2021
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24. No evidence of autoimmunity to human OX 1 or OX 2 orexin receptors in Pandemrix-vaccinated narcoleptic children.

Author

Melén K, Jalkanen P, Kukkonen JP, Partinen M, Nohynek H, Vuorela A, Vaarala O, Freitag TL, Meri S, and Julkunen I

Abstract

Narcolepsy type 1, likely an immune-mediated disease, is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. The disease is strongly associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1∗06:02. A significant increase in the incidence of childhood and adolescent narcolepsy was observed after a vaccination campaign with AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix influenza vaccine in Nordic and several other countries in 2010 and 2011. Previously, it has been suggested that a surface-exposed region of influenza A nucleoprotein, a structural component of the Pandemrix vaccine, shares amino acid residues with the first extracellular domain of the human OX 2 orexin/hypocretin receptor eliciting the development of autoantibodies. Here, we analyzed, whether H1N1pdm09 infection or Pandemrix vaccination contributed to the development of autoantibodies to the orexin precursor protein or the OX 1 or OX 2 receptors. The analysis was based on the presence or absence of autoantibody responses against analyzed proteins. Entire OX 1 and OX 2 receptors or just their extracellular N-termini were transiently expressed in HuH7 cells to determine specific antibody responses in human sera. Based on our immunofluorescence analysis, none of the 56 Pandemrix-vaccinated narcoleptic patients, 28 patients who suffered from a laboratory-confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection or 19 Pandemrix-vaccinated controls showed specific autoantibody responses to prepro-orexin, orexin receptors or the isolated extracellular N-termini of orexin receptors. We also did not find any evidence for cell-mediated immunity against the N-terminal epitopes of OX 2 . Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the surface-exposed region of the influenza nucleoprotein A would elicit the development of an immune response against orexin receptors., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2020 The Authors.)

Published
2020
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