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【Abstract】Scapulothoracic dissociation is a rare and complex injury pattern with varied presentation. Here we describe a case of a 32-year-old male who presented with scapulothoracic dissociation associated with brachial plexus injury, along with scapholunate dissociation. We also propose an injury mechanism that might link the two injury patterns, suggesting that the association might be more than by chance. The patient was managed according to established trauma care and resuscitation protocols followed by open reduction and internal fixation of the clavicle fracture, and fixation of scapholunate dissociation and had a successful outcome at follow-up. Key words: Scapulothoracic dislocation; Scapholunate dissociation; Manubrium fracture

【Abstract】Tuberculosis (TB) occurring after a closed bone fracture in the patient with no history of TB and no evidence of TB infection at the time of initial fracture is a rare entity. We report one such case of a 48-year-old female, who presented in the emergency department with an olecranon fracture which was open reduced and internally fixed with tension band wiring. Patient presented in the outpatient department with serosanguineous discharge at 3 weeks after surgery. The discharge was sent for culture and sensitivity tests, and the patient was managed by antibiotics and daily dressings. There was wound dehiscence and the underlying implant was exposed, which was removed at 12 weeks after surgery. Repeat debridements and dressings continued for 6 months, but the discharge from the wound site continued. X-rays of the elbow performed at 6 months raised the suspicion of TB, which was confirmed by Ziel-Neelsen staining and histopathological examination of the debrided tissue. Following the confirmation, patient was put on antitubercular drugs. The patient responded to antitubercular drug therapy (ATT), the purulent discharge from the wound ceased, and eventually the wound healed after 2 months of starting ATT. Key words: Olecranon process; Fracture fixation; Tuberculosis, osteoarticular; Transforming growth factor beta

【Abstract】Missed or neglected foreign bodies are not infrequent in surgical practice. This case report high-lights the fact that thorough clinical examination and de-tailed evaluation of trauma patients are very necessary so that any associated injuries or foreign bodies will not be missed and any unforeseen clinical or medico-legal compli-cations can be prevented. We present a case of a 35-year-old male patient who had traumatic transfemoral amputa-tion of the right lower limb with a clean laceration (size 2 cmx1 cm) over the medial aspect of the left thigh. Radio-graphs suggested a single radioopaque foreign body which proved misleading, as during surgical removal multiple radi-olucent and radiopaque foreign bodies were discovered. Postoperative ultrasound was performed and showed no retained foreign bodies. A secondary closure of the right thigh amputation was done and patient was discharged. At the last follow-up, 9 months after injury, the patient had no complaints, and both the amputation stump and the wound over the left thigh were healthy. Thus in the cases of re-tained foreign bodies, in addition to thorough clinical ex-amination and radiography, ultrasonograpy should be supplemented. And if required, use of CT scan as well as MRI should be also considered. Key words: Foreign bodies; Radiography; Diagnos-tic errors; Ultrasonography

【Abstract】Fractures of the proximal humerus are uncommon in young patients. Although bilateral fracture of proximal humerus itself is rare, association with epilepsy and electrocution is frequent. Only one case of traumatic bilateral proximal humerus fracture has been reported in the literature. We report a rare case of bilateral traumatic dis- placed proximal humerus fractures in a 40 years old male patient, which was treated by means of open reduction and internal fixation with proximal humerus locked pates on both sides and obtained a good functional outcome. Key words: Humeral fractures; Shoulder fractures; Fracture fixation, internal

【Abstract】Perilunate dislocations are rare injuries of the wrist and complete dislocation of the lunate is also rare. There is controversy in literature regarding the optimal management of such injuries. Complete lunate enucleation is associated with high rate of osteonecrosis of lunate thus wrist arthrodesis or proximal row carpectomy has been advocated as primary treatment for such injuries. We report a case of transradial styloid complete palmar lunate enucleation in a 25-year-old male patient who sustained injury to the left wrist due to fall on outstretched hand. Carpal row salvage surgery initially by closed reduction and wrist distractor application followed by open reduction and internal fixation with K-wires along with ligamentous repair resulted in restoration of normal wrist anatomy and good functional outcome. As many of these injuries are missed on initial presentation and outcome is poor for missed injuries, prompt diagnosis and early surgical management to restore vascularity of lunate is recommended. Key words: Wrist; Lunate bone; Dislocations

【Abstract】According to medical literature, fracture of the first rib is quite rare and the bilateral condition is especially rare. This type of fracture is usually associated with severe intrathoracic trauma and other bony or neurovascular injuries, thus can be considered as a harbinger of major trauma. However here we present three cases of low velocity first rib fractures without any major trauma or multisystem injuries. All the three patients were treated conservatively and did well on simple analgesics and rest and had no early or late complications. It can be seen that not all the first rib fractures are associated with major trauma or multisystem injuries. There is a variant of first rib fracture with low velocity injuries which is not associated with any major complications in contrast to majority of first rib fractures associated with high velocity injuries. Causative factor of such injuries may be violent muscular contraction of scalenus anterior or serratus anterior, but not direct trauma. Key words: Rib fractures; Wounds and injuries; Multiple trauma

Introduction: Coronal plane distal humeral injuries are relatively rare. Numerous classification systems have been proposed as the complexity of these fractures has been realized. We in the present series of ten patients describe the surgical technique of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Coronal plane fractures of the distal humerus with headless compression screws performed using the anterolateral approach. Material and method: It was a retrospective study, the data collected from March 2010 to 2015 was analysed and the final outcome was assessed using the DASH score. Out of a total of 13 patients with distal humerus coronal plane fractures, 10 patients were available for follow up. The X-rays and CT scans were reviewed and the fractures were classified according to Dubberley and Bryan and Morrey classification. Radiographic were evaluated for presence of union or nonunion, avascular necrosis, joint line step-off (none/1-mm/>1-mm), hardware failure and instability. Results: The average age was 41 years. The average DASH score in our study was around 24. The time to union ranged between 8–12 weeks with the average time being around 10 weeks. One patient had post traumatic Arthritis radiologically classified as Broberg and Morrey Type 2 and one patient had Heterotrophic ossification Brooker Grade 1. Conclusion: Open reduction and internal fixation of coronal shear fractures of capitellum and trochlea using headless screw compression via the antero-lateral approach is a reliable treatment modality and results in stable fixation with restoration of a functional arc of motion. Level of evidence: IV

Posterior fracture dislocation of anatomical neck of humerus is a rare injury and possesses challenges in management due to the scarcity of literature and absence of any recommended guidelines for such injuries. Treatment options available are internal fixation and hemiarthroplasty depending on injury pattern, duration of injury, bone stock available for secure fixation, and vascularity of the head fragment. We present a case report of posterior fracture dislocation of anatomical neck humerus in a 35-year-old male patient treated by open reduction and internal fixation by deltopectoral approach. This case report is unique as the fixation method (Herbert screws) used in this case resulted in a good functional outcome and has not been described previously in literature for this injury pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stresses such as excess of salt, low temperature and water deficit influence the normal metabolic and biochemical constituents of plant cells. Oxidative damage to cell membranes by active oxygen species is the prominent consequence of the adverse effect of abiotic stresses. Proline (Pro) accumulation is a common physiological response in many plants in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Controversy has surrounded the possible role(s) of proline accumulation. In this review, knowledge on the regulation of Pro metabolism during development and stress, results of genetic manipulation of Pro metabolism, biosynthesis and current debate on Pro toxicity in plants are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traumatic femoral head fracture without dislocation with ipsilateral intertrochanteric fracture is an extremely rare injury and has not been reported in the literature., Case Report: We reported a case of simultaneous ipsilateral femoral head and intertrochantric fracture without dislocation of the hip in a 74-year-old woman. The patient presented with a history of road traffic accident. Radiographs and computerised tomography scans revealed a right intertrochantric fracture and femoral head fracture without dislocation of the hip., Conclusions: The case was managed by uncemented modular bipolar arthroplasty using LINK reconstruction prosthesis. In the case report we described this unusual pattern, mechanism of injury, and management of such cases.

We present a review of the current literature and the author's opinion regarding Septic arthritis in the pediatric age group. The etiopathogenesis, clinical features, the laboratory parameters for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment, radiological features, are discussed along-with the debatable issues pertaining to the choice of antibiotics, their duration, and the need and mode of surgical drainage and mobilization of the joint.