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Software testing is a crucial step in the development of software that guarantees the dependability and quality of software products. A crucial step in software testing is test case minimization, which seeks to minimize the number of test cases while ensuring maximum coverage of the system being tested. It is observed that the existing algorithms for test case minimization still suffer in efficiency and precision. This paper proposes a new optimization algorithm for efficient test case minimization in software testing. The proposed algorithm is designed on the base parameters of the metaheuristic algorithms, inspired by scientific principles. We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm on a benchmark suite of test cases from the literature. Our experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is highly effective in reducing the number of test cases while maintaining high coverage of the system under test. The algorithm outperforms the existing optimization algorithms in terms of efficiency and accuracy. We also conduct a sensitivity analysis to investigate the effect of different parameters on the performance of the proposed algorithm. The sensitivity analysis results show that the performance of the algorithm is robust to changes in the parameter values. The proposed algorithm can help software testers reduce the time and effort required for testing while ensuring maximum coverage of the system under test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium wilt or Panama wilt disease Banana is one of the most disastrous plant diseases. In the present studies, the response of Grand Naine variety of banana plants, when interacting with dead or alive pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc), a causative agent of fusarium wilt disease of banana were investigated. The induced response of plants was evaluated in terms of induction of defense-related enzymes, viz., Peroxidase (POX), Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), Õ-1,3 Glucanae, Chitinase and Phenoloics. Plants interacted with live pathogen resulted early induction of defense to check penetration as well as antimicrobial productions. However, pathogen overcome the defense of plant and caused disease. Interaction with dead pathogen resulted in acceleration of defense response in plants and so that plants inoculated with dead pathogen showed resistance to forced inoculation of live pathogens. Results obtained in the present study that the dead pathogen was able to raise defense response in plants and provide resistance to fusariam wilt disease of banana upon subsequent exposure. This study showed that dead pathogen could be a potential candidate like a plant vaccine before the onset of disease to combat fusarium wilt disease of banana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance records of 202 Gangatiri cows, born to 11 sires, covered 16 years period from 1993 to 2008 were analyzed in the humid subtropical climate with large variation between summer and winter temperatures. The overall least squares means and coefficient of variation (C.V.) for first lactation milk yield was found as 946.57±39.02 kg and 29.11, respectively. The overall least squares means for first lactation peak yield was calculated as 4.80 ± 0.18 kg with coefficient of variation of 26.27%. The overall least squares means for first lactation length was estimated as 247.14 ± 6.67 days with coefficient of variation of 23.39%. The overall least squares means for first dry period was calculated as 211.11 ± 6.67 days with coefficient of variation of 46.28%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to assay cytokines and growth factors in peritoneal fluid samples from women with and without endometriosis to understand the inflammatory milieu, and assess their potential diagnostic utility. This cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care hospital included 54 women, aged 20-45 years, with regular menstrual history and undergoing diagnostic/therapeutic laparoscopy for infertility and/or pain. Peritoneal fluid samples were collected after insertion of trocar & laparoscope but prior to other surgical intervention. A multiplex immunoassay of 27 cytokines and growth factors was performed. The concentration of FGF2 and CSF3 were significantly lower in women with endometriosis than without endometriosis ( p  = .043 and .003, respectively). The levels of CCL2 and IL1RN were significantly higher in moderate-severe than in minimal-mild endometriosis ( p  = .038 and .043, respectively). Phase-specific comparison revealed that in proliferative phase, the levels of CSF2 and CSF3 were lower in women with endometriosis than without the disease ( p  = .047 and .013, respectively). The ROC curve analysis provided a cutoff value 0.78 and 0.76 for FGF2 and CSF3, respectively. Cytokines and growth factors such as FGF2, CSF3, CSF2, CCL2 and IL1RN seem to contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis and may have a potential utility for the diagnosis of endometriosis.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the levels of leptin, ghrelin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in peritoneal fluid in patients with endometriosis and infertility, and study their correlation., Design and Setting: This cross-sectional study included women undergoing diagnostic and/or therapeutic laparoscopy for endometriosis with chief complaint of infertility and/or pain at a tertiary care hospital. Based upon laparoscopic and histopathological findings, patients were categorized as with endometriosis and no endometriosis. Of the 50 patients with infertility (age 23-41 years), 19 had endometriosis while 31 had no endometriosis. The markers were assessed using ELISA kits., Results: The median levels of leptin in patients with endometriosis (10.20 ng/mL) were higher (p = 0.04) and median levels of ghrelin in patients with endometriosis (150.4 pg/mL) were lower (p = 0.037) versus patients with no endometriosis (5.07 ng/mL and 229.6 pg/mL, respectively). The median levels of IL-6 and VEGF in patients with endometriosis were not different between the groups. The correlation analyses showed that leptin levels and IL-6 were positively correlated (p = 0.0001)., Conclusions: The results suggest that ghrelin and leptin might play a key role in pathophysiology of endometriosis, and leptin is associated with inflammation in endometriosis.