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Nutrition is one of the main topics of the society in general. In modern times, it became even more important due to increased rate of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes type 2, and cardiovascular diseases. There are various possible causes to these disorders, however the great proportion is a consequence of bad dietary habits (e.g., overeating, poor quality diet) and lack of physical activity. To stop this trend, some prevention measures can be taken such as wide screening of the population and personalized dietary approach. In this work, we performed large-scale validation of the portable and affordable mass spectrometer for food impact assessment from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath. Validation was done as a pilot study among 6 different population groups: people with overweightness, people with obesity, people with diabetes type II, people with cardiovascular disease, people with poor quality diet and professional athletes. More than 150 participants were recruited from 5 European countries – UK, Greece, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal with informed consents and ethical approvals. Food impact was assessed by monitoring the concentrations of several VOCs (acetone, ethanol, isoprene, and n-pentane) related to macronutrients metabolism in exhaled breath samples. The analysis was done using the newly developed membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS). Concentration levels for selected breath VOCs were determined in samples collected before the meal and after the meal. The experimental data was compared against the data acquired via the questionnaire to discover possible relationships between VOCs concentration levels and meal consumption trends among specific population groups. The results will be incorporated into the mobile application for personalized nutrition and analyzed by the experts.

Food metabolism is very complex, and impact of specific diet on human wellness can be difficult to reveal. Due to its non-invasive nature, breath analysis is getting more engaged in nutritional research. However, extensive research among different population groups is still required. To provide accurate diagnostic and diet recommendations, an individual approach is required. For wide screening accomplishment, it is necessary to establish novel, portable and affordable solutions to complement conventional diagnostic techniques. Therefore, a novel sensor for breath VOCs analysis was utilized in this research on different population groups. Exhaled breath samples were collected from people with diabetes in Germany and people with cardiovascular diseases in Belgium together with informed consents and ethical approvals. Along with the samples, all the participants provided information about their lifestyle via short questionnaire. Samples were collected in 1L Tedlar bags with one sample being taken before the meal and one 2h after the meal. Key compounds that were monitored were breath acetone, ethanol, isoprene, and n-pentane. They were analysed using a portable membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS) according to a previously established method [1]. Quantified VOCs levels in people with diabetes and people with cardiovascular diseases were compared with those from healthy participants, previously obtained using the same instrument and method [1]. ANOVA statistical test was used for determination of possible statistically significant differences among examined groups of participants and VOCs levels changes upon the food consumption. Involvement of more participants from different populations will enable database set for future VOC sensor predictions. [1] Jakšić, M., Mihajlović, A., Vujić, D., Giannoukos, S., Brkić, B.Membrane inlet mass spectrometry method for food intake impact assessment on specific volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath.Anal Bioanal Chem(2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-04168-3

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Introduction: It is well known that exhaled breath composition is instant reflection of the organism since volatile metabolites tend to move from the blood into the air in the lungs. Therefore, breatholomics is becoming very popular as а new non-invasive screening diagnostic tool. This research brings a portable, low-cost screening sensor prototype based on membrane-inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) for food impact assessment, by tracking changes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. Analytes of interest are breath VOCs that are related to the metabolism of the main food constituents. Methods: 150 exhaled breath samples were collected from 50 adult healthy volunteers with informed consents and ethical approval completed (Approval No. 2021-01-3/70-1). Each participant provided a sample before meal (after 12h fasting period), 60 min and 120 min after the meal. All samples were analyzed using MIMS system for selected VOC mass fragments – m/z 58 for acetone, m/z 42 for n-pentane, m/z 45 for ethanol and m/z 67 for isoprene. Sample introduction was done using PDMS sheet membrane probe heated at 70◦C. VOC gas standards were prepared by static dilution technique and used for quantification. Results: Significant change (more than 10% increment or decrement) upon meal consumption was observed in ~85% of participants for acetone and ethanol, ~70% for n-pentane and ~50% for isoprene. Changes in selected analytes’ signals were compared for 60min and 120min after the meal, and greater change was observed 120 min after the meal for all analytes, except for ethanol. Obtained mean values for acetone, ethanol, n-pentane, and isoprene respectively were: 809 ppb, 488 ppb, 30 ppb and 70 ppb in samples before meal, 875 ppb, 532 ppb, 29 ppb and 68 ppb in samples collected 60 min after the meal and 559 ppb, 474 ppb, 27 ppb and 66 ppb in samples collected 120 min after the meal. According to the results obtained, it can be said that MIMS system used in this study could be employed in food impact assessment by analyzing breath VOCs. It has been established that major food impact can be monitored 120 min after the meal for analyzed mass fragments. Additionally, obtained mean values were ranked in expected order of magnitude and not surprisingly – the most significant food impact was observed for acetone. Further research will include more participants with different nutritional and health backgrounds, which will expand the knowledge in this area. Novel Aspect: Employment of portable MIMS system in food impact assessment offers a great advantage for possible preventive screening analyses that would provide an alert for nutritional imbalances.

International audience; The social sciences have long considered sexuality as an object that is either illegitimate or that allows, in the same way as love, the "suspension of force and power relations". Its analysis has then struggled to detach itself from common sense, and sexuality has often played the role of an abstract referent, supporting theoretical conceptualization without any objective empirical basis. In contrast, researchers in the social sciences of sexuality maintain that it is essential to "de-exceptionalize" its study (Bozon, 2020), to contextualize it within "scripts" or fundamentally social "frameworks", refusing "to interpret sexual conduct as the result of an opposition between a natural sexual drive and a social law, which would function as a repressive principle". Analyzing sexuality, therefore, presupposes, in the first place, being able to talk about it. The emergence of social sciences of sexuality thus implies the possibility of "saying sexuality". This is necessary first of all in the interview situation since both the interviewer and the respondent must be able to express themselves on this subject. However, it is also necessary for the social relations it appears, from the most intimate to those between patients or users and professionals (in the health, social or legal fields) who are called upon to discuss it. Therefore, this issue is devoted to contemporary ways of "talking about sexuality" in social interactions and in the survey itself.; 1La sexualité a longtemps été considérée par les sciences sociales comme un objet soit illégitime, soit permettant, de la même manière que l’amour, la « mise en suspens de la force et des rapports de force » (Bourdieu, 1998 : 149). Son analyse a alors peiné à se détacher du sens commun et la sexualité a souvent pu jouer le rôle de référent abstrait, servant d’appui à la conceptualisation théorique sans véritable assise empirique (Bourdieu, 1994). Les chercheur·se·s en sciences sociales de la sexualité soutiennent à l’inverse qu’il est indispensable de « désexceptionnaliser » son étude (Bozon, 2020), de la contextualiser dans des « scripts » (Gagnon et Simon, 1973 ; Gagnon, 2008) ou des « cadres » fondamentalement sociaux, refusant « d’interpréter la conduite sexuelle comme le résultat d’une opposition entre une pulsion sexuelle naturelle et une loi sociale, qui fonctionnerait comme principe répressif » (Bozon, 2001 : 5). Analyser la sexualité suppose alors, en premier lieu, de pouvoir en parler. L’émergence de sciences sociales de la sexualité implique ainsi la possibilité de « dire la sexualité ». Cela est d’abord nécessaire dans la situation d’entretien, enquêteur·rice et enquêté·e devant pouvoir s’exprimer à ce sujet ; mais cela l’est aussi dans les relations sociales où elle apparaît, des plus intimes à celles entre patient·e·s ou usager·e·s et professionnel·le·s (de la santé, du social ou encore de la justice) amené·e·s à l’évoquer. C’est donc aux modalités contemporaines de « dire la sexualité », tant dans les interactions sociales que dans l’enquête elle-même, qu’est consacré ce dossier.

Introduction Nutritional balance is among the major concerns of modern people, as it is known that diet directly impacts the overall state of the human body. To choose the optimal diet for everyone, a personalized approach is needed. The purpose of this study was to validate a sensor for food impact assessment by analyzing the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human breath. It aims to establish a prototype for future auxiliary technique for nutritional status clarification. Breath research has been very popular in the last 10 years, mainly due to its non-invasive diagnostic potential. As the proposed sensor does not require laboratory conditions, its application could be widespread due to fast analysis, portability, and affordability. Methods This pilot study recruited various groups of participants from several European countries, with informed consents and ethical approvals. The groups included overweight participants, those with obesity, and those who have poor dietary habits. Food impact assessment was conducted by monitoring levels of several VOCs related to macronutrients metabolism in exhaled breath samples using the new portable sensor based on membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS). Each participant provided a sample before standardized meal (after 12h food restraint) and 120 min after the meal. Also, information about participants’ lifestyle was collected via a short questionnaire. Samples were collected in 1L single-use Tedlar®bags and analyzed using the MIMS system with PDMS sheet membrane probe. Preliminary Data Functionality of the new portable breath VOC sensor was verified by examining several analytical parameters in our preliminary research study on a group of healthy participants (not published yet). That pre-pilot study showed that the examined MIMS system could be used successfully for breath VOCs analysis, and for monitoring the changes in VOCs levels upon food consumption. A large-scale pilot study employing the new method on more population groups was the natural continuation of the pre-pilot study. Concentration levels for selected breath VOCs (acetone, ethanol, isoprene and n-pentane) were determined in samples before the meal (BM) and after the meal (AM). Additionally, qualitative and quantitative aspects of food impact assessment were determined and evaluated. The qualitative assessment provided information about whether a specific breath VOC increased or decreased as a consequence of food ingestion. Furthermore, quantification of the food impact was established via comparison factor. This factor represents the ratio of VOC levels after and before the meal, i.e., AM/BM for the same participant. Comparison factor served to express the intensity of the change in VOCs signal. More than 10% of signal increment or decrement was considered as food impact. Additionally, the experimentally obtained results were examined against the data collected via the questionnaire in order to discover possible correlations between VOCs changes and specific population group or their lifestyle habits. The results obtained in this pilot study support the fact that proposed VOC sensor can be utilized in breath research and contribute to the enrichment of the breath research area. Novel Aspect Portable MIMS sensor for detection of VOCs showed potential to become fast screening methodology for nutritional status diagnostics.

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International audience; This special issue brings together five case studies to analyze the political treatment of dead bodies deemed “problematic”, due to their number or the conditions of their demise. They may be the bodies of victims of mass crimes, of terrorists killed in the course of their attacks, or bodies buried in graves that may be either hidden or exposed, according to their nationality. They have in common that they pose a problem for nation-state authorities, who cannot easily deal with such bodies: some may be absent, untraceable or poorly identified; others, on the contrary, are present but are ‘unwanted’ to the point that they are denied a grave or may only receive a discreet one. The different contributions gathered here describe the collective politicization of these problematic corpses – but above all, they show its limits: because these bodies have been considered as “vile”, their treatment never becomes the issue of a major controversy.

Les recherches sociologiques et anthropologiques prenant la mort pour objet se sont en grande partie constituées par opposition à la thèse du « déni de la mort » popularisée en France par Philippe Ariès et Louis-Vincent Thomas . Loin de circonscrire le destin des morts au déni, et encore moins à l’inexistence, au néant et à l’inaction, le renouveau des travaux sur la mort se propose au contraire d’explorer la multitude des relations tissées entre morts et vivants , entre « ceux qui restent » ...

International audience; This article follows a criminal investigation for recruitment of child soldiers, by asking the following questions: how does one find child soldiers? How does one bring them onto the judicial stage? The article explores the different moments that marked the investigation by the Office of the Prosecutor in the first case brought before the International Criminal Court in The Hague, that of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo. After describing the successive stages of the investigation, the article analyses the conditions under which former child soldiers testified before the ICC. None of their nine testimonies was judged credible by the ICC Trial Chamber I. The different moments that marked these legal proceedings bring to light the instability of the category of child soldier and the uncertainty that regularly threatens the labour of judicial elucidation.

La construction en objet d’intérêt de la catégorie de victimes a suscité des cadrages privilégiés. Certains travaux ont décrit, pour mieux le déplorer, l’avènement d’une « société des victimes » dans laquelle une sensibilité presque exclusive à cette condition singulière se serait cristallisée, simplifiant le récit de faits complexes, alimentant les concurrences entre victimes et entraînant l’orientation exclusive des procédures judiciaires vers des enjeux de réparation. D’autres recherches ont pointé la permanence d’un soupçon qui aurait continué à peser sur les personnes manifestant de manière trop présente dans les arènes judiciaires les souffrances qu’elles avaient endurées.Plutôt que d’adopter une position de surplomb par rapport à ces débats sur la centralité ou la marginalité des victimes, une aspiration a guidé la constitution de ce dossier : se tenir au plus près des acteurs – qu’il s’agisse de personnes qualifiées de victimes, de professionnels de la justice ou de la police, etc. – et restituer les opérations critiques par lesquelles ils sont amenés à prendre parole, à faire récit de leur expérience, établir des faits et formuler des attentes. Au-delà des sensibilités disciplinaires plurielles des articles ici rassemblés (anthropologie, sociologie, sociologie historique du politique), une même attention aux détails minuscules, à la matérialité à travers laquelle gestes et actes adviennent, traverse les écritures dans une démarche qui fait écho aux analyses du processus de victimisation par le droit. Nous pensons ici aux travaux de Yannick Barthe sur les victimes d’essais nucléaires français ou de Janine Barbot et Nicolas Dodier sur les procès d’hormone de croissance. Ces derniers envisagent le procès comme un dispositif de temps long non réductible aux audiences et comme le site privilégié pour étudier « les moments de confrontation des victimes aux différentes juridictions, civiles ou pénales ». Le procès apparaît ici comme un moment constitutif de l’identité des victimes engagées dans un « travail normatif » pour obtenir réparation des dommages qu’elles estiment avoir subis...

L’article décrit l’itinéraire d’une enquête judiciaire pour recrutement d’enfants soldats en posant la question suivante : comment trouve-t-on les enfants soldats, comment les fait-on advenir sur la scène judiciaire ? Il explore les différents moments qui ont fait l’enquête du Bureau du Procureur dans la toute première affaire portée devant la Cour pénale internationale de La Haye, l’affaire Thomas Lubanga Dyilo. Ce commandant d’un groupe armé actif en Ituri, à l’est de la République démocratique du Congo, a été condamné à quatorze ans de prison pour recrutement d’enfants âgés de moins de 15 ans. Après avoir décrit les différentes étapes de l’enquête judiciaire, l’article détaille les conditions dans lesquelles les anciens enfants soldats ont déposé devant la Cour. Aucune de leurs neuf dépositions ne sera finalement jugée « digne de foi » par la Chambre de première instance de la Cour. Les différents moments qui ont marqué cette enquête judiciaire nous éclairent autant sur l’instabilité de la catégorie d’enfant soldat, que sur l’incertitude qui menace régulièrement le travail d’élucidation judiciaire. This article follows a criminal investigation for recruitment of child soldiers, by asking the following questions: how does one find child soldiers? How does one bring them onto the judicial stage? The article explores the different moments that marked the investigation by the Office of the Prosecutor in the very first case brought before the International Criminal Court in the Hague, that of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo. This leader of an armed group in Ituri, in the Eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, was sentenced to fourteen years in prison for enlisting and conscripting children under 15. After describing the successive stages of the investigation, the article analyzes the conditions under which former child soldiers testified before the Court. None of their nine testimonies was eventually judged credible by the Trial Chamber I of the Court. The different moments that marked these legal proceedings bring to light the instability of the category of child-soldier and the uncertainty that regularly threatens the labor of judicial elucidation.