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The intercropping of legumes with cereals offers scope for developing energy-efficient and sustainable agriculture. Legume supported systems have a high potential for mitigating climate change through the reduction of fossil fuel use and GHG emissions, as well as increasing C sequestration. Long-term intercropping increases soil C sequestration compared to monoculture, with the changes in C storage ranging from -0.020 to 0.184 t C/ha/yr. Intercropping increases crop yields and it provides several ecological services such as pest, disease and weed control, soil biodiversity, and it has positive effects on nutrient use efficiency and soil quality. The aim of this research was to examine the influence of intercropping on some soil properties. Two-year trials (2021-2023) were carried out on the experimental fields of the IFVCNS. Treatments: intercropping (winter wheat + forage pea)-I; winter wheat-WW; forage pea-FP; control-C. Soil samples were taken in autumn and in May. The lowest K content was found in WW variant, 2.21 % and was significantly lower compared to FP (2.67 %). The content of K in I variant was 2.31 %. The P content was the highest in the FP (2.71 %), and the lowest in the WW variant (2.10 %). The content of P in the I variant was 2.31%. Total N content was the lowest in the WW (0.16 %) and in the C variant (0.17%). The results from the FP and I variant were 0.18 %. The lowest SOC content was obtained in WW (12.7 g/kg) and then in the C variant (13.33 g/kg). The highest SOC content was in FP, 13.90 g/kg, and in the I variant, 13.83 g/kg. Although the SOC content was slightly higher, positive C balance cannot be found automatically, it takes many years. Long term results will be climate change mitigation and a significant contribution to climate neutrality through enhanced C sequestration. Intercropping as well as single legume crop are a good options for enhancing soil fertility.

Biostimulants are used for seed quality and performance improvement. However, the impact of biostimulants on parsnip seed quality has not been examined. Slow germination of parsnip is often further impeded by stress conditions. This study therefore aimed to assess whether treatments with different biostimulants could enhance seed germination and the initial seedling growth of parsnip. Amino acid and micronutrient-based biostimulants (0.2% solutions (v/v) of Technokel Amino Mix® and Megafol®) improved germination of parsnip seeds under optimal conditions, while biostimulant treatments with humic acid, fulvic acid and micronutrients (0.02% solution (v/v) of Organiko®) enhanced the initial growth. Our findings validate the potential of biostimulant application as a seed treatment. Determination of the main physiological causes of parsnip germination enhancement is needed in further research.

Maize is a globally significant cereal crop, contributing to the production of essential food products and serving as a pivotal resource for diverse industrial applications. This study investigated the proximate analysis of maize hybrids from different FAO maturity groups in Serbia, exploring variations in polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, tocopherols, and fatty acids with the aim of understanding how agroecological conditions influence the nutritional potential of maize hybrids. The results indicate substantial variations in nutritional composition and antioxidant properties among different maturity groups. The levels of total polyphenols varied among FAO groups, indicating that specific hybrids may offer greater health benefits. Flavonoids and carotenoids also showed considerable variation, with implications for nutritional quality. Tocopherol content varied significantly, emphasizing the diversity in antioxidant capacity. Fatty acid analysis revealed high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, indicating favorable nutritional and industrial properties. The study highlights the importance of considering maturity groups in assessing the nutritional potential of maize hybrids.

Closing the loop – An EU action plan for the circular economy identified the Fertilisers Regulation revision as a key legislative proposal to boost the market for secondary raw materials. The European Commission has adopted recently EU Fertilising Products Regulation EU 2019/1009 expanding its scope to secondary-raw-material-based products (from biogenic wastes and other secondary raw materials). During the industrial processing of sunflowers, sunflower husks used as alternative fuels resulting in the generation of waste ash. Sunflower ash is a known material as a good and cheap source of potassium. In present study the tested samples of ashes is characterized as a starting raw material for the producing fertilizers in an accredited and authorized Laboratory for fertilisers quality. The tested samples is not loaded with heavy metals and the risk of recycling contaminants has not been assessed. According to the content of available (water-soluble) elements, the content of soluble phosphorus and micronutrients is very low, while potassium is completely water-soluble (40 to 50% K2O m/m), therefore, the tested ashes can be regarded as a good raw material as a source of potassium component in the final product. The pH reaction of the samples is extremely alkaline, therefore it is necessary to neutralize pH reaction in the industrial processing of this raw material, or to restrict the final product for use on acid reaction soils.

In viticulture, the soil can be strongly influenced, compared to the possibilities of anthropogenic influence on other abiotic factors of terroir, such as climate. Old vineyards, aged over 40 years, are characterized by small areas, rare grapevine varieties, lower vigour, and yields. Old vines have a deeper, more developed root system, traditionally believed to have improved access to nutrient and water reserves, sustaining themselves with minimal human intervention. The preservation of old vineyards is invaluable for the heritage of winegrowing areas, enhancing the conservation of genetic biodiversity. The study focused on six old vineyards identified as candidates for conservation in central Serbia, within the Tri Morave wine-growing region/PDO, known for its rich cultivation history. These vineyards, planted between 1930 and 1979, feature local grapevine varieties including Prokupac, Tamjanika, and Kavcina. Pedological investigations revealed two soil types: Eutric Cambisol (Ochric) and Haplic Vertisol. Mechanical composition was found to be linked to soil type, while pH and carbonate content were associated with the micro location. However, the content of organic matter and readily available nutrients P and K showed significant anthropogenic influence, indicating a notable deficiency in these elements. The soil is well supplied with accessible microelements (Zn, Fe, Mn), but has a very low boron content. Total copper content was high, exceeding 100 ppm at five locations due to prolonged use of copper-based fungicides. Insight into agricultural practices revealed imprecise record-keeping by owners, with old vineyards commonly left without fertilization, while pesticides are still applied. This research indicates the degradation of old vineyard soil, emphasizing the need for deliberate intervention. Vulnerable vineyards like these deserve all contemporary available nurture to ensure their survival. In the conservation process, non-invasive 'green' measures must be

Ovo tehničko rešenje je verifikovano i kategorizovano kao M82 na 28. redovnoj sednici MNO za biotehnologiju i poljoprivredu održanoj 24.05.2024. godine.

Knowledge of long-term phosphorus behavior is essential to improve soil structure, nutrient supply potential, and the sustainability of cropping systems. A 45-year long-term experimental trial was used to observe organic phosphorus fractionation and its effects on soil aggregation and nutrient distribution at three depths (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) in Vojvodina Province, Serbia, under maize monoculture and maize/barley rotation. Five fertilizing systems were studied, including Control, NPK, NPK + maize remains, NPK + manure, and NPK + manure in rotation. Soil aggregates were fractionated into four size categories (>2000, 2000–250, 250–53, and <53 µm) using a wet sieving method. The samples were analyzed for main indicators, including different forms of phosphorus, total and available (PT and PA), as well as its organic forms (Labile Po, Biomass Po, Mod. Labile Po, Fulvic acid Po, Humic acid Po, and Resistant Po), and other fertility parameters. Significant differences in total and available phosphorus as well as all observed organic phosphorus fractions were evident between treatments with and without organic amendments, particularly in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers. Moderately labile P forms were dominant across all treatments, while labile forms constituted a smaller proportion. The most notable differences between treatments were observed in the labile and moderately labile forms, as well as in the resistant form of organic phosphorus. Manure application led to increased nutrient content in macroaggregates (>250 µm) compared to microaggregates. Microaggregates (<250 µm) were predominant across all depths, while stable structural aggregates did not show a significant increase after manure application. PCA highlighted significant correlations between soil characteristics, including total and available P, total organic carbon, clay content, and enzyme activity, across different aggregate sizes and organic P fractions. Overall, long-term mineral fertilization co

Seed infection caused by Fusarium spp. is one of the major threats to the seed quality and yield of agricultural crops, including garden peas. The use of Bacillus spp. with multiple antagonistic and plant growth-promoting (PGP) abilities represents a potential disease control strategy. This study was performed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of new Bacillus spp. rhizosphere isolates against two Fusarium strains affecting garden peas. Six Bacillus isolates identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as B. velezensis (B42), B. subtilis (B43), B. mojavensis (B44, B46), B. amyloliquefaciens (B50), and B. halotolerans (B66) showed the highest in vitro inhibition of F. proliferatum PS1 and F. equiseti PS18 growth (over 40%). The selected Bacillus isolates possessed biosynthetic genes for endoglucanase (B42, B43, B50), surfactin (B43, B44, B46), fengycin (B44, B46), bacillomycin D (B42, B50), and iturin (B42), and were able to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, and cellulase. Two isolates, B. subtilis B43 and B. amyloliquefaciens B50, had the highest effect on final germination, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and seedling vigor index of garden peas as compared to the control. Their individual or combined application reduced seed infection and increased seed germination in the presence of F. proliferatum PS1 and F. equiseti PS18, both after seed inoculation and seed bio-priming. The most promising results were obtained in the cases of the bacterial consortium, seed bio-priming, and the more pathogenic strain PS18. The novel Bacillus isolates may be potential biocontrol agents intended for the management of Fusarium seed-borne diseases.

The conducted research aims to ascertain the variations in macro and microelement content within the soil-to-leaf relationship in small vineyards. The vineyard block (1.2 ha), located in Sremski Karlovci, Serbia, planted with Grašac (Riesling Italico), was divided into 20 subplots. Each subplot served as an individual location for soil and leaf sampling. Soil samples were collected at three depths, while leaf sampling occurred at two phenophase (end of flowering and at ripening), with separation into petiole and blade parts. Variability of soil physico-chemical characteristics between subplots was determinate, with the greatest variability in the 30–60 cm soil layer. The soil generally displayed low levels of organic matter and available P, K, Zn and B. Erosion processes were indicated by the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters. Differences in nutrient contents were noted among leaf parts and phenophases, aligning with existing literature. Comparing leaf nutrient status to optimal values from literature, N and P content was found at lower limits, confirming K and B deficiencies. Identically, fertilization recommendations can be inferred from soil and foliar analyses, primarily for N, K and B. Additionally, based on soil analysis, a slight increase in P and Zn application is advisable. Established correlations among all observed variables revealed connections between soil parameters, across all depths, and nutrients in the leaf blade at the end of flowering. It is notable to say that nutrient content in soil, particularly N, K, Mn and Zn, exhibited statistically significant positive correlations with its content in the leaf blade, respectively. Further research is necessary to lay the foundation for the development of accurate and reliable criteria for diagnosing nutrition, not only for the whole species but also among grapevine leading varieties. Given the significant variations in nutrient requirements and accumulation among these genotypes, this re, Sprovedeno istraživanje ima za cilj da utvrdi varijacije u sadržaju makro- i mikroelemenata u odnosu zemljište–list u malim vinogradima. Parcela veličine 1,2 hektara u Sremskim Karlovcima (Srbija), sa sortom grašac (Riesling Italico), podeljena je na 20 delova, pod parcela. Svaka pod parcela služila je kao pojedinačna lokacija za uzorkovanje zemljišta i listova. Uzorci zemljišta su sakupljani na tri dubine, dok je uzorkovanje listova obavljeno u dve fenofaze (faza cvetanja i faza sazrevanja), sa razdvajanjem drške i liske. Varijacije u fizičko-hemijskim karakteristikama zemljišta su potvrđene među posmatranih 20 pod parcela, sa najvećom varijabilnošću u sloju zemljišta od 30–60 cm. Zemljište generalno pokazuje nizak sadržaj organske materije i pristupačnog fosfora (P), kalijuma (K), cinka (Zn) i bora (B). Prostorna distribucija fizičko-hemijskih parametara ukazuje na prisutne procese erozije. Dobijene razlike u sadržaju hranljivih materija među delovima lista i fenofazama su u skladu sa postojećom literaturom. Pri upoređivanju sadržaja hranljivih materija u listovima sa optimalnim vrednostima iz literature, utvrđeno je da je sadržaj azota (N) i fosfora (P) na donjoj granici, i potvrđen je nedostatak kalijuma (K) i bora (B). Identične preporuke za đubrenje mogu se doneti na osnovu analize zemljišta i folijarne analize, pre svega za azot (N), kalijum (K) i bor (B). Dodatno, na osnovu analize zemljišta, preporučuje se blago povećanje primene fosfora (P) i cinka (Zn) za đubrenje. Utvrđene korelacije između svih posmatranih promenljivih otkrile su veze između parametara zemljišta na sve tri dubine i hranljivih materija u listu tokom faze cvetanja. Sadržaj hranljivih materija u zemljištu, naročito azota (N), kalijuma (K), mangana (Mn) i cinka (Zn), pokazuje statistički značajne pozitivne korelacije sa sadržajem odgovarajućeg elementa u listu tokom faze cvetanja. Neophodna su dalja istraživanja kako bi se postavili temelji za razvoj tačnih i pouzdanih kriterijuma za dijagn

A wide occurrence of wilt and rot caused by Fusarium species has been observed in the last few years in many vegetable-growing areas in the Republic of Serbia. Symptoms of rot and wilt of celery, garlic, and onion were noticed and after determination, Fusarium spp. was identified as the main causal agent of the disease. Most of the Fusarium species that cause disease on vegetable crops (garlic, onion, celery) overwinter in soil debris and soil. This study was conducted to isolate and identify Fusarium from soil samples by conventional and molecular methods. Soil samples were taken under the diseased plant, and 25 samples were collected in order to perform isolation of Fusarium species that cause rot and wilt during production.

Cereal products, such as flakes and snack items, are frequently consumed as part of everyday diets, encompassing ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, flakes, and snacks. The utilization of extrusion technology is crucial in the manufacturing process of cereal-based flakes or snack products. When it comes to cereal-based flakes or snacks, different types of corn, such as white corn, yellow corn, red corn, and black corn, have garnered attention from scientists, consumers, and experts in the food industry. This paper investigates the simultaneous effects of different types of corn (white corn, yellow corn, red corn, and black corn) addition and different screw speeds (350, 500, 650 rpm) on the physical, technological, and functional properties of flake products. An increasing screw speed had a positive influence on the physical and technological characteristics of corn flakes, while different types of corn had a positive influence on the mineral composition and antioxidant properties. Black corn flour and a screw speed of 350 rpm positively influenced the physical and technological characteristics, mineral composition, and antioxidant properties of flake products, with a best total Z-score analysis of 0.59.

Klimatske promene, degradacija zemljišta i gubitak biodiverziteta predstavljaju sve veće pretnje za čovečanstvo, a zaštita zemljišta ima ključnu ulogu u njihovom rešavanju [1]. Jedan od načina za smanjenje koncentracije ugljenika u atmosferi i ublažavanje efekata klimatskih promena je proces vezivanja ugljenika u zemljištu, poznat i kao sekvestracija. Ovaj proces podrazumeva skladištenje organskog ugljenika iz ostataka biljaka u zemljište, sintezom i mineralizacijom zemljišne organske materije (OM) [2]. Iako je ovaj proces relativno spor, organskog ugljenika ima više u površinskom sloju zemljišta nego u atmosferi i nadzemnoj vegetaciji zajedno. Nažalost, procenjeno je da je skoro polovina svetskog fonda zemljišta degradirana u nekom obliku, što predstavlja ozbiljan izazov u održavanju procesa vezivanja ugljenika [3]. Organska materija je ključna za plodnost i normalne funkcije zemljišta. Pored toga što je izvor hraniva za biljke, čuva strukturu zemljišta, sprečava eroziju, povećava sposobnost zemljišta da zadrži vodu, održava biodiverzitet i utiče na sudbinu zagađujućih materija. Stoga međunarodna zajednica intenzivno radi na istraživanju i promociji praksi koje doprinose očuvanju organske materije u zemljištu [4].

Land consolidation (LC) is an important tool for the improvement of agriculture and rural development, which also includes environmental issues in most of the countries in Europe. This paper presents the most important results of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of land consolidation, conducted in the municipality of Vršac through a pilot project based on the EU methodology set within the project: “Strengthening Municipal Land Management in Serbia”, supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. During the summer of 2018, field survey was carried out at 90 locations, documenting the natural, semi-natural and man-made landscape elements of ecological or cultural values, assessing their quality and estimating the potential harmful environmental impacts of the land consolidation. The already existing negative impacts of intensive agriculture were also registered, such as abandonment or overgrazing of pastures and meadows, converting grasslands into arable land, soil erosion and habitat fragmentation. Although the area of LC is without natural forest and extremely poor in semi-natural elements of rural landscape, the existing entities were revealed as refuges for protected species. Some of the grassland fragments belonged to protected habitat types. The final categorization of the landscape elements was conducted in three levels. Category I landscape elements had to remain undisturbed; Category II landscape elements could be removed with obligatory ecological compensation, while the Category III landscape elements could be removed without environmental compensation. Recommendations were given pointing out the possibilities for improving the environmental characters of the area by the land consolidation process., U većini zemalja u Evropi komasacija zemljišta (KZ) predstavlja važnu meru za unapređenje poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja, uključujući pitanja životne sredine,. U ovom radu predstavljeni su najvažniji rezultati procene uticaja komasacije na životnu sredinu (EIA) u Opštini Vršac kroz pilot projekat zasnovan na metodologiji EU postavljenoj u okviru projekta: “Strengthening Municipal Land Management in Serbia”, uz podršku Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Tokom leta 2018. godine sprovedeno je terensko istraživanje prirodnih, poluprirodnih i veštačkih elemenata predela, ekoloških i kulturnih vrednosti na 90 lokacija. Urađena je procena stanja ovih vrednosti i procena potencijalnih štetnih uticaja komasacije na životnu sredinu. Osmotreni su negativni uticaji intenzivne poljoprivrede, kao što su: napuštanje ili prekomerna ispaša pašnjaka i livada, njihovo pretvaranje u obradivo zemljište, erozija zemljišta i fragmentacija prirodnih staništa. Iako je područje KZ bez prirodne šume i izuzetno siromašno prirodnim elementima ruralnog pejzaža, postojeće celine su otkrivene kao utočišta za zaštićene vrste. Neki od fragmenata travne vegetacije pripadali su zaštićenim tipovima staništa. Konačna kategorizacija elemenata pejzaža sprovedena je u tri nivoa. Elementi predela I kategorije – koji ostaju nenarušeni (ne smeju se uklanjati); II kategorija – elementi pejzaža neutralnog karaktera sa obaveznom ekološkom kompenzacijom; III kategorija – elementi pejzaža koji se uklanjaju bez ekološke naknade. Date su preporuke kojima se ukazuje na mogućnosti za poboljšanje ekoloških karakteristika područja procesom komasacije.

The need for certified organic agricultural products is ever greater as in the World, so in Serbia. Triennial research was conducted with five soybean varieties and foliar treatment with aqueous extract and aminoacids aimed at esstablishing examined factors’ influence on soybean yield and organic soybean cultivation system sustainability. A field experiment was set in four repetitions. All three examined factors have shown significant influence on soybean yield and that such a method of soybean cultivation is sustainable. However, in dry farming, soybean grain yield height is mostly influenced by weather conditions, primarily precipitation quantity and distribution, as well as temperature height during the vegetation period, hence yield height varies from year to year.

Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) is the result of a combination of various factors related to both the natural environment and anthropogenic activities. The aim of this study was to examine (i) the state of SOC in topsoil and subsoil of vineyards compared to the nearest forest, (ii) the influence of soil management on SOC, (iii) the variation in SOC content with topographic position, (iv) the intensity of soil erosion in order to estimate the leaching of SOC from upper to lower topographic positions, and (v) the significance of SOC for the reduction of soil’s susceptibility to compaction. The study area was the vineyard region of Niš, which represents a medium-sized vineyard region in Serbia. About 32% of the total land area is affected, to some degree, by soil erosion. However, according to the mean annual soil loss rate, the total area is classified as having tolerable erosion risk. Land use was shown to be an important factor that controls SOC content. The vineyards contained less SOC than forest land. The SOC content was affected by topographic position. The interactive effect of topographic position and land use on SOC was significant. The SOC of forest land was significantly higher at the upper position than at the middle and lower positions. Spatial distribution of organic carbon in vineyards was not influenced by altitude, but occurred as a consequence of different soil management practices. The deep tillage at 60–80 cm, along with application of organic amendments, showed the potential to preserve SOC in the subsoil and prevent carbon loss from the surface layer. Penetrometric resistance values indicated optimum soil compaction in the surface layer of the soil, while low permeability was observed in deeper layers. Increases in SOC content reduce soil compaction and thus the risk of erosion and landslides. Knowledge of soil carbon distribution as a function of topographic position, land use and soil management is important for sustainable pr

Due to specific soil properties and management practices, soils in vineyards are sensitive to degradation. The aims of this study were to examine (i) the state of soil organic carbon (SOC) in vineyards compared to other agricultural land, (ii) the influence of different fertilization strategies and soil type on SOC content and (iii) the rate of SOC change over time and potential of deep tillage for SOC preservation in subsoil. The study was carried out at 16 representative vineyard locations of the Tri Morave region, which represents the largest vine growing region in Serbia. The analyzed area included 56 vineyard plots. Results showed that SOC stocks in the topsoil and subsoil were lower than the average for agricultural land in Serbia. The soil type was an important predictor of carbon storage in the topsoil. An adequate application of inorganic fertilizers or green manure combined with farmyard manure initially resulted in the highest SOC contents. Continuous application of inorganic fertilizer without organic amendments has led to a decrease of SOC in topsoil. High rates of SOC stock change in topsoil accompanied a rapid reduction of SOC in the earlier stage of cultivation. In all investigated subsoils, SOC increased, except for unfertilized vineyards. Deep tillage has the potential to preserve SOC in the deeper soil layer and prevent carbon loss from the topsoil. More attention should be paid to the soil conservation practices to meet environmental sustainability of viticulture.

The increasing phosphorus fertilizers use in agricultural production requires monitoring of the available phosphorus content in the soil. The AL available concentration of a soil is a key index that can be used to evaluate the P supply capacity of the soil and to estimate the optimal P fertilization rate. The aim of this paper was to examine the changes in the available phosphorus content in agricultural soil of Vojvodina Province, in the framework of soil quality monitoring. The examination included 1600 samples of agricultural soils from representative sites, properly distributed in a 4x4 km squares network. The available phosphorus content was determined by spectrophotometric method in AL extract (Egner and Riehm). The results of the research were compared with the results of the previous project in 1992, in order to detect the tendency of soil quality. The results indicated that soil class with the optimal content (15-25 mg/100 g) covered the largest area (21.4%), while the smallest area (5.4%), included soil with a toxic content (< 100 mg/100 g). The area of soil with very high to harmful content (50-100 mg/100 g) amounted to 5.8%. Compared to results from 1992, the amount of available phosphorus increased in all types of soil by 4.67 mg/100 g, except in the humofluvisol. The area of poorly supplied and soils with phosphorus content over 50 mg/100g has been increased. Research indicated inadequate application of fertilizers compared to the previous period.

The need for certified organic agricultural products is ever greater as in the World, so in Serbia. Triennial research was conducted with five soybean varieties and foliar treatment with aqueous extract and aminoacids aimed at esstablishing examined factors’ influence on soybean yield and organic soybean cultivation system sustainability. A field experiment was set in four repetitions. All three examined factors have shown significant influence on soybean yield and that such a method of soybean cultivation is sustainable. However, in dry farming, soybean grain yield height is mostly influenced by weather conditions, primarily precipitation quantity and distribution, as well as temperature height during the vegetation period, hence yield height varies from year to year.

Eksperimentalni ogled sa paprikom bio je postavljen u plasteniku tokom 2021. godine sa sledećim tretmanima: vodeni ekstrakti od korena maslačka, kore banane i preparata Nutri Fos-K koji su primenjeni folijarno. U razvoju održivih poljoprivrednih sistema nastoji se da se smanji upotreba sintetičkih mineralnih đubriva kako bi se dobila zdravstveno bezbedna hrana proizvedena po organskim principima. Postignut je zadovoljavajući broj plodova i prinos paprike u primeni vodenih ekstrakata od korena maslačka i bananine kore. Najbolji rezultati su postignuti sa primenom tečnog sintetičkog đubriva Nutri Fos-K, jer sadrži visoku koncentraciju fosfora i kalijuma. Međutim, primena nedozvoljenih preparata u organskoj proizvodnji negativno utiče na životnu sredinu i poskupljuje proizvodnju. Primena vodenih ekstrakata od biljaka koje se nalaze na gazdinstvu i od biljnih otpadaka ne utiče na poskupljenje proizvodnje. Preporuka je nastaviti sa istraživanjem u pravcu primene vodenih ekstrakata., An experiment with peppers was set in a greenhouse during the year 2021 and it included the following treatments: aqueous dandelion root and banana peel extracts and Nutri Fos-K preparation which were applied foliarly. In sustainable agricultural systems' development, there are efforts to decrease synthetic mineral fertilizer use to obtain healthy food produced by organic cultivation principles. A satisfactory pepper fruit number and yield were achieved by applying aqueous dandelion root and banana peel extracts. The best results were achieved by applying liquid synthetic fertilizer Nutri Fos-K, because it contains high phosphorus and potassium concentrations. However, the use of prohibited preparations in organic production negatively affects the environment and rises production costs. Applying aqueous extracts of farmstead plants and plant residue does not affect production cost increase. The suggestion is to continue research in the direction of aqueous extract application.

The European Union is highly dependent on soybean imports from overseas to meet its protein demands. Individual Member States have been quick to declare self- sufficiency targets for plant- based proteins, but detailed strategies are still lacking. Rising global temperatures have painted an image of a bright future for soybean pro-duction in Europe, but emerging climatic risks such as drought have so far not been included in any of those outlooks. Here, we present simulations of future soybean production and the most prominent risk factors across Europe using an ensemble of climate and soybean growth models. Projections suggest a substantial increase in potential soybean production area and productivity in Central Europe, while southern European production would become increasingly dependent on supplementary irrigation. Average productivity would rise by 8.3% (RCP 4.5) to 8.7% (RCP 8.5) as a result of improved growing conditions (plant physiology benefiting from rising temperature and CO2 levels) and farmers adapting to them by using cultivars with longer phenological cycles. Suitable production area would rise by 31.4% (RCP 4.5) to 37.7% (RCP 8.5) by the mid-century, contributing considerably more than productivity increase to the production potential for closing the protein gap in Europe. While wet conditions at harvest and incidental cold spells are the current key challenges for extending soybean production, the models and climate data analysis anticipate that drought and heat will become the dominant limitations in the future. Breeding for heat-tolerant and water-efficient genotypes is needed to further improve soybean adaptation to changing climatic conditions.

Savremena poljoprivredna proizvodnja podrazumeva neracionalnu upotrebu velikih količina pesticida, što narušava kvalitet i plodnost poljoprivrednih zemljišta. Visoke koncentracije teških metala u zemljištu predstavljaju veliki rizik po agroekosisteme i živi svet, a najčešći uzrok zagađenja je antropogeni uticaj i neadekvatna primena hemijskih sredstava. Usled dugotrajne i intenzivne primene fungicida na bazi bakra, zemljišta pod vinogradima posebno su ugrožena od zagađenja ovim metalom. Primena fungicida na bazi bakra, često je povezana sa smanjenom aktivnošću mikroorganizama i promenama u strukturi mikrobnih zajednica. U cilju globalne procene stanja zemljišta pod vinogradima ispitane su fizičke, hemijske i mikrobiološke osobine zemljišta i u vinogradarskom rejonu Vranje. Brojnost mikroorganizama i dehidrogenazna aktivnost u uzorcima sa kontrolnih parcela ukazuju da način iskorišćenja parcele nije uticao na mikrobiološke parametre zemljišta. Raznovrsnost, brojnost i aktivnost mikroorganizama zavisili su prvenstveno od pH reakcije i fizičko-hemijskih osobina zemljišta., Modern agricultural production implies irrational use of large amounts of pesticides, which impairs the quality and fertility of agricultural soil. High concentrations of heavy metals in the soil pose a great risk to agroecosystems and wildlife, and the most common cause of pollution is anthropogenic impact and inadequate use of chemicals. Due to long-term and intensive application of copper-based fungicides, soils under vineyards is particularly vulnerable to pollution by this metal. The use of copper-based fungicides is often associated with reduced activity of microorganisms and changes in the structure of microbial communities. In order to globally assess the condition of the soil under vineyards physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the soil in the wine-growing region of Vranje were examined. The abundance of microorganisms and dehydrogenase activity in the control plots indicate that the method of plot utilization did not affect the microbiological parameters of the soil. The diversity, abundance and activity of microorganisms depended primarily on the pH reaction and physical and chemical properties of the soil.

Uticaj korišćenja zemljišta na svojstva zemljišta je dobro dokumentovan i procenjen kao dominantni antropogeni pritisak koji izaziva degradaciju zemljišta. Prirodan sklop zemljišta je u današnje vreme, očuvan na veoma malim površinama, najčešće u sklopu zaštićenih prirodnih dobara. Cilj ovog rada je da se pruži generalna i brza procena uticaja načina korišćenja zemljišta na zemljišne karakteristike na primeru Opštine Beočin. U radu je poređeno zemljište opštine pod poljoprivrednom biljnom proizvodnjom i šumsko zemljište nacionalnog parka (NP). Način korišćenja zemljišta se odrazio na zemljišnu pH reakciju. U šumskom zemljištu pH reakcija varira u opsegu od 3,42 do 5,50, dok u poljoprivrednom u opsegu 6,42 do 7,45. Posledično, sadržaj karbonata je u šumskom zemljištu manji od 0,5%, dok je u poljoprivrednom na jednoj lokaciji livade sadržaj manji od 0,5 %, a na ostalim obradivim površinama u opsegu 4,3 do čak 33,9%. Šumsko zemljište je značajno bogatije organskom materijom (prosek 4.28%) u odnosu na poljoprivredno zemljište (1,86%)., The impact of land use on soil properties is well documented and marked as the dominant anthropogenic pressure resulting in soil degradation. Nowadays, the natural composition of the land is preserved on very small areas, most often as part of protected natural assets. The aim of this paper is to provide a global and fast assessment of the impact of land use on land characteristics on the example of the Municipality of Beočin. The paper compares the land of the municipality under agricultural crop production and the forest land of the National Park (NP). The way of land use affected the soil pH reaction. In forest soil pH reaction varies in the range of 3.42 to 5.50, while in agricultural land in the range of 6.42 to 7.45. Consequently, the content of free carbonates in forest land is less than 0.5%, while in agricultural land at one location of the meadow the content is less than 0.5%, and in other arable land in the range of 4.3 to as much as 33.9%. Forest land is significantly richer in organic matter (average 4.28%) compared to agricultural land (1.86%).

Through choosing bread wheat genotypes that can be cultivated in less productive areas, one can increase the economic worth of those lands, and increase the area under cultivation for this strategic crop. As a result, more food sources will be available for the growing global population. The phenotypic variation of ear mass and grain mass per ear, as well as the genotype × environment interaction, were studied in 11 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and 1 triticale (Triticosecale W.) cultivar grown under soil salinity stress (3S) during three vegetation seasons. The results of the experiment set on the control variant (solonetz) were compared to the results obtained from soil reclaimed by phosphogypsum in the amount of 25 t × ha−1 and 50 t × ha−1. Using the AMMI analysis of variance, there was found to be a statistically significant influence of additive and nonadditive sources of variation on the phenotypic variation of the analyzed traits. Although the local landrace Banatka and the old variety Bankut 1205 did not have high enough genetic capacity to exhibit high values of ear mass, they were well-adapted to 3S. The highest average values of grain mass per ear and the lowest average values of the coefficient of variation were obtained in all test variants under microclimatic condition B. On soil reclaimed by 25 t × ha−1 and 50 t × ha−1 of phosphogypsum, in microclimate C, the genotypes showed the highest stability. The most stable genotypes were Rapsodija and Renesansa. Under 3S, genotype Simonida produced one of the most stable reactions for grain mass per ear.

Dva najzastupljenija tipa zemljišta, eutrični kambisoli i vertisol zajedno pokrivaju tek manje od 50% površine Rasinskog okruga. Od ostalih tipova zemljišta na manjim površinama zastupljeni su i luvisol (ilimerizovano zemljište), podzol, distrični kambisol (smeđe kiselo zemljište) i regosol (sirozem na rastresitom supstratu). Na neznatnim površinama prostiru se i rigosol, koluvijum, kalkomelanosol (krečnjačko – dolomitna crnica), litosol (kamenjar), humofluvisol (aluvijalno livadsko zemljište), pseudoglej i rendzina. Ipak, karakteristika tipova zemljišta Rasinskog okruga je manja zastupljenost dva najdominantnija tipa zemljišta, tj. više je izražen pedodiverzitet. Zanimljivo je da je na Pedološkoj karti uočeno vrlo malo učešće rigosola (podtip vitisol), tj. tipa zemljišta karakterističnog za vinogradarsku proizvodnju (svega 1,21%). Odabir lokacija (vinogradarskih lokaliteta i/ili mikropodručja) istraživanja bazirao se na načelu reprezentativnosti prirodnih karakteristika i potencijala za proizvodnju vinskog grožđa vinogradarskih područja Rasinskog okruga. Za definisanje bližih lokacija, korišćeni su podaci na osnovu obrade: digitalizovane pedološke karte Srbije, granice rasprostiranja Rasinskog okruga, vinogradarskog rejona Tri Morave s vinogorjima, kao i proizvodnih parcela, odnosno vinograda. Osim toga, rukovodilo se i kriterijumom odabira starijih zasada vinove loze s lokalnim, odnosno autohtonim sortama, u cilju sagledavanja i ocene antropogenog uticaja na zemljišne procese u dužem proteklom periodu, kao i brojnosti postojećih vinogradarskih parcela po vinogorjima. Na osnovu ovih ulaznih parametara, odabrano je 17 ciljanih lokacija uzorkovanja u okviru devet katastarskih opština.

Proizvodnja kvalitetnog grožđa i visokokvalitetnog vina tipičnog za određeno vinogradarsko područje, temelji se na ekološkim, odnosno abiotičkim i antropogenim faktorima terroir-a. Ovaj proces započinje optimalnim korišćenjem zemljišta, a sve u skladu s konkretnim, odnosno lokalnim uslovima sredine. Budući da je vinova loza višegodišnja, dugovečna biljka, optimalno korišćenje zemljišta u vinogradarstvu je posebno važno u cilju dobijanja stabilnih prinosa i grožđa odgovarajućeg kvaliteta. S obzirom na to da ova plemenita biljka razvija moćan korenov sistem, zemljišnim uslovma mora se pristupiti planski. Iz tog razloga, pri podizanju vinograda, veoma je važno optimizovati sve neophodne uslove uređenja zemljišta za gajenje, počevši od drenaže zemljišta, đubrenja, protiverozionih mera, kalcizacije, pa sve do izbora odgovarajuće sorte i (često zaboravljene) podloge vinove loze. Izbor lozne podloge, zajedno sa sortom vinove loze kao antropogenog faktora terroir-a, zasniva se na konkretnim karakteristikama abiotičkih faktora terroir-a vinogradarskih mikropodručja, agrobiološkim svojstvima nakalemljenih sorti i drugim ljudskim faktorima uključujući i zahteve tržišta.

Surfaces under organic production are constantly increasing, in Serbia as well as in Europe and the World. Organic agriculture uses sustainable systems of production to prevent environmental pollution, enhance biodiversity and efficiently manage natural resources. The implementation of specific cultivation methods such as applying plant extracts and microbiological preparations leads to plant nutrients being secured faster and more efficiently. In field experiments, greater microbiological soil activity was recorded in the organic cultivation system. The increase of the abundance of microorganisms increases biochemical and enzymic activity, which influences the incensement of soil fertility and biodiversity. A certificate for organic products is an important milestone on the path of realizing sustainable agriculture which is based on environmental protection paired with obtaining healthy products. The development of consumer awareness and the values of organically produced food will lead to the further incensement of organic plant production surfaces.

Visoki prinosi i stabilnaproizvodnja soje pod direktnim su uticajem količini i dostupnosti hraniva biljkama. Cilj ovih istraživanja je ispitivanje uticaja NPK đubriva sa mikroelementima i efektivnih mikroorganizama na prinos kod tri sorte soje, različitih grupa zrenja. Efektivni mikroorganizmi i NPK đubrivo sa mikroelementima statistički veoma značajno povećavaju prinos soje. Efektivni mikroorganizmi povećali su prinos za 7,28%, NPK đubrivo sa mikroelementima za 11,20%, dok kombinacija efektivnih mikroorganizama i NPK đubriva sa mikroelementima povećava prinos soje za 14,86%., High yields and stable soybean production are under direct influence of plant nutrient quantity and availability. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of NPK fertilizer with trace elements and effective microorganisms on the yields of three soybean varieties which belong to different maturation groups. Effective microorganisms and NPK fertilizer with trace elements statistically very significantly increase soybean yield. Effective microorganisms increased the yield by 7.28%, NPK fertilizer with trace elements by 11.20%, while the combination of effective microorganisms and NPK fertilizer with trace elements increase soybean yield by 14.86%.