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A criminal offence of Causing a Traffic Accident through Neg-ligence is one of the four negligent offences in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Slovenia.Negligent offences have certain characteristics, which should be specially pointed out. The act of accomplishment in negligent offences is manifested as a breach of due care (breach of duty of care) and it is in these criminal offences of crucial importance, be-cause it constitutes the ethical ground for the punishability of these offences. The next characteristic of negligent offences is a harm inf-licting consequence (a harm done to the protected good), which is considered as an essential element in the structure of these offences. What is further specific for these offences is a causal relationship, because a causal relationship between a breach of due care and the resulting prohibited consequence is treated in different way than in typical intentional offences. Culpability in negligent offences is as-sessed by the rules applied to prove the ordinary negligence.

Človekovo dostojanstvo predstavlja temelj demokratične in pravne države. Pod njegovim okriljem se uveljavi tudi ustavna pravica do časti in dobrega imena, ki ji pogosto stoji nasproti ustavna pravica do svobode govora. Kolizijo teh dveh pravic rešuje Kazenski zakonik (KZ-1), ki v svojem osemnajstem poglavju predpisuje kazniva dejanja zoper čast in dobro ime. Struktura magistrskega dela je zasnovana tako, da so uvodoma predstavljena ustavna izhodišča varovanja časti in dobrega imena, nato pa sledi analiza vsakega posameznega kaznivega dejanja zoper čast in dobro ime, ki je podkrepljena z relevantno sodno prakso Ustavnega, Vrhovnega in Višjih sodišč Republike Slovenije. Human dignity is the foundation of a democratic and legal state. Under its protection, the constitutional right to honor and reputation is also asserted, which is often opposed by the constitutional right to freedom of speech. The conflict between these two rights is resolved by the Criminal Code (KZ-1), which in its eighteenth chapter prescribes crimes against honor and reputation. The structure of my master thesis is designed in such a way, that the constitutional starting points for the protection of honor and reputation are introduced, followed by an analysis of each individual criminal act against honor and reputation, which is supported by the relevant case law of the Constitutional, Supreme and Higher Courts of the Republic of Slovenia.

Odgovornost pravnih oseb za kazniva dejanja je zaradi različnih zgodovinskih in kulturnih razlogov v državah urejena različno. Nekatere posamezne države vztrajajo pri starodavni maksimi societas delinquere non potest, prevladujejo pa države, ki sprejemajo odgovornost pravnih oseb za kazniva dejanja. Posamezne nacionalne ureditve na tem področju se razlikujejo predvsem v krogu organizacij, ki odgovarjajo za kazniva dejanja, vrsti kaznivih dejanj, za katera odgovarjajo, merilih, na podlagi katerih lahko za kazniva dejanja odgovarjajo, in sankcijah, ki jih je mogoče izreči. Glede odgovornosti pravnih oseb je opaziti tendenco priznavanja odgovornosti pravnih oseb kot posebne oblike kazenske odgovornosti, prilagojene značilnostim pravnih oseb. Magistrsko diplomsko delo se ne ukvarja s celotno problematiko odgovornosti pravnih oseb, ampak se osredotoča na temeljne koncepte, pri tem pa na kratko predstavi ureditev nekaterih evropskih držav. The liability of legal persons for criminal offenses is regulated differently in different countries for different historical and cultural reasons. Some individual countries insist on the ancient maxim societas delinquere non potest, but countries that accept the responsibility of legal persons for crimes predominate. Individual national regulations in this area differ mainly in the circle of organizations responsible for criminal offenses, the type of criminal offenses for which they are responsible, the criteria on the basis of which they can be liable for criminal offenses and the sanctions that can be imposed. Regarding the liability of legal entities, there is a tendency to recognize the liability of legal entities as a special form of criminal liability adapted to the characteristics of legal entities. The master's thesis does not deal with the entire issue of corporate liability but focuses on basic concepts and briefly presents the regulation of some European countries.

Magistrska diplomska naloga se osredotoča na kaznivo dejanje zlorabe položaja ali zaupanja pri gospodarski dejavnosti, ki je v Kazenskem zakoniku Republike Slovenije uvrščeno med kazniva dejanja zoper gospodarstvo. Kaznivo dejanje zlorabe položaja ali zaupanja pri gospodarski dejavnosti je eno najpogostejših kaznivih dejanj zoper gospodarstvo. Gre za kaznivo dejanje tipa delictum proprium in je zakonsko definirano kot blanketna dispozicija. Potencialni storilci kaznivega dejanja so osebe, ki pri opravljanju gospodarske dejavnosti storijo enega izmed možnih izvršitvenih načinov, ki so zloraba položaja, zloraba zaupanja, prekoračitev pravic ali opustitev dolžnosti. Namen tega magistrskega diplomskega dela je tudi historična predstavitev vseh zakonskih sprememb opisa norme kaznivega dejanja. Prav tako bom v magistrskem delu predstavila in analizirala obstoječo slovensko sodno prakso. The master's thesis focuses on the criminal offense of abuse of position or trust in economic activity and is categorized as a crime against the economy. The criminal offense of abuse of position or trust in business activity within the meaning of the Slovenian Criminal Code is the most common criminal offense against the economy. This criminal offense is known as a delictum proprium and is legally defined with a blanket disposition. Possible offenders are persons who conduct any of the potential executing methods, which are abuse of position, abuse of given trust, cross given rights or neglect duties, while pursuing an economic activity. The intention of this thesis is also to highlight the legislative changes of this offense through time. In this thesis I will also present and analyse existing case-law in Slovenia.

Magistrsko diplomsko delo obravnava naloge zavezancev v skladu z Zakonom o preprečevanju pranja denarja in financiranja terorizma, pri čemer se osredotoča na odvetnika in njegovo kompleksno vlogo v povezavi z izvajanjem ukrepov, ki mu jih zakon nalaga. Bralcu predstavlja pojma pranja denarja in financiranja terorizma na splošno, nadalje pa tudi kot kaznivi dejanji po Kazenskem zakoniku in v skladu z opredelitvijo po trenutno veljavnem Zakonu o preprečevanju pranja denarja in financiranja terorizma. Vsebina slednjega je povzeta v nadaljevanju magistrskega diplomskega dela z zakonodajno sledjo, ki prikaže razvoj predpisa v našem pravnem prostoru in opis vloge Urada za preprečevanje pranja denarja in njegove umestitve v celoten okvir teme. Sledi jedro, v katerem je na kratko predstavljen odvetniški poklic z nekoliko podrobnejšim opisom nalog, ki jih mora izvajati kot zavezanec po Zakonu o preprečevanju pranja denarja in financiranja terorizma, z zaključkom v poglavju o etičnih dilemah, s katerimi se lahko odvetnik sreča pri izvajanju opisanih nalog. Magistrsko diplomsko delo je sklenjeno z nadzorno funkcijo Urada za preprečevanje pranja denarja in značilnostmi inšpekcijskega nadzora nad odvetniki v smislu izvajanja določb po Zakonu o preprečevanju pranja denarja in financiranja terorizma. The master's thesis deals with the topic of liable persons under the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Act focusing on the attorney and his complex role in connection with the implementation of measures imposed on him by law. It introduces the reader to the concepts of money laundering and terrorist financing in general but also as criminal offenses under the Criminal Code and following the definition under the currently valid Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Act. The content of the latter is summarized in the continuation of the master's thesis, with a legislative trace showing the development of the regulation in our legal space and a description of the role of the Office for the Prevention of Money Laundering and its placement in the overall framework. This is followed by a core which briefly presents the attorney's legal profession with a slightly more detailed description of the tasks they must perform as a liable person under the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Act concluding in the chapter on ethical dilemmas that an attorney may encounter in performing the described order. The master's thesis is concluded with the supervisory function of the Office for the Prevention of Money Laundering and the characteristics of the inspection of attorneys in terms of implementing the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Act.

Kazniva dejanja zoper zakonsko zvezo, družino in otroke so inkorporirana v enaindvajseto poglavje Kazenskega zakonika KZ-1. Iz tega izhaja, da zakonska zveza, družina in mladina kot pomembne družbene vrednote uživajo tudi kazenskopravno zaščito, vendar ne v absolutnem smislu. Zaradi intimnosti odnosov v zakonski zvezi in družini niti predpisi družinskega prava kot matične veje prava ne normirajo vseh odnosov v vseh pogledih, ampak regulirajo le pravna razmerja v zakonski zvezi in družini. Pomembno pa je vedeti, da je predmet kazenskopravne zaščite še ožji. Iz navedenega izhaja, da lahko država intervenira s kazenskimi sankcijami le tedaj, ko ostali razpoložljivi pravni ukrepi ne zadoščajo za vzpostavitev ali ohranitev zdravih odnosov v družini in zakonski zvezi. »S tem ko so posledice kršitve določenih dolžnosti, ki jih posameznikom nalagajo predpisi družinskega prava, opredeljene kot kaznivo dejanje, se skuša tudi s pomočjo kazenskega prava v prvi vrsti zavarovati človek kot družinski član in posledično družina kot temelj zdravega razvoja družbe kot celote«. Na podlagi navedenega je moč ugotoviti, da so objekti kazenskopravnega varstva v tem poglavju zakonska zveza, družina, mladoletne osebe in otroci. Kot ugotavlja Selinškova, pa pravo v nobenem primeru ne more obuditi zbledelih čustvenih vezi v družini, temveč lahko le z različnimi ukrepi zagotovi spoštovanje družinskih obveznosti takrat, ko jih posamezniki iz različnih razlogov ne želijo prostovoljno izpolnjevati. Kljub temu, da so kazniva dejanja iz enaindvajsetega poglavja statistično zanemarljiva, gre za pomemben del Kazenskega zakonika, ki mu je zaradi občutljivosti narave objektov varstva potrebno posvetiti precejšnjo mero pozornosti. Criminal offences against marriage, family and children are incorporated into Chapter Twenty-One of the Slovene Penal Code KZ-1. It follows from this that marriage, family and youth as important social values thus enjoy criminal law protection but not in an absolute sense. Matrimonial and family relations being intimate, not even the regulations of family law as the main area of law codify all relations in all respects, but rather regulate only legal relations in a marriage and family. And it is important to know that the object of criminal law protection is even more narrowly-defined. It follows from the foregoing that the state can only intervene by imposing criminal sanctions when all the other available legal measures fail to establish or preserve healthy relations in a family and marriage. “Defining the consequences of violating certain obligations imposed on individuals by family law regulations as criminal offences, criminal law attempts, first and foremost, to protect man as a family member and consequently family as a basis for a healthy development of society as a whole”. On the basis of the above it can be established that the objects of the criminal law protection in this chapter are marriage, family, minors and children. As Selinšek notes, the law can in no way restore the weakened emotional connections in a family it can only use various, coercive if need be, measures to ensure family obligations are being honoured in cases when individuals, for various reasons, do not wish to fulfil them of their own accord. Despite the fact that criminal offences in Chapter Twenty-One are statistically negligible this is an important part of the Penal Code, which deserves a significant amount of attention due to the sensitive nature of the objects of protection.

Navidezni realni stek pomeni, da storilec z dvema ali več ravnanji, ki niso niti časovno niti krajevno povezana, izpolni zakonske znake ali prepovedane posledice dveh ali več različnih kaznivih dejanj in mu za vsa tako izvršena kazniva dejanja sodijo hkrati, njegova kazenska odgovornost pa bo zaradi navideznega steka med izvršenimi kaznivimi dejanji omejena zgolj na eno kaznivo dejanje. Ta institut je skozi zgodovino razvila sodna praksa, danes pa je ena izmed oblik navideznega realnega steka tudi zakonsko urejena (nadaljevano kaznivo dejanje v 54. členu Kazenskega zakonika). Navidezni stek je posledica tega, da sta tako nepravo kot krivda storilca v celoti zajeta v samo enem kaznivem dejanju, zato ga ni treba kaznovati še za druga izvršena kazniva dejanja. Kljub formalni izpolnjenosti zakonskih znakov ali prepovedanih posledic dveh ali več kaznivih dejanj obstaja samo eno materialnopravno upravičenje kaznovanja, kar je posledica dejstva, da izvršena kazniva dejanja pomenijo enotni napad na kazenskopravni red. V magistrski nalogi bodo podrobneje predstavljene vse oblike navideznega realnega steka (sestavljeno kaznivo dejanje, nekaznivo predhodno dejanje, nekaznivo naknadno dejanje, kolektivno kaznivo dejanje ter nadaljevano kaznivo dejanje), tako z vidika teorije kot z vidika sodne prakse. Sestavljeno kaznivo dejanje je posebna oblika kaznivega dejanja, saj je sestavljeno iz dveh ali več samostojnih kaznivih dejanj. V primerih nekaznivega predhodnega in nekaznivega naknadnega dejanja govorimo o posameznih fazah kaznivih dejanj, ki ostanejo nekazniva zaradi dejstva, ker je njihova celotna nepravna in krivdna količina zajeta v glavnem kaznivem dejanju. Kolektivno kaznivo dejanje je opredeljeno kot načrtna dejavnost storilca, sestavljena iz ponavljajočih se istovrstnih ravnanj, ob pogoju, da je podan tudi subjektivni odnos storilca do izvršenih kaznivih dejanj, ki ta dejanja povezuje v celoto. Nadaljevano kaznivo dejanje pa je sestavljeno iz dveh ali več sočasno ali zaporedno iz koristoljubnosti ali oškodovalnih nagibov izvršenih ali poskušenih premoženjskih kaznivih dejanj, ki glede na kraj, način ali druge enake okoliščine pomenijo enotno dejavnost. Predmet obravnave bodo tudi posamezni odnosi med kaznivimi dejanji (specialnost, subsidiarnost, konsumpcija in inkluzija), ki jih je ustvarila in razvila sodna praksa ter posledica katerih je uporaba navideznega steka. Institut nadaljevanega kaznivega dejanja pa bo predmet tudi primerjave s srbskim produženim krivičnim delom. Predstavljen bo tudi pojem enotnosti ravnanja, ki je ključni instrument za delitev med idealnim in realnim stekom, ki pa v praksi nima nekega večjega pomena. Na koncu naloge bo obravnavan tudi vpliv steka na izrek kazni. An apparent ideal concurrence is a situation where an offender in committing two or more offences which are neither temporally or spatially connected satisfies the requirement for the existence of the legal elements of or prohibited consequences of two or more criminal offences and is tried for all such offences at the same time, and due to the apparent concurrence between the committed criminal offences his criminal responsibility is limited to only one offence. It is an institute that has been developed through case law through history, and today one of the forms of an apparent ideal concurrence is regulated by law (continued criminal offence in Article 54 of the Criminal Code). The apparent concurrence occurs due to the fact that both the flawed law and the culpability of the offender are fully covered in a single criminal offence so it is not necessary to punish him for other committed criminal offences. Despite the formal fulfilment of the requirement for the existence of the legal elements or the prohibited consequences of two or more criminal offences, there is only one substantive justification for punishment, due to the fact that the committed criminal offences constitute a single violation of criminal law. The master's thesis will present in more detail all forms of apparent ideal concurrence (compounded criminal offence, unpunished previous criminal offence, unpunished subsequent criminal offence, collective criminal offence, and continuing criminal offence), both from the theoretical point of view and the perspective of case law. A compounded criminal offence is a special type of criminal offence as it consists of two or more separate criminal offences. In the cases of unpunished previous and subsequent criminal offences, this means individual stages of criminal offences remain unpunished because of the full sum of the flawed law and culpability is covered under the main criminal offence. A collective criminal offence is defined as premeditated activity of the offender, which consists of repeated similar acts, provided that the subjective attitude of the offender is also proven, which connects these acts into a whole. A continuing criminal offence consists of two or more simultaneous or subsequent misdemeanours or aggravated inclinations of committed or attempted crimes against property, which depending on the place, manner or other circumstances, constitute a single activity. The individual relationships between criminal offences (speciality, subsidiarity, consumption, and inclusion), created and developed through case law, which give rise to the apparent concurrence, will also be discussed. The institute of continuing criminal offence will also be compared with the Serbian “extended criminal offence.” The notion of uniformity of conduct will also be presented, which represents a key instrument to distinguish between ideal and true concurrence but which in practice does not have any major significance. At the end of the thesis, the influence of concurrence on the sentence itself will be discussed.

Varnostni ukrepi medicinske narave v kazenskem pravu so vrsta varnostnih ukrepov, katerih bistvo je odprava vira nevarnosti (duševne motnje) s terapevtsko obravnavo storilca. Od poznanih medicinskih varnostnih ukrepov, poznamo v slovenski kazenski zakonodaji dve vrsti ukrepov obveznega psihiatričnega zdravljenja. Ukrepa predstavljata preplet kazenskega prava in psihiatrije, strok z nasprotujočimi si izhodišči glede svobodne volje in prioritete skrbi za blagostanje posameznika oziroma družbeni red. Razlike med strokami in pogledi na obravnavo storilcev v kazenskem pravu so sprožile diskusije o primernosti terapevtske obravnave duševno motenih storilcev kot dela kazenskega prava. Magistrsko delo začnem s predstavitvijo razvoja medicinskih varnostnih ukrepov in nadaljujem z opisom slovenske ureditve ukrepov obveznega psihiatričnega zdravljenja. V zadnjem delu pregledam in ovrednotim argumente za in proti umestitvi medicinskih ukrepov v kazensko pravo. Menim, da bi z izločitvijo medicinskih ukrepov iz kazenskega prava in celovito ureditvijo ukrepov na področju duševnega zdravja prišli do pojmovno dosledne ureditve, ki omogoča smiselno in enakopravno obravnavo vseh pacientov z duševnimi motnjami. Medical safety measures in criminal law are types of safety measures that are defined by the use of therapeutic interventions to eliminate the source of danger (mental disorder). Out of the known medical safety measures, two types of compulsory psychiatric treatment are known in Slovenian criminal legislation. The two measures represent an entanglement of criminal law and psychiatry, two fields with opposing assumptions with regards to free will and the priority when it comes to the welfare of the individual or the societal order. Differences among fields of expertise and viewpoints on the treatment of offenders have sparked discussions about the suitability of the therapeutic treatment of mentally disordered offenders as a part of criminal law. I open the master’s thesis by describing the development of medical safety measures and continue by describing the Slovenian system of medical safety measures. In the last part, I give an overview and my evaluation of arguments pro et contra the placement of medical measures in criminal law. I believe that with the exclusion of medical measures and holistic systematization of measures in the field of mental health law, we would achieve a dogmatically consistent system which enables sensible and equal treatment of all patients with mental disorders.

Gospodarska kriminaliteta hromi gospodarstvo posamezne države, hkrati pa se njene škodljive posledice odražajo tudi na drugih področjih družbenega življenja. Kazniva dejanja in prekrške s področja gospodarske kriminalitete obravnava del kazenskega prava, imenovan gospodarsko kazensko pravo. Kazniva dejanja gospodarske kriminalitete so v pretežnem delu vsebovana v poglavju Kazniva dejanja zoper gospodarstvo, manjši delež le-teh pa se nahaja tudi v nekaterih drugih poglavjih posebnega dela slovenskega Kazenskega zakonika. V slovenskem pravnem prostoru je poglavje Kazniva dejanja zoper gospodarstvo notranje razdeljeno na šest skupin. Ena izmed njih je skupina kaznivih dejanj, ki je namenjena varstvu upnikov, kupcev in poslovnih partnerjev. Tej skupini pripadajo kazniva dejanja povzročitve stečaja z goljufijo ali nevestnim poslovanjem, oškodovanja upnikov, poslovne goljufije, preslepitve pri poslovanju z vrednostnimi papirji, preslepitve kupcev ter neupravičene uporabe tuje oznake ali modela. Economic crime is disabling the economy of a particular country, while its detrimental effects are reflected in other areas of social life as well. Criminal acts and offenses within the area of economic crime are dealt with in the section of criminal law, called commercial criminal law. Criminal acts of the type of economic crime are mostly included under the chapter Crimes against the Economy, while a smaller number of them can also be found in other chapters of a special part of the Penal Code of the Republic of Slovenia. In the Slovenian legal environment, the chapter Crimes against the Economy is internally divided into six groups. One of these is a group of criminal acts, which is designed to protect creditors, customers and business partners. This group includes criminal acts of bankruptcy by fraud or fraudulent conduct, damage to creditors, business fraud, security fraud, fraudulent purchasers and unjustified use of a foreign mark or model.

Kazniva dejanja zoper pravosodje so umeščena v osemindvajseto poglavje Kazenskega zakonika KZ-1. Ta kazniva dejanja so namenjena varstvu pravosodja kot posebne veje oblasti z njenimi posebnimi nalogami. Skupna lastnost teh kaznivih dejanj je, da se z njimi ovira in ogroža nemoteno in pravilno delo pravosodnih organov, ter preprečuje izvršitev odločb pravosodnih organov. Objekt kazenskopravnega varstva je pri teh kaznivih dejanjih neovirano delo pravosodnih organov in avtoriteta sodišč. Dandanes se s kaznivimi dejanji zoper pravosodje ne varuje več zgolj domače pravosodje, ampak tudi pravosodni organi na nadnacionalni ravni. Kljub temu, da kazniva dejanja zoper pravosodje v praksi niso pogosta in so zato statistično gledano povsem nepomembna (delež teh kaznivih dejanj je le okoli 1,5%), gre vseeno za strokovno izjemno pomembno skupino kaznivih dejanj. Z njimi se varuje pravilno delovanje pravosodnih organov in njihova avtoriteta, kar pa je pogoj za obstoj pravne države, ki temelji na delitvi oblasti na zakonodajno, izvršilno in sodno vejo oblasti. Criminal offences against the Administration of Justice are positioned in Chapter Twenty-Eight of the Slovenian Criminal Code CC-1. These criminal offences are intended to protect the Justice as a separate branch of power with its specific tasks. The common feature of those offences is that they block and threaten the correct functioning of judicial authorities. The purpose of criminal law protection of offences in this Chapter is to ensure the smooth work of Justice and its authority. Nowadays these offences do not protect just domestic Justice, but also Justice on supranational level. Although offences against the administration of justice do not appear very often and are statistically irrelevant (only about 1,5% per year), it is very important category of criminal offences. They protect the proper functioning of the judicial system and its authority, which is a prerequisite for the existence of a rule of law, based on the division of powers into the legislative, executive and judicial branches.

Pomoč je najmilejša oblika udeležbe pri tujem kaznivem dejanju, ki je poleg napeljevanja v slovenskem Kazenskem zakoniku urejena v splošnem delu, in sicer v poglavju o udeležbi. Pomoč pri kaznivem dejanju pomeni naklepno podporo storilcu pri naklepno izvršenem kaznivem dejanju , zanjo pa so značilna zlasti ravnanja, ki se nahajajo izven polja izvršitvenih ravnanj, in tista, ki storilcu dejanje olajšujejo oziroma omogočajo ter mu pri izvršitvi kaznivega dejanja na različne načine nudijo podporo. O udeležbenih ravnanjih govorimo, kadar pri uresničevanju kaznivega dejanja sodeluje dvoje ali več oseb. Na podlagi vrednotenja in presoje njihovih prispevkov prvenstveno razmejujemo med ravnanji, ki so po vsebini na ravni storilstva oziroma sostorilstva, ter med prispevki, ki so po vsebini milejši in jih uvrščamo k ravnanjem, ki so značilna za pomoč oziroma napeljevanje. Pri razmejevanju med dvema temeljnima oblikama udeležbe (storilstvo in udeležba v ožjem pomenu) si pomagamo s teorijami storilstva, ki vsaka zase izpostavijo temeljne značilnosti oziroma merila, po katerih se storitvena ravnanja razlikujejo od drugih udeležbenih ravnanj. Aiding and abetting is the most lenient form of complicity in a criminal offence, which is, together with instigation, defined in the general part of the Slovenian Criminal Code , in the chapter pertaining to complicity. Aiding and abbeting in a criminal offence means intentional support to the perpetrator in an intentionally successful criminal offence . What is characteristic of it are particularly courses of conduct which are separated from the field of successful courses of conduct, which mitigate or enable the offence to the perpetrator and offer the perpetrator support during the execution of a criminal offence in various ways. We refer to complicitous courses of conduct, when two or more persons collaborate in the execution of a criminal offence. Based on the evaluation and estimation of their contributions we deliniate between courses of conduct which are content-wise on a perpetration or co-perpetration level and between contributions which are content-wise more lenient and we classify them among courses of conduct, characteristic of aiding and abetting or instigation. When deliniating between the two quintessential forms of complicity (perpetration and complicity in the more narrow sense of the word), we lean on the theories of perpetration, which individually highlight the quintessential characteristics or criteria due to which the perpetration courses of conduct differ from other complicitous courses of conduct.

Silobran je eden najstarejših institutov, ki izključuje kaznivost dejanja. V vseh pravnih sistemih je njegova ureditev precej podobna. O možnosti, da je podan silobran, se začnemo spraševati v primeru, da je šlo za obrambo zoper napad. Če so izpolnjeni tudi ostali pogoji, je v slovenskem pravnem sistemu izključena protipravnost takšnega ravnanja. Pogoji za silobran so podani že v zakonodaji, dodatno pa so se razvili v kazenskopravni teoriji in dogmatiki ter skozi sodno prakso. Kljub temu, da na prvi pogled izgleda, da je institut zakonodajno in teoretično natančno in popolno izdelan, v praksi še vseeno povzroča precej težav. Predvsem je to izraženo pri presojanju, ali je bila obramba nujna, kjer se kot dopolnilo uporablja načelo oz. pogoj sorazmernosti. Zaradi odprte in nedoločne narave pogoja le to pripelje do različnih odločitev v istih primerih. Dovoljena obramba se z razvojem družbe in pravnega sistema na različne načine vse bolj omejuje, kar je v določenih primerih vsekakor upravičeno. Kljub temu je pomembno, da se v takšnih občutljivih situacijah, kot so primeri silobrana, natančno opredeli in napolni zakonske predpostavke in na ta način pomaga sodiščem pri odločanju in zagotavljanju enotnosti, smiselnosti in pravičnosti sojenja. Self-defense is one of the oldest legal institutions, which rules out the criminality of action. In all legal systems, the regulation of self-defense is largely similar. In situations where one defends oneself from assault, we have to consider if this act was executed under conditions for self-defense. In case all the legal requirements are met, Slovenian legal system excludes illegality of such actions. Conditions required for self-defense are laid down by the law and are furthermore developed in legal theory, dogmatics and through legal practice. Even though prima facie makes the construction of self-defense look like it is complete, precise and well defined, significant problems are still experienced in practice. Primarily this can be seen while assessing whether or not the defense was necessary, where as an additional condition principle of proportionality is being applied. Due to the open and indefinite nature of proportionality condition, different judges may reach disparate conclusions on the same case. Permitted defense, is with the development of society and legal systems, more and more limited, which in some cases it can certainly be justified. It is, however, important that, in delicate cases such as that of self-defense, legal assumptions are precise, full and well defined. In such a way, it assures clear directions to the court in proceedings and ensures the uniformity and fairness of the trial.

Za kaznivo dejanje izvršeno v nepravi opustitvi je nekdo kazensko odgovoren, če mu lahko dokažemo posebno življenjsko zvezo med storilcem in žrtvijo, iz katere izraščajo posebne odgovornosti storilca za žrtev. Te dolžnosti pa so varovalne in nadzorstvene oblike. Vzrok za nastanek prepovedane posledice je lahko le kršitev dolžnostnega ravnanja, to je kršitev garantne dolžnosti. Na koncu se presoja še krivdo, ki pa je lahko izključena oz. omiljena na podlagi pravne ali pa dejanske zmote storilca. Slovenski kazenski zakonik za razliko od nekaterih tujih kazenskopravnih sistemov (npr. nemškega) ne predvideva splošne omilitve kazni za kazniva dejanja izvršena v nepravi opustitvi, bi bila pa fakultativna možnost omilitve kazni v primeru nepravih opustitev zaradi značilno nižje, manj zavržne krivde teoretično utemeljena. For a criminal offence committed in a form of omission, someone is accountable, if a special kind of link exists between a perpetrator and a victim, based on which a perpetrator has special responsibilities towards a victim. These responsibilities are those of safeguarding and monitoring. A criminal offence may be committed by omission only when the perpetrator has failed to perform the act, which he was obliged to perform. The perpetrator shall be guilty if he has committed a criminal offence with intent or by negligence and when he must have or could have been aware that his conduct was unlawful. The guilt of a perpetrator may be excluded if he was in error regarding the circumstances (mistake of fact) or was not aware of a statutory element of such an offence (mistake of law). Slovenian penal code, unlike some other penal codes (e.g. German) does not allow general grading of the sentence for criminal offences committed in a form of omission, based on mitigating circumstances. But in theory, an optional grading of the sentence would be justifiable in cases when mitigating factors are presented.

Posredno storilstvo je eden najnovejših uzakonjenih institutov s področja kazenskega prava. Od leta 2008 je v Kazenskem zakoniku (KZ-1) opredeljen kot oblika storilca, ki izvrši kaznivo dejanje z izrabljanjem in vodenjem drugega. Sodna praksa in teorija sta posredno storilstvo uporabljali že prej, vendar ne izrecno. Uporaba ni bila sporna, čeprav so nekateri teoretiki nasprotovali posrednemu storilstvu, ker da v sistemu limitirane akcesornosti udeležbe, kot je naš, to ni potrebno. V teoriji je utemeljeno na teoriji o oblasti nad dejanjem. Posredni storilec tipično z zmoto ali prisilo neposrednega storilca izrabi za izvršitev kaznivega dejanja. On je tisti, ki vse organizira in vodi, ima pregled in oblast nad celotnim dejanjem, le neposredno izvršitev prepusti neposrednemu storilcu. Konstrukcija posrednega storilstva je primerna tudi za t. i. organiziran aparat moči, čeprav so v tem primeru neposredni storilci povsem kazensko odgovorni. Indirect perpetration is one of the most recent law-enforcement institutes in the field of criminal law. It was introduced into Slovenian law system in 2008. In Criminal Code, it is defined as a form of perpetrator committing a criminal offense through the exploitation and management of the another. Indirect perpetration was used in case law and in theory before, but not explicitly. The use was not controversial, although some theorists opposed to it, because in the system of limited accessibility of participation, such as our own, it is not necessary. Indirect perpetration is based on the control-theory of perpetration. The indirect perpetrator typically uses the direct perpetrator for the commission of a crime by mistake or coercion. He is the one who organizes and conducts everything, has an overview and authority over the entire act, but only direct enforcement is left to the direct perpetrator. The construction of the indirect perpetration is also suitable for so-called organized power structures, despite the fact that in this case the direct perpetrators are entirely criminal liable.

Naslovni institut predmetne magistrske naloge zakonsko ni urejen, temveč sta ga razvili in oblikovali kazenskopravna teorija in sodna praksa. Gre za situacijo, ko storilec z enim ravnanjem izpolni zakonske znake dveh ali več kaznivih dejanj. Pri tem se postavi vprašanje, ali je kaznovanje za vsa formalno uresničena kazniva dejanja tudi materialnopravno upravičeno. Storilec pri navideznem idealnem steku sicer res izpolni zakonske znake dveh ali več kaznivih dejanj, vendar na koncu odgovarja le za eno kaznivo dejanje. Med formalno uresničenimi kaznivimi dejanji se tako vzpostavi odnos navideznosti. V zvezi s tem so se v kazenskopravni teoriji oblikovali trije temeljni odnosi med kaznivimi dejanji, in sicer odnos specialnosti, odnos subsidiarnosti in odnos konsumpcije. Pri odnosu specialnosti izhajamo iz medsebojne primerjave dveh ali več kaznivih dejanj, pri čemer eno izmed kaznivih dejanj vsebuje enega ali več zakonskih znakov, ki so ožji, širši ali drugačni ter posledično konkretizirajo splošnejšo določbo. Pri odnosu subsidiarnosti je eno kaznivo dejanje le predhodna faza drugega kaznivega dejanja, pri čemer razmejitev med kaznivima dejanjema temelji na pravilu »lex primaria derogat legi subsidiariae«. Odnos konsumpcije med kaznivimi dejanji pa je podan, kadar se z logičnim primerjanjem zakonskih znakov kaznivih dejanj v steku na abstraktni ravni presoje ugotovi, da je kriminalna količina enega kaznivega dejanja vsebovana v kriminalni količini drugega. Magistrska naloga podrobneje obdela posamezne odnose med kaznivimi dejanji ter s pomočjo relevantne sodne prakse ponazori pojavnost in uporabo instituta navideznega idealnega steka v praksi. Hkrati so predstavljeni tudi različni pogledi domačih in tujih kazenskopravnih teoretikov na naslovni institut. The title institute of the subject master thesis is not regulated by law, but it has been developed by the criminal law theory and case law. It is a situation in which a perpetrator fulfills the legal signs of two or more offenses with one act. This raises the question of whether the punishment for all formally accomplished criminal offenses is also justified in material law. Perpetrator in the title institute actually fulfills the legal signs of two or more criminal offenses, but ultimately he is responsible for only one criminal offense. Relation of vituality is established between formally accomplished criminal offenses. In this regard, three fundamental relations between criminal offenses have been formulated in criminal law theory.. These relations are the relation of specialty, the relation of subsidiarity and the relation of the consumption. In the relation of specialty we come from a comparison of two or more criminal offenses, one of which contains one or more legal signs that are narrower, broader or different, and consequently concretize a more general provision. In relation of subsidiarity, one offense is only the preliminary phase of another offense, where the delimitation of offenses is based on the "lex primaria derogat legi subsidiariae" rule. The relation of consumption between criminal offenses is given when a logical comparison of the legal signs of criminal offenses in a concurrence at the abstract level of the audit reveals that the criminal amount of one criminal offense is contained in the criminal amount of the other. The master's thesis examines in detail the individual relations between the crimes and, through the relevant case-law illustrates the incidence and application of the concurrence institue practice. At the same time, different views of domestic and foreign criminal law theorists in connection with the title institute are presented.

Davki so ena izmed sestavin vsake pravne in socialne države. So pa davki tudi zakonsko določene dajatve, ki jih država pobira v javnem interesu, brez neposredne protistoritve. Ljudje neradi dajemo del svojega dohodka državi, zato vsak išče poti, da plača manj davka oziroma ga celo utaji. Davčne zatajitve so zelo pereč problem Slovenije, Evropske unije in tudi ostalih držav sveta. V povezavi z davčnimi zatajitvami pa se srečamo še z enim kaznivim dejanjem, še enim globalnim problemom, to je pranje denarja. Ta dejavnost poteka večinoma preko davčno ugodnejših jurisdikcij oziroma popularno imenovanih »davčnih oaz«, kjer se poskuša preko raznih instrumentov in načinov prenosa ter skrivanja nelegalno pridobljenega premoženja, le temu premoženju dodeliti status legalno pridobljenega premoženja. V diplomskem delu obravnavam kaznivi dejanji pranje denarja in davčne zatajitve, davčne oaze, mednarodne povezave med omenjenimi dejanji in davčnimi oazami ter ukrepe zoper le-te. Taxes are one of the components of each legal and social State. But taxes are also statutary duties levied by the State in public interest without direct counterpart. People are reluctant to give part of their income to the state, so everyone is looking for ways to pay less or even evade taxes. Tax evasion is a very serious problem for Slovenia, the European Union and other countries in the world. In connection with tax evasion, we are faced with another crime, another global problem, namely money laundering. This activity is carried out mainly through fiscal more favorable jurisdictions or popularly called "tax havens", where it tries through various instruments and methods of transferring and hiding illegally acquired assets, grant them the status of legally acquired assets. The thesis deals with criminal offenses of money laundering and tax evasion, tax havens, international connections between these acts and tax havens and measures against them.

Kaznivo dejanje poslovne goljufije je bilo uvedeno leta 1999 kot odziv na zadevo Grubelič. Z novelo iz leta 2004 je bila v dikciji navedenega kaznivega dejanja dodana še privilegirana oblika, s sprejetjem Kazenskega zakonika leta 2008 pa je bila alternativno dodana še ena posledica, in sicer premoženjska korist storilca. Kaznivo dejanje poslovne goljufije, ki ga najdemo v 228. členu Kazenskega zakonika, spada med gospodarska kazniva dejanja, pri čemer je pravno zavarovana vrednota gospodarsko poslovanje, pravno zavarovana dobrina pa načelo zaupanja v poslovnem prometu. Kaznivo dejanje poslovne goljufije lahko nastane le pri opravljanju gospodarske dejavnosti in je glede na storilca delictum proprium. Zakon predvideva le naklepno obliko, storilčev naklep pa se zahteva pri sklenitvi ali izvajanju posla oziroma pogodbe. To je tudi najpomembnejša razlika v primerjavi s kaznivim dejanjem goljufije. Zakonsko besedilo 228. člena vsebuje dve alternativni posledici, in sicer premoženjsko škodo ter premoženjsko korist premoženjska škoda je hkrati tudi objektivni pogoj kaznivosti, zato brez njenega nastanka ne moremo govoriti o kaznivem dejanju poslovne goljufije. Poleg zlorabe položaja ali zaupanja pri gospodarski dejavnosti je poslovna goljufija najpogostejše kaznivo dejanje iz 24. poglavja Kazenskega zakonika. Sodna praksa je pokazala, da gre v večini primerov kazenskega pregona po 228. členu za civilnopravno zadevo. Tožilci se prepogosto srečujejo s tipskimi ovadbami, ki po navadi vsebujejo zgolj navedbe opravilnih številk neplačanih računom. To po mnenju slovenskega sodstva ne zadošča, saj pavšalno navajanje, da račun ni bil plačan, in splošna navedba, da je šlo za preslepitev, nista dovolj. Iz opisa dejanja v obtožbi mora biti namreč jasno razvidno, katere okoliščine je obdolženec lažno prikazoval ali jih prikrival, s čimer je preslepil oškodovanca, ter tudi, kakšen je bil njegov namen preslepitve. Da ne bi prihajalo do tipskih ovadb, ki nepotrebno obremenjujejo kazenska sodišča, bi bilo smiselno v kaznivo dejanje poslovne goljufije uvesti nekaj sprememb. Ena izmed njih je, da premoženjska škoda in protipravno pridobljena korist lahko nastaneta šele v primeru neuspešnega izvršilnega postopka. S tem bi se izognili prehitrim kazenskim ovadbam, ki so zgolj sredstvo zastraševanja, s spremembo pa tudi kazenski postopek ne bi bil več (zlo)rabljen kot nadomestek civilnopravne izvršbe. Business fraud as an offence has been introduced in 1999 as a response to the Grubelič case. A new privileged position has been added with the amending act of 2004 along with an alternative consequence in 2008 by the adoption of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Slovenia (hereinafter KZ-1), i.e. benefits obtained by the perpetrator. Business fraud as an offence is described in Article 228 of KZ-1 as one of corporate criminal offences where economic activity is a legally protected value and the principle of trust in business is a legally protected good. Business fraud can only occur in economic activity and is considered a delictum proprium with regard to the perpetrator. The Act only provides for an intentional form of the offence, while the intention of the perpetrator is necessary for the conclusion or implementation of a business or a contract. This is the most important difference between the intentional form and the criminal offence. Article 228 provides for two alternative consequences, i.e. loss of property or property benefit. However, loss of property also constitutes the objective condition of criminality, which means that it cannot be assumed that the offence of business fraud occurred without any loss of property. In addition, business fraud is the most common criminal offence outlined in chapter 24 of KZ-1 in addition to abuse of position or trust in economic activity. Case law showed that the majority of law enforcement cases under Article 228 of KZ-1 constitute a civil affair. Prosecutors often work on typical complaints that usually revolve around reference numbers of outstanding invoices, which the Slovenian judiciary finds insufficient because general referencing to outstanding invoices or general statements that a fraud had occurred are not enough. The description of the offence in the charge must clearly state the circumstances the perpetrator misrepresented or concealed in order to defraud the injured party, and the perpetrator's purpose of deception. To eliminate typical charges burdening the criminal courts, it would be reasonable to introduce some changes to the description of the criminal offence of business fraud. One of them would be to state that loss of property and unlawfully obtained property benefits can only occur in case of unsuccessful execution proceedings, which would prevent rushed criminal complaints that serve as mere means of deterrence. In this manner, criminal proceedings would no longer be (mis)used as a substitute for civil law enforcement.

Človek se je šele nedavno začel zavedati, kako pomembno zanj je naravno okolje. S to zavestjo je postopoma prišla tudi skrb za ohranitev okolja v čim večjem obsegu. Ena od pomembnih oblik, v katerih se udejanja, je tudi kazenskopravno varstvo okolja. S tem namenom je zakonodajalec v sklopu Kazenskega zakonika (KZ-1) inkriminiral dejanja zoper okolje, prostor in naravne dobrine kot kazniva dejanja. Tako je vzpostavil paleto nedovoljenih posegov v okolje, prostor in naravne dobrine. S kazenskopravno ureditvijo je dosežen tako preventivni kot represivni namen, saj predpisane kazenske sankcije morebitne storilce kaznivega dejanja lahko odvrnejo od izvršitve le-tega, v primeru izvršenega kaznivega dejanja pa zagotavljajo pravično kazen. Pričakovali bi, da je sodna praksa na tem področju obsežnejša, vendar je v primerjavi z drugimi kaznivimi dejanji iz KZ-1 zanemarljivega obsega. To bi sicer lahko pomenilo, da se kaznivih dejanj zoper okolje, prostor in naravne dobrine pač ne izvršuje v tako veliki meri, da bi prihajalo do pogostih obsodb, veliko bolj verjetno pa je, da kljub obstoju in vsej posledični škodi le niso zaznana. To je velika pomanjkljivost slovenskega prostora, tako s političnega kot družbenega vidika. Dokler se ne bomo v celoti zavedali škodljivosti posegov v naše okolje in poskrbeli za primerne ukrepe, se bo nepopravljiva škoda za življenje na planetu Zemlja samo povečevala. The man has only recently become aware of the importance of the natural environment for him. This awareness gradually brought the care for preserving the environment as much as possible. One of the important forms in which it is being implemented is also the protection of the environment through criminal law. To this end, the legislator criminalized acts against the environment, space and natural assets as criminal offenses under the Penal Code (KZ-1). That way, a range of unauthorized interventions in the environment, space and natural assets was established. Criminal law has achieved both preventive and repressive purpose, since the prescribed criminal sanctions can deter potential perpetrators of the crime from the execution of this criminal act, and in the event of the committed crime they provide a fair penalty. It would be expected that the case law in this area is more extensive, but it is negligible in comparison with other crimes from the KZ-1. This could mean that crimes against the environment, space and natural assets are not exercised to such an extent that frequent convictions would occur, but it is much more likely that, despite their existence and consequential damage, they are not perceived. This is a major disadvantage of the Slovene territory, both from a political and a social point of view. Until we are fully aware of the harmfulness of interventions in our environment and take appropriate action, the irreparable damage to life on Earth will only increase.

Kazensko pravo je dolgo predstavljalo utrdbo suverenosti moderne (nacionalne) države. Z nastopom in razvojem EU se je ideja o kazenskem pravu kot utrdbi državne suverenosti, kot domaine réservé, začela počasi, a vztrajno rahljati. Kazensko pravo in Unija sta si sramežljivo in postopoma podajala roki, čeprav je bilo – in je še vedno – med državami članicami veliko nasprotovanja, da bi se EU priznalo kazenskopravno pristojnost. Unija je tako skoraj 60 let čakala, da je dozorela ideja o kompatibilnosti kazenskega prava s pravnim ustrojem EU. Spiritus agens takšnega premika naprej je bilo med drugim tudi varstvo finančnih interesov EU. Lasten sistem finančnih sredstev, obširna in nedvoumna sodna praksa Sodišča, način financiranja in izvrševanja proračuna EU, obsežen seznam ravnanj, ki ogrožajo in škodujejo finančnim interesom EU, ter neučinkovitost Unije in držav članic pri zagotavljanju učinkovitega varstva finančnih interesov EU so predstavljali odločilne razloge, da je z Lizbonsko pogodbo dokončno napočil čas, da je kazensko pravo tudi na primarnopravni ravni ugledalo luč sveta. Unija je na splošni ravni – prek člena 83 PDEU – odprla pot materialnemu kazenskopravnemu urejanju posameznih področij, ki ogrožajo ali škodujejo interesom EU, in na konkretni ravni – prek člena 325 PDEU – zagotovila izrecno pravno podlago za kazenskopravno urejanje varstva finančnih interesov EU. Glede na dozdajšnji potek sprejemanja prvega materialnopravnega akta Unije na področju varstva finančnih interesov EU menim, da smo sprejetju takšnega pravnega akta Unije bližje kot kadarkoli prej. Namen te magistrske diplomske naloge je posebno pozornost posvetiti povezavi med kazenskim pravom in EU ter materialnemu kazenskopravnemu varstvu finančnih interesov EU. The criminal law presents a fortress of sovereignty of modern nation states since those have been created. With the beginning and the development of the EU the idea of criminal law as the fortress of state’s sovereignty has slowly but steady began to change. Criminal law and the EU have gradually begun to grow beyond what was initially planned however, member states strongly opposed (and still oppose) to the legislative activity of EU on the field of criminal law that is why it took the EU almost 60 years to engage in regulating EU criminal law topics. One of the reasons for such legislative activity on this field was the protection of EU financial interests. The other reasons that led the EU to regulate certain criminal law aspects at the primary-law level - the later being done with Lisbon Treaty - were: EU’s own system of financial sources, extensive and unambiguous jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, financing and execution of EU budget, the extensive list of actions that threaten and damage EU financial interests, the EU’s and member states’ inability to successfully protect EU’s financial interests. The legal basis to regulate certain substantive criminal law questions in relation to the protection of EU interests can be found in Article 83 of TFEU (in abstracto) and in Article 325 of TFEU (in concreto). In my opinion the first EU criminal substantive law on the secondary-law level will emerge in short time. The purpose of this master thesis is to highlight the connection between criminal law, the EU and the protection of EU financial interests, which is being done by EU substantive criminal law

Računalniško-informacijski sistemi so popolnoma spremenili delovanje današnje družbe. Tako imenovana tehnološko-informacijska revolucija je drastično posegla v človeške odnose v družbi – predvsem na področje komunikacije in sporazumevanja med ljudmi. Računalniško-informacijski sistemi so se začeli uporabljati kot sredstva in pripomočki pri kaznivih dejanjih, obenem pa so se razvile tudi povsem nove pojavne oblike kibernetskih kaznivih dejanj. Glede na hitri razvoj informacijske tehnologije in rigidnost tradicionalnega kazenskega prava nas v disertaciji zanima, ali lahko to še sledi spremembam informacijske tehnologije. V postavljeni tezi zagovarjamo, da mora biti kazensko pravo še vedno zmožno podrobno zajeti, opredeliti in sankcionirati kazniva dejanja kibernetskega kriminala kljub njihovemu hitremu razvoju in specifičnosti. Kazensko pravo bo to bistveno lažje doseglo preko posebnega dela – torej posamičnih kaznivih dejanj – kot pa s spremembami splošnega dela. Če želimo preveriti, ali postavljena teza drži, je treba temeljito preučiti vse poznane pojavne oblike kaznivih dejanj kibernetskega kriminala in v okviru vsakega sklopa analizirati posebnosti in dogmatične probleme, ki jih nove informacijske tehnologije prinašajo kazenskemu pravu. V uvodnem poglavju posvetimo nekaj besed ciljem doktorske disertacije, temeljni tezi, predpostavkam in morebitnim omejitvam, predvidenim metodam raziskovanja in temeljnim pojmom. Nato na kratko nakažemo razvoj informacijske tehnologije, računalništva in kibernetskega kriminala, ki je v zadnjih tridesetih letih napredoval od najbolj preprostih do izredno kompleksnih kaznivih dejanj mednarodnih razsežnosti. Razvoj informacijske tehnologije nam prikaže, kako hitro se je ta razvila in v kako kratkem času so nastala specifična kazniva dejanja, danes poznana pod skupnim pojmom kibernetski kriminal. Sledi podrobna predstavitev Konvencije o kibernetski kriminaliteti in njenega Dodatnega protokola o obravnavi rasističnih in ksenofobičnih dejanj – temeljna mednarodno sprejeta dokumenta za potrebe uspešnega kazenskega pregona kibernetskega kriminala. Osrednji del disertacije predstavljajo sklopi kaznivih dejanj s predstavitvijo sodobnih trendov in pravnih problemov. Uvodno poglavje je namenjeno predstavitvi zavarovanih pravnih vrednot in dobrin ter dilemam protipravnosti kaznivih dejanj kibernetskega kriminala, nato pa v naslednjih trinajstih poglavjih (Protipravni dostop, Protipravno prestrezanje, Motenje podatkov, Motenje sistemov, Zloraba naprav, Računalniško ponarejanje, Računalniška goljufija, Kazniva dejanja, povezana z otroško pornografijo, Kazniva dejanja, povezana s kršitvijo avtorske in sorodnih pravic, Razžalitev in kazniva dejanja zoper čast in dobro ime, Grožnja preko informacijskega sistema, Zanikanje, hujše zmanjševanje pomena, odobravanje ali zagovarjanje genocida ali hudodelstev zoper človečnost, Razširjanje rasističnega in ksenofobičnega gradiva v informacijskih sistemih) obravnavamo temeljne pojavne oblike kaznivih dejanj kibernetskega kriminala, njihove posebnosti in sodobne dileme, ki se pojavljajo v kazenskem pravu. Uporabljamo tudi mednarodnopravno primerjavo s tujimi tako anglo-ameriškimi kot kontinentalnimi kazenskimi zakonodajami. V zaključku povzamemo temeljne ugotovitve, rešitve in dileme, napovemo trende kazenskega prava v povezavi s kibernetskim kriminalom v prihodnosti, potrdimo temeljne dispozicije in sprejmemo osnovno tezo disertacije. Computer-information systems have completely transformed the functionality of modern society. The so-called Information Technology Revolution has dramatically intervened in human relations in society - especially in communication and interaction between people. Today, computer-information systems are being used as resources and tools for committing criminal offences. We are also experiencing the development of new forms of cybercrime offences. Given the rapid development of information technology and the rigidity of the traditional criminal law, we are interested if criminal law can still follow the development in information technology. In our thesis we argue that criminal law, despite the rapid development and complexity of cybercrime offences, must still be able to cover, identify and sanction all the new forms of cybercrime offences. This goal can be achieved by adjusting specific criminal offences, which are more flexible than the rigid general part of criminal law. If we want to confirm our thesis, it is necessary to thoroughly examine all known forms of cybercrime offences and analyze specific dogmatic problems that information technology can pose to criminal law. In the introduction we dedicate a few words to the aims of our doctoral thesis, fundamental propositions, presumptions, possible limitations and provided methods of our research. We then briefly describe the development of information technology and cybercrime, which has progressed in the last thirty years from the most simple to very complex crimes of international dimensions. Development of information technology gave rise to new specific offences now known as cybercrime. Following is a detailed presentation of the Convention on Cybercrime and its Additional Protocol concerning the criminalization of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems – two basic internationally accepted documents for successful prosecution of cybercrime. Central part of the dissertation is an analysis of trends and legal problems of fundamental offences of cybercrime. The first part of this chapter is dedicated to protected legal virtues and to problems of illegality of cybercrime offences. We then analyse the basic forms of cybercrime offences, specifics and contemporary dilemmas that arise in today’s criminal law through thirteen chapters (Illegal access Illegal interception Data interference System interference Misuse of devices Computer-related forgery Computer-related fraud Offences related to child pornography Offences related to infringements of copyright and related rights Racist and xenophobic motivated insult Racist and xenophobic motivated threat Denial, gross minimization, approval or justification of genocide or crimes against humanity Dissemination of racist and xenophobic material through computer systems). We are also using an international legal comparison approach, where we compare different criminal law legislations and criminal law statues in order to asses how different legal systems approach new forms of cybercrime offences. In conclusion we summarize the main findings, solutions and dilemmas, predict trends in criminal law in relation to cybercrime in the future, confirm given dispositions and accept the basic thesis of the dissertation.