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BackgroundThe clinical illness known as recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC) is characterized by recurrent suppurative cholangitis caused by hepatolithiasis and extrahepatic stones in the biliary channels. The actual pathophysiology of RPC is still unknown, but certain enteric bacterial species colonizing the biliary tract in conjunction with potential dietary variables have been suggested as potential causes. RPC is frequently referred to as having hepatobiliary surgery, especially segmental hepatectomy, as the only effective treatment. Objectivesto determine the prevalence of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, explain the typical symptoms a patient with the condition would exhibit, and describe the diagnosis and treatment of RPC. Methodsthe PubMed database and EBSCO Information Services were utilized to choose the articles. In our review, all pertinent articles related to both our topic and other articles were used. Other articles that have nothing to do with this subject were not included. The group members looked through a certain format in which the data had been extracted. Conclusion Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis is a complicated illness, and it is becoming more common in Western nations. Radiologists need to understand how to diagnose this condition and how to use imaging as a benchmark for subsequent treatment. Before the surgical intervention, the intrahepatic distribution of the patient's condition must be determined, and the combined efforts of gastroenterologists, radiologists, and surgeons are necessary for the effective treatment of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis.

The nursing staff is more likely to experience drastic stress, which can compromise their physical and mental health and affect the quality of their work. This study aimed to assess the attachment type and affective temperament in connection to the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychiatric hospital nurses. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey utilizing a convenience sample population of 100 nurses who served on the front lines during the COVID-19 outbreak. The key findings showed that most nurses reported moderate attachment anxiety, moderate affective temperament, and mild psychological distress. It is crucial to offer nurses psychological support during COVID-19 through various channels.

The absence of scope of practice guidelines may lead to role ambiguity and legal consequences in nursing practice. This study measures the scope of practice of nurses in Saudi Arabia. The study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional design using an electronic version of the Arabic Actual Scope of Nursing Practice (A-ASCOP) questionnaire among 928 nurses. Descriptive analysis was followed by a t-test and an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance was assured through the Bonferroni test; the effect size was measured through partial η2 when appropriate. The A-ASCOP mean score of each dimension ranged from 4.29 to 4.72 (overall mean = 4.59). Significant overall ASCOP score variations were evident, with higher ASCOP among expatriate nurses, females, Hospital Operation Program (HOP) nurses, and nurses with postgraduate qualifications. Partial η2 showed a small effect of

The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China and has now spread worldwide. In the affected countries, physicians and nurses are under heavy workload conditions and are at high risk of infection.The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of burnout between physicians and nurses on the frontline (FL) wards and those working in usual wards (UWs).A survey with a total of 49 questions was administered to 220 medical staff members from the COVID-19 FL and UWs, with a ratio of 1:1. General information, such as age, gender, marriage status, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-medical personnel, were gathered and compared.The group working on the FLs had a lower frequency of burnout (13% vs. 39%; P 0.0001) and were less worried about being infected compared with the UW group.Compared with medical staff working on their UWs for uninfected patients, medical staff working on the COVID-19 FL ward had a lower frequency of burnout. These results suggest that in the face of the COVID-19 crisis, both FL ward and UW staff should be considered when policies and procedures to support the well-being of health care workers are devised.

Objectives : To provides a critical evaluation of current empirical evidence related to the prevalence, causes and outcomes of compassion fatigue among critical care nurses. Compassion fatigue is characterized the development of emotional, physical, and/or spiritual exhaustion as a result of working with traumatized individuals. Methods : Data was collected using an integrated review framework via an advanced search of healthcare databases; namely, ProQuest, Science Direct, and CINAHL for research articles on compassion fatigue among nurses in critical care settings. Analysis was performed on the articles which met the inclusion criteria for this review (n=10) to identify the key themes and issues related to the compassion fatigue in critical care situations. Articles were assessed for quality and rigor using the Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. The search was limited to research studies undertaken from 2000 to 2018. Results : The main findings to emerge from this integrative review was that the prevalence of compassion fatigue among nurses varied across the range of critical care settings. In terms of the causes and consequences of compassion fatigue, this review found work environment and nurse demographics such as age and years of experience, were predictors of compassion fatigue, and the factors mitigating compassion fatigue affects among critical nurse included leader and administrative support within the clinical setting and the coping strategies employed by the nurses. Conclusion : There is inconclusive evidence to identify unequivocal predictors of compassion fatigue among critical nurses. However, it is likely the onset of compassion fatigue among critical care nurses may be reduced with close monitoring of physical and emotional wellbeing in the critical care environment as well as through the provision of education to nurses to assist with the development of coping strategies to avoid compassion fatigue. Saudi Med J 2019; Vol. 40 (11): 1087-1097 doi: 10.15537/smj.2019.11.24569 How to cite this article: Alharbi J, Jackson D, Usher K. Compassion fatigue in critical care nurses. An integrative review of the literature. Saudi Med J . 2019 Nov;40(11):1087-1097. doi: 10.15537/smj.2019.11.24569.

AimTo examine the previously untested relationship between the level of compassion fatigue (CF) in critical care nurses and the rates of three nurse-sensitive indicators in four critical care units in hospitals in Saudi Arabia.BackgroundCF can manifest in nurses who provide direct, intimate care to patients with different levels of illness including nurses working in specialty areas such as critical care where they care for patients experiencing challenging illnesses. Pressure injuries, patient falls, and medication errors are key nurse-sensitive indicators that identify critical care nurses as the primary causal agent. These indicators also correlate with burnout and poor multidisciplinary team communication, both factors that govern CF.MethodsA multisite survey was conducted to collate and examine the number of reported pressure injuries, falls, and medication errors over 3 months at four hospitals in two Saudi Arabian cities during 2018 to determine the relationship between the occurrence of these nurse-sensitive indicators and the level of CF in critical care (intensive care unit [ICU]) nurses. A survey of 516 critical care nurses was undertaken; analysis was performed using the Professional Quality of Life Scale, version 5 (ProQol-5), and results were further analysed using Pearson's correlations and three-way analysis of variance.ResultsThe results of the regression analysis indicated resilience as a predictor explained 66% of the compassion satisfaction (CS) variance (B = 0.318, R2 = 0.436, F(2, 12.495) = 123.013, p 2 = 0.067, F(2, 11.500) = 3.279, p 2 = 0.024, F(2, 7.758) = 2.785, p = 0.006). Conversely, coping strategies did not predict CS, BO, or STS (p > 0.05) at a statistically significant level. The concurrent measure of CF, BO, and STS found that almost 20% of the critical care nurse participants reported having very low CS, indicating increased potential for the development of CF. In addition, male nurses reported experiencing higher levels of stress and BO than female nurses. This study also found that neither the number of patients being treated nor the number of beds in the care setting affected the rate of the nominated nurse-sensitive indicators. The results for rates of pressure injuries did vary among the hospitals, with the worst performing hospital reporting pressure injury rates of one in every 40 patients and the better performing hospital reporting no cases of pressure injuries after treating more than 100 patients. Patient falls and medication errors were rare occurrences and did not vary between hospitals.SignificanceThis study indicates that there is a possible issue contributing to the differential level of care between hospitals. The mode and length of time nurses spend on handover may also reflect communication issues that increase both the rate of nurse-sensitive indicators and the level of CF reported by nurses. Therefore, the implications of this study, in terms of improving nursing practice, occurs in handover to ensure that information on aspects of nonpatient critical care are fully covered, such as time of patient turning to avoid pressure injuries.

Aim The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence of burnout and job satisfaction among Saudi national critical care nurses. Background Burnout is caused by a number of factors, including personal, organisational and professional issues. Previous literature reports a strong relationship between burnout and job satisfaction among critical care nurses. Little is known about this phenomenon among Saudi national critical care nurses. Methods A convenience sample of 150 Saudi national critical care nurses from three hospitals in Hail, Saudi Arabia were included in a cross-sectional survey. Results Saudi national critical care registered nurses reported moderate to high levels of burnout in the areas of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Participants also reported a feeling of ambivalence and dissatisfaction with their jobs but were satisfied with the nature of their work. Conclusions Saudi national critical care nurses experience moderate to high levels of burnout and low levels of job satisfaction. Burnout is a predictor of job satisfaction for Saudi national critical care nurses. Implications for nursing and health policy These results provide clear evidence of the need for nurse managers and policy makers to devise strategies to help nurses better cope with a stressful work environment, thereby also improving job satisfaction among Saudi national critical care nurses.

Aims To explore the concept of compassion as represented in Islamic virtues and how it influences the practice of nurses. Background Islam is one of the world's major religions. Yet, an Islamic perspective of compassion is not well understood in the Western nursing literature. Current understandings of compassion are largely drawn from a Western or Buddhist perspective. Design Discursive paper. Methods This is a review of literature and Islamic texts on the presence, meaning and practices of compassion that are relevant to our understanding of compassion in the contemporary nursing practice. Conclusions A compassionate Muslim nurse is a person who gives without asking for something in return, a person who cares without conditions and a person who seeks to achieve the happiness of others. Therefore, Islam, like many other religions, endorses compassionate care in all aspects, and this is particularly emphasised in nurses. Relevance to clinical practice This paper also provides an insight into how a Muslim patient perceives different experiences of health and illness, supported by quotes from the Islamic contextual heritage, and how a nurse within this culture is expected to behave.