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This article presents a configuration that can simulate both a resistor in series with a frequency-dependent negative-resistance (R-D) and a resistor in series with a capacitor (R-C), with a different selection of passive elements. The proposed circuit employs only two current-controlled-current-feedback- amplifiers (CC-CFAs) and grounded passive elements. This configuration does not require passive element matching, and the simulated equivalent element values can be tuned electronically by applying a biasing current to the CC-CFAs. To demonstrate the application of the proposed grounded series R-D impedance simulator, it is applied to a second-order notch filter and a fifth-order elliptic lowpass filter, whereas the series R-C impedance simulator is applied to a secondorder resonance circuit to find the band-pass response of the input current. Our theoretical analysis is confirmed by the results of a PSPICE simulation.

This study employs an event‐based approach to analyse drought propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought via agricultural drought in the semi‐arid Krishna River basin of India. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSMI) and Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) representing meteorological, agricultural and hydrological drought, respectively, were estimated. Two different cases of drought propagation are analysed: meteorological‐to‐agricultural (SPEI‐to‐SSMI) and agricultural‐to‐hydrological (SSMI‐to‐SSI). The drought propagation is analysed using three‐time matrices, namely the time difference between initiation (∆ti2i$$ \Delta {t}_{i2i} $$), peak (∆tp2p$$ \Delta {t}_{p2p} $$) and termination (∆tt2t$$ \Delta {t}_{t2t} $$) at multiple timescales of 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months using different drought threshold values 0, −0.5, −1 and − 1.5, respectively, to delineate shifts from mild to extreme drought conditions in detail. The results indicate that the propagation time from SPEI‐to‐SSMI drought decreased for most of the tributaries using multiple timescales at different threshold values, whereas it increased significantly for SSMI‐to‐SSI drought. The drought propagation changes with respect to time as well as magnitude (intensity and severity). The propagation factor (PF), defined as the ratio of the average value of succeeding drought to preceding drought characteristics, has also been studied. For SPEI‐to‐SSMI drought, the duration PF shrinks across all tributaries using multiple timescales at different threshold values, whereas it expands for SSMI‐to‐SSI drought. On the other hand, the severity and intensity PF magnify for SPEI‐to‐SSMI drought, whereas it experiences dampening effects for SSMI‐to‐SSI drought. Thus, the proposed study provides valuable insights into drought propagation dynamics, aiding in managing and mitigating droughts in the semi‐arid river basin and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of Software-Defined Optical Networking (SDON) and its integration into Elastic Optical Networks (EON) have significantly advanced the evolution of communications networks. In the context of elastic optical environments, this paper provides a thorough comparison of SDON and conventional optical networks. The goal of the study is to examine the unique traits, benefits, and difficulties of these two network technologies in order to highlight their individual potentials in contemporary communication infrastructures. This paper consists of comparison of SDON, SDN and NFV technologies. The paper concludes by looking at potential directions for future research and development in SDON and EON. The results of this comparative analysis highlight the growing role that SDON is playing in reshaping the telecom industry and present a vision for a more flexible and effective communication infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]